Unit1 Means of Communication

PART I. VOCABULARY NOTES

1. Read and memorize
1. to access, v. /ˈækses/ approach or enter (a place) доступ до чогось, підключитися
the Internet до Інтернету

You must access the Internet in order

to have the information from several
files.
2. to adapt, v. /əˈdæpt/ make (something) suitable пристосовувати, пристосувати,
material for a new use or purpose; адаптувати матеріал
modify
Hospitals have had to be adapted for
modern medical practice.

3. to allow, v. /əˈlaʊ/ give (someone) дозволити кому зробити що

to do smth permission to do
something
The dissident was allowed to leave
the country.
4. to assert,v. / əˈsɜːt / state a fact or belief стверджувати,
confidently and forcefully твердити що (говорити)
The company asserts that the cuts will
not affect development.
5. to become accessible, adj. 1.(of a place) able to be стати доступним для
/ əkˈsesəbəl/ to reached or entered
2. (of a person, typically
The town is accessible by bus. one in a position of
He is more accessible than most authority or importance)
tycoons. friendly and easy to talk to

6. to become aware, adj. /əˈweə/ of having knowledge or усвідомлювати

Most people are aware of the perception of a situation or
dangers of sunbathing. fact

7. to become a fixture, n. become an integral part стати невід’ємною частиною

/ ˈfɪkstʃə /

Although portable USB drivers have

become a permanent fixture in the
everyday life of the typical user.

8. to become a threat to cultural threaten cultural ставати загрозу культурному

diversity, n. development різномаїттю
/ daɪˈvɜːsɪtɪ /

This problem exists in developing

countries and often goes unreported,
 becoming a threat to cultural
diversity.
9. to beckon, v. /ˈbekən/ make a gesture with the підкликати когось
somebody over head, arm, hand to
The romantic Rhine with its palaces encourage someone to
and castles beckons you on a boat come nearer or follow
trip.
10. to be critical for be necessary for бути необхідним (критичним)
для
Improving literacy will be critical
for creating an equitable basis for
dialogue
11. to be discourage, v. give up something відмовлятись від чогось
/ dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ / from

Girls are frequently discouraged

from technical and scientific
subjects.
12. to be in close proximity, n. nearness in space, time, бути безпосередньо близько до
/ prɒkˈsɪmɪtɪ / relationship

Primary schools in the rural areas of

Jamaica are usually located in
clusters, with schools in close
proximity to each other.

13. to be little out of touch be out in contact with for a бути поза зв'язком деякий час
while
He is little out of touch the facts on
the ground.

14. to be obliged, adj. have an obligation to pay бути зобов’язаним

/ əˈblaɪdʒd / to or repay something, be in
debt to the tune of
The employer shall be obliged to
create favourable conditions
for the overall development of the
physical and mental aptitudes.
15. to be pointed out give force or emphasis to на що слід звернути увагу, бути
(words or actions) виділеним ( наприклад про
From the ecological point of
інформацію)
view two aspects should be pointed
out here.
16. to be under the impression to be under the idea, бути під враженням
feeling, or opinion about
The experts are under the impression something or someone
from their interviews.
17. body language the process of мова тіла
communicating
nonverbally through
gestures or movements
 Be sensitive to body language
that signals agreement or
enthusiasm.
18. to bring enormous benefits procure great profit, gain приносити величезну користь
Improved wastewater management
will bring enormous benefits for the
protection of water resources from
pollution.
19. to bump into to run into someone натрапити на когось

He decided to visit the town, where

he bump into a young man.
20. a case in point specific example / case конкретний приклад/ випадок
The Republic of Korea is an
interesting case in point, in that it
follows the pattern of
the Triad.

21. to cause confusion, n. lack of understanding, викликати плутанину

/ kənˈfjuːʒən / uncertainty

Giving examples could cause

confusion.
22. to chat to/with talk in a friendly and розмовляти з кимось
informal way
This hotel has a small social lounge,
where you can sit and read, or chat
with friends.

23. colossal project, n. an individual or неймовірний проект

/ˈprɒdʒekt/ collaborative enterprise
that is carefully planned to
Congress showed no hesitation, achieve a particular aim
almost unanimously approving this
colossal project.

24. to communicate with the quality of a person's спілкуватися з безпосередністю

immediacy involvement in direct and
instantaneous interaction
Parents living separately from their with something that
children must participate in their causes a feeling of
education and have the right to urgency or excitement
communicate with immediacy.

25. communication tool means of sending or інструмент зв’язку

receiving information,
The website is a key communication such as phone lines or
tool to facilitate continuous ethics computers
 education throughout a staff
member’s career.
26. to conduct business the practice of making займатися бізнесом
one’s living by engaging
It plans to conduct business in some in commerce
influential regions and cities across
the nation.
27. to conduct the e-business organize and carry out займатися інтернет бізнесом
e-commerce
The ability to conduct the e-business
at “home” generates many
advantages for those engaged in
them.
28. to connect with bring together or into зв’язатись з
contact so that a real or
If your organization feels notional link is established
comfortable doing so, connect with
local businesses to see if they would
be willing to partner with you.
29. to contribute to give (something, зробити внесок в
especially money) in order
She contributed to a private pension. to help achieve or provide
something
30. to cope with (of a person) deal впоратись з чимось
effectively with
Education must assist the child to something difficult
cope with the emergency,
danger, threat or manipulation.

31. cue, n. /kjuː/ a thing said or done that знак, сигнал, репліка
serves as a signal to an
On the director’s cue the actor actor or other performer
entered the stage. to enter or to begin their
speech or performance
32. to encourage children to become give support, confidence, заохочувати дітей ставати
bilingual hope to children to speak білінгвами
two languages fluently
The aim of Danish educational
policy was to encourage children to
become bilingual.
33. to enquire about ask for information from робити запит про щось/
someone запитати про
He enquired about cottages for sale.
34. to estimate smth roughly calculate or judge оцінювати щось
the value, number,
The aim is to estimate the effects of quantity or extent of
macroeconomic policy on the
economy.
35. ever-increasing pace work at a steady and постійно зростаючі темпи
consistent growing speed
Each society will probably be better
armed to cope with ever-increasing
pace of change that characterizes
today’s world.
36. to experience the joy of to feel the joy of відчувати радість від чогось
something
The ultimate aim is that
children like John in other African
countries can also experience the
joy of reading .

37. to face difficulty confront and deal with or стикатися з труднощами

accept a difficult task,
Children born out of wedlock fact, situation
continue to face difficulty in
obtaining birth certificates due to
social stigma.
38. to fascinate /ˈfæsɪˌneɪt / draw irresistibly the захоплювати, зачаровувати
attention and interest of
This world began to fascinate (someone)
me and I found myself drawn into it
more and more.
39. first language a person’s native language перша мова

She speaks Tiwa as her fist

language.
40. to give short shrift pay insufficient attention приділяти недостатньо уваги
Government gave short shrift to
human rights, women’s rights and
economic, social and cultural
rights.
41. to give offence to somebody cause to feel upset, образити когось
annoyed, resentful, hurt
someone feeling
We must never decline our duty for
fear of giving offence, but we must
sometimes deny ourselves in that
which is our secular interest,
rather than give offence.
42. glyph a hieroglyphic character гліф (елемент письма, конкретне
or symbol, a pictograph графічне представлення
With its several hundred toponymic графеми)
glyphs and detailed
tributary record, the Matrícula de
tributos is a valuable document.
43. to go mainstream the dominant trend in стати популярним
opinion, fashion, or the
arts
 Vegetarianism has gone
mainstreamed.
44. to have regular Internet access have constant admission мати постійний доступ до
to the Internet інтернету
All schools, universities and
learning institutions should have
regular Internet access.
45. to hear from receive news from, отримувати звістку від, чути від
perceive with the ear the
Your opinion is important to us, sound made by someone
so we'd love to hear from you. or something
46. heritage, n. / ˈherɪtɪdʒ / property that is or may be спадок
inherited
Cultural heritage must be preserved,
developed, enriched and transmitted
to future generations.
47. to imbue digital speech give online надавати онлайн спілкуванню
communication more більшої емфатики
Modern means of communication emphatic
allow us to imbue digital speech.
48. immense, adj. / ɪˈmens / the great amount of work величезне навантаження,обсяг
workload to be done by someone or роботи
something
Countries undergoing rapid
economic development must
deal with immense workload.
49. to indicate blame point out, show guilt вказувати на вину
The inquiry indicated blame the
engineer for the accident.
50. increasing need for require something зростаюча потреба чогось
because it is essential or
They spoke about the increasing very important
need for cooperation between
competition agencies.
51. in hot water awkward position, незручне становище
causing or feeling
You have put me in hot water. embarrassment or
inconvenience
52. to learn a language to a high gain or acquire knowledge вивчити мову на високому
standard of a language by study or рівні
being taught at a high
He would also be interested to level
learn a language to a high
standard.
53. to lead to run on currency lead to a system of money привести до девальвації валюти
devaluation
 External crises hits, it leads to run
on currency, a spike in interest
rates and economic instability.

54. to lose touch with somebody become unable to find втрати зв’язок з кимось
contact
Local authorities lose touch
with people and community
groups.
55. to make regular use of take, hold, or deploy постійно використовувати
something regularly as a
They also suggested to make regular means of achieving a
use of existing result
productive capacities.
56. to make something attractive to a to interest a wide audience зацікавити широку аудиторію в
wider audience in something чомусь
The international registration
systems make them more attractive
to a wider audience and extend their
benefits to new users.
57. to mix languages up combine or put together to змішувати мови
form one
If children grow up with two
languages, it is possible that they
mix languages up and one will be
better than the other.
58. mother tongue the language which a рідна мова
person has grown up
The theme of the discussion was speaking from early
“mother tongue education, childhood
multilinguism, and the right to
education”.
59. native speaker a person who has spoken носій мови
the language in question
It is important that the document is from earliest childhood
checked and proofread by a
qualified native speaker.
60. naysayer a person who criticizes, скептик
objects to, or opposes
He continues to win, despite many something
naysayers.
61. number is dwindling the number decreases число зменшується

Today, the number of cultivated

lands are dwindling.
62. obvious benefits an advantage or profit очевидні переваги
gained from something
 Despite certain obvious benefits the
policy presents certain issues and
challenges for the Mission.
63. on daily basis done, produced, or щодня
occurring every day
On daily basis, Israel engages in
a careful assessment of how best to
ensure fulfilment of its humanitarian
obligations.
64. official language language which relating to oфіційна мова
an authority or public
Arabic shall be the official language body and its duties,
of the Commission and its working actions
groups.
65. outrageous, adj./aʊtˈreɪdʒəs/ shockingly bad or обурливий вчинок
act of excessive deed

We have seen the most outrageous

act of North Korean behavior in
decades.
66. to pass the tradition on to transmission of customs передати традицію
or beliefs from generation
A folk arts and crafts museum to generation
was created to pass the tradition on
to future generations .
67. pithy phrase a small group of words лаконічна, стисла фраза
standing together as a
The pithy phrase “significant harm” conceptual unit, typically
should be replaced with a more forming a component of a
forceful expression. clause
68. to plug a gap block or fill in an unfilled заповнити прогалину
space or interval, a break
It was developed a Global Action in continuity
Plan to plug a gap in increasing
supply of pandemic influenza
vaccines.
69. proficient, adj. /prəˈfɪʃənt/ a person who speaks must досвідчений оратор
speaker be competent or skilled in
speaking
There were 54 women members of
this Parliament,
including proficient Speaker, and
five women ministers, including for
justice and finance.
70. to preserve, v. / prɪˈzɜːv/ maintain something in its зберігати щось
something original or existing state
 Libya supports all efforts to preserve
the wealth of the oceans as the
common heritage of humanity.
71. to push on a word in the app enter a word in the вводити слово в додаток
appendix
Swipe down or right click on the
addition to push on a word in the
app.
72. to reach the milestone an action or event making досягнути віхи (показника)
a significant change or
Documentation Centre for the stage in development
Great Lakes Region is expected to
reach the next milestone in 2023.
73. relatively small number of comparatively small відносно невелика кількість
quantity or amount of чогось/когось
One of the reasons why Japan had a something/someone
relatively small number of refugees
was the geographical distance of the
countries of origin.
74. to remove the need for take a thing that is wanted усунути потребу
or required away
Measures to remove the need for
child labour represent a
potentially important means of
increasing school enrolments
among both girls and boys.
75. regional accent a distinctive mode of регіональний акцент
pronunciation of a
Discrimination on the basis of language, especially one
language or regional accent is often associated with a
closely linked to unequal treatment particular nation, locality
on the basis of national or ethnic or social class
origin.
76. to send instantaneous, adj. cause instant panic, навести миттєву паніку
/ˌɪnstənˈteɪnɪəs/ jitters feelings of extreme
nervousness
Your brain can send instantaneous
jitters and dispatches it to your
tongue, mouth, and lips.

77. to score highly in get high marks in отримувати високі оцінки в

She went on to a teachers’ training

college and scored highly in exam.
78. to shake in disbelief at jerk from inability or трястись (труситись, сіпатись)
refusal to accept that від невіри в щось
something is true or real
 At first we shake in disbelief at the
fact that this could be happening in
Ireland, where drinking and
smoking are a large part of Irish
culture.
79. to slow down academic reduce the speed of уповільнювати освітній
development development which розвиток
The financial crisis of 1998 slowed relating to education and
down academic development in scholarship
different countries and regions in
varying degrees.
80. small talk polite conversation about світська розмова
unimportant or (невеличка розмова)
While you are sipping a long drink uncontroversial matters,
or savoring a short one, the especially as engaged in
bartender will entertain you with a on social occasions
small talk, a joke, or a trick.
81. to spark a trade war ignite a commercial розпалювати торгівельну війну
conflict between different
This may spark a trade war as Asia- nations or states
Pacific economies might take
retaliatory measures.
82. staggering, adj. /ˈstægərɪŋ / deeply shocking, приголомшливий, нестійкий
astonishing
That staggering cost of tax evasion
exceeds the gross domestic product
of two-thirds of the countries in the
world.
83. stick to follow the rules, or дотримуватись
practices of
The Delegation of Switzerland
believed it would be easier to stick to
the draft proposed by the Chair.
84. to struggle with make forceful or violent боротися з чимось
efforts to get free of
It is not that I struggle with city, restraint or constriction
but rather I investigate forms of
resistance.
85. target, adj. /ˈtɑːgɪt / market an area or arena in which цільовий ринок
commercial dealings are
Children and young people conducted
constitute a significant target market
for a large number of
different businesses.
86. to take into consideration take into account the брати до уваги
Peacebuilding activities should, take
into consideration the specific needs
of displaced populations and of their
receiving communities.
87. to take great pride in be especially proud of (a гордитись чимось
particular quality or skill)
We take pride in having
successfully completed projects that
have step by step taken us closer to
our fundamental objective.
88. to talk business discuss matters обговорити справи
When we talk business with clients,
we have CRM-system, we have
business processes which describe,
who and on which place can work.
89. temporary problem a matter or situation тимчасова проблема
The main temporary problem regarded as unwelcome or
confronting holding centers is a lack harmful and needing to be
of legal status. dealt with and overcome

90. to tend to develop grow or cause to grow and мати схильність до розвитку
become more mature,
Bigger countries tend to develop in advanced, or elaborate
a more stable fashion in each of the
indicators than smaller countries.
91. to tend to do smth have a tendency to do мати схильність щось робити
something
Some of the parties have such
programs only in their slogans; they
do not tend to go beyond that.
92. tucked away concealed from the view захований
or notice of others
The resort is tucked away on a
surreal landscape that feels
secluded from it all.
93. unwary person not cautious, not aware of необережна людина
possible dangers or
Accidents can happen to the unwary problems
traveler.
94. to use the web by use the internet for використовувати інтернет
something (device) мережу на чомусь
You can also use Voice Search to
(пристрій)
search the web by speaking, instead
of by typing.
95. to usher in new ways of introduce new ways of запровадити нові способи
communication exchanging information спілкування
or news
These new technologies could usher
in new ways of communication in
the era of digital public service
broadcasting.
96. vast changes the act or instance of вагомі ( великі) зміни
making or becoming
Vast changes in the management and different
organizational structure, caused by
 errors in the classification, based on
monitoring.
97. to vary in differ in size, amount, варіювати в
degree, or nature from
They vary in terms of their something else of the
complexity,underlying assumptions same general class
and reliance on resources.
98. vital to do something absolutely necessary or життєво необхідно щось
important to make зробити
It is vitel to remember the long- something
term needs of children who have
been affected by armed conflict.

99. whistled form of communication exchange information cвистяча форма спілкування

through a high-pitched
For hundreds of years, this whistled sound made by forcing
form of communication has been a breath through a small
critical for the farming community in hole between partly closed
the region. lips

100. world’s stock markets an area or area in which світові фондові ринки
commercial dealings are
These world’s stock markets have conducted at the global
provided some of the best returns in level
the world over the last several
years.

2. Provide English equivalents for the following words and expressions

1. багатомовний Інтернет 11. визначити різницю 21. підморгувати комусь

2. досвідчені оратори 12. висказати свою думку
3. рідна мова 13. обговорити справи
4. світська розмова 14. бути не в курсі чогось
5. офіційна мова 15. зв’язатись з кимось
6. мова жестів 16. втратити контакт
7. міміка 17. бути на лінії, не класти
8. розмова віч-на-віч трубку
9. текстове повідомлення 18. врізатись в когось
10. мова тіла 19. пильно дивитись на
20. спілкуватися з
22. домовитись про зустріч з кимось
23. переговори без зупинки
24. подавати заяву на роботу
25. подати офіційну скаргу
26. попросити про послугу
27. привернути чиюсь увагу
28. забронювати столик у ресторані
29. не кажи ничого
30. казати людям, що робити
3. Provide synonyms to the given expressions. Make your own sentences with them.

- To hear from smb - To whisper to smb

- To bump into smb - To write a letter to smb
- To wave at smb - To wink at smb
- To connect with smb - To shake hands with smb
- To glare at smb - To make an appointment with smb
- To smile at smb - To communicate with smb
- To chat to/with smb - To have a meeting with smb
- To shout at/to smb

4. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary from Unit1.

1) Наші науковці передбачають, що якщо населення країн третього світу буде мати
постійний доступ до Інтернету, протягом наступних 6 місяців кількість Інтернет-
користувачів досягне промовистої цифри (показника) в 4 мільйони юзерів.

2) Ви можете стверджувати що завгодно і обурюватися стільки, скільки Вам

заманеться, проте ви зобов’язані дотримуватися вищевказаних правил.

3) Ти клявся, шо це всього лиш тимчасові проблеми, з якими ти швидко впораєшся,

а натомість ми опинилися в незручному становищі і тепер маємо заплатити
приголомшливу суму штрафу в розмірі 105 мільйонів доларів.

4) Згідно з оцінками / прогнозами, не так багато людей висловлюються лаконічно,

адже молоде покоління надає перевагу використанню емотиконів та графічних
символів, які вже стали невід’ємною частиною щоденного спілкування.

5) Часом неправильна інтерпретація як вербальних, так і невербальних сигналів може

викликати плутанину.

6) Дорогі студенти! З цього самого моменту ми впроваджуємо нові способи

спілкування, тому під час наших занять вам заборонено заходити в Інтернет з
будь-яких гаджетів.

7) Я в жодному випадку не хочу нікого образити, проте якщо ти справді хочеш

вивчити мову на високому рівні, тобі не варто вступати до ПТУ в Жмеринці.

8) Нам треба негайно створити тимчасовий кризовий фонд, щоб заповнити прогалину
в сфері надання соціальної допомоги тій категорії громадян, яким приділяють
недостатньо уваги.

9) Скептики переконані, що заохочувати дітей володіти двома мовами не найкраща

ідея.

10) Вивчення двох і більше іноземних мов може мати очевидні переваги, адже білінгви
не мають схильності до хвороби Альцгеймера.
11) З яких це пір заняття з носіями мови стали такими популярними? Просто намагайся
використати усі можливості для того, щоб не пропускати заняття в школі і цього
буде більш, ніж достатньо.

12) Я зіштовхнувся з багатьма труднощами, перш ніж почав займатися бізнесом.

13) Наша рідна мова – це не тільки наш інструмент зв’язку, це наш спадок, яким ми
завжди будемо пишатися.

14) Є декілька речей, які я хочу взяти до уваги – ви повинні усвідомити, що у нашому
житті завжди будуть труднощі, з якими ви будете боротися.

15) Я не знаю, як це трапилося – я з’їв на сніданок відносно невелику кількість

пончиків, але після обіду поспілкувався з лікарем і дізнався, що набрав кілька
зайвих кілограмів. Тепер я водночас щасливий (бо відчуваю радість від смаколиків)
і нещасний (бо зобов’язаний сісти на дієту).

16) У мене схильність до саркастичних коментарів – немає значення, чи натрапляю я

на своїх друзів чи спілкуюся з ними в соціальних мережах, надаючи онлайн-
спілкуванню більшої емфатики, я все одно щодня роблю кілька уїдливих
коментарів у їхню адресу. Врешті-решт, вони знаходяться під враженням від моїх
слів, перестають зі мною спілкуватися і ми втрачаємо зв’язок.

17) Netflix, TikTok та клуб навпроти – це те, що справді уповільнює мій освітній
розвиток і слугує причиною, чому я не отримую високих оцінок з англійської
мови. Але викладачам так не скажеш, бо вони не в курсі речей, які стали
популярними.

18) Поснідати для мене – життєво необхідно. Якщо я голодний, я можу не тільки
образити когось, а й зробити інші обурливі вчинки. Для прикладу, порушити закон
чи запитати в оточуючих, чи вони не безсмертні, раз спілкуються зі мною, коли я
голодний.

19) Цей неймовірний проект стовідсотково принесе нашій компанії величезну

користь.

20) Я хочу особливо наголосити (звернути особливу увагу), що тільки досвідчений

оратор може зацікавити широку аудиторію у вивченні цієї нісенітниці. Якщо
навіть це не допоможе, єдиний спосіб втримати аудиторію – це хіба що змусити їх
отримати звістку від інших, що на наш захід прийде Кім Кардаш’ян, яка буде
говорити про справи під час кава-брейку.

21) Щосереди ми вивчаємо запити цільового ринку. Ми хочемо передати цю традицію

й тим працівникам, які тільки-но прийшли на роботу й зіштовхнулися з величезним
навантаженням (обсягом роботи).

22) – Будь ласка, майте на увазі, що я часто буду заходити в Інтернет, бо я займаюся
Інтернет-бізнесом. – Олег, я не дозволяю тобі заходити в Інтернет, бо по-перше, 20
підписників у TikTok – це не бізнес, по-друге, їхня кількість все одно постійно
 зменшується. У твоєї бабусі їх і то більше, що слугує причиною, чому мені соромно
за такого сина.

23) У сучасному світі вагомі зміни відбуваються у постійно зростаючому темпі

і це не може не захоплювати усіх навколо.
24) Тобі треба оволодіти мистецтвом світської розмови, адже ці навички необхідні для
того, щоб зробити свій внесок в цю справу.

25) Ми маємо зберегти свистячу форму спілкування для наступних поколінь.

5. a. Make your own sentences with phrasal verbs:

- Switch smth off - To cut off

- To get through - To call back
- To hang on - To hang up
- To run out

b. Use the phrasal verbs to act out dialogues.

6. Read the quotation. Paraphrase them. Do you agree? Why? Why not? Discuss.

“Learning another language is like becoming another person.”

Haruki Murakami
“You live a new life for every language you speak. If you know only one language, you
live only once.”
Czech proverb
“One language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the
way.”
Frank Smith
“If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to
him in his language, that goes to his heart.”
Nelson Mandela
“The more languages you know, the more you are human.”
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
“A different language is a different vision of life.”
Federico Fellini
“A foreign language is like a frail, delicate muscle. If you do not use it, it weakens.”
Jhumpa Lahiri
“Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom.”
Roger Bacon
“England and America are two countries separated by the same language.”
George Bernard Shaw
 PART II. READING

1. Read the text: “A Multilingual Internet”.

2. Read the text: “Theatre for the Deaf”.
3.Give English synonyms (where it is possible) for:

mother tongue scene

cultural diversity actor
audience

4.Give English antonyms for:

mother tongue cultural diversity

5.Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary from the
texts “A Multilingual Internet”, “Theatre for the Deaf”.

1)Під час візитів на Київщину заплановано ведення бізнесу з місцевими виробниками.

2) З цього випливає, що явище глобалізації здатне принести величезні блага для всіх країн.
3) В інших випадках організації, що працюють в тих чи інших конкретних областях, не
мають права отримувати кошти з-за кордону.
4) Премє’р-міністр підкреслює важливість надання групам меншин можливості вивчати
свою рідну мову у власній країні.
5) Вануату - єдина тихоокеанська острівна нація, де корінна мова - біслама - має вищий
конституційним статусом, ніж колишній колоніальний мову.
6) Кожний хто має доступ до інтернету, може поділитися своїми знаннями через
спеціалізовані інформаційні сайти.
7) У доповіді наголошується, що здатність країн, що розвиваються конкурувати на
світових ринках обмежується факторами в сфері пропозиції.
8) Дружній та багатомовний персонал із задоволенням проконсультує Вас протягом
всього періоду проживання.
9) Організація Об'єднаних Націй повинна приймати і вживати заходів з урахуванням
мінливої динаміки світової економіки.
10) Ми повинні прискорити темпи економічного відновлення і зростання в цих країнах.
11) Ряд місцевих компаній, що діють в риболовецькому секторі, продовжували
розширювати масштаби своєї діяльності.
12) Вони витрачають всю свою енергію на облаштування свого будинку.
13) Ми репетирували цю виставу стільки разів, що нам набридло шоу, перш ніж ми
розпочали.
14) Мова тіла відноситься до невербальних сигналів, які ми використовуємо для
спілкування. На думку експертів, ці невербальні сигнали складають величезну частину
щоденного спілкування.
15) Ти - єдиний глядач, якого я завжди потребував.
16) Це найстрашніша сцена в душі з часів "Психо".
17) Ми всі бачили його виступ в минулому році в театрі.
18) Суддя може припинити виступ, натиснувши на червону кнопку, яка спалахує
відповідним значком Х над сценою.
19) У 20 відсотках країн, які надали інформацію, мова жестів є першою мовою навчання.
20) Одного разу вона сказала, що її подруга Ліззі Елбрук працювала на театральній сцені
Лондона.

6. Match the following words and word-combinations with their definition.

1. mother tongue a. a system of hand and body movements representing

words, used by and to people who cannot hear or talk
2.pace b. a time when all the people involved in a play, dance,
etc. practise in order to prepare for a performance
3. sign language c. a point, period, or step in a process or development
or a part of an activity or a period of development
4. adapt d. the method or possibility of getting near to a place
or person
5. floor of the house e. the first language that you learn when you are a
baby, rather than a language learned at school or as an
adult
6.stage f. any area in the theatre where the audience is seated
or the floor of a legislature or chamber is the place
where members sit and make speeches.
7. access g. to change, or to change something, to suit different
conditions or uses
8. rehearsal h. the speed at which someone or something moves, or
with which something happens or changes

PART III. DISCUSSION

1. Read the article “Breaking the Emoji Code”.

2. Answer the questions.
1) How much time do you spend online every week?
2) What does author mean by “global village”?
3) Do you use emojis on a regular basis?
4) Would you like to read a book, translated into emoji?
5) What does emojis’ relevance lie in, according to the author?
6) Do you have any prejudices about emojis? Which ones?
7) Can emojis replace language?
8) Do you think it would be appropriate to use emojis in business language in future?
9) Can nonverbal cues change the meanings of the words? How?
10) Do you use much body language? What about emojis?

3. Discuss the article “Breaking the Emoji Code”.

4. Think back to the article “Breaking the Emoji Code”. Write an essay in 200-250
words, discussing the following points.
  What is the relevance of emojis?
 What are common opinions about emojis?
 What is your opinion on using them?

5. Read the article “In Turkey, Keeping a Language of Whistles Alive”.

6.Answer the questions
1) What was Turkish “bird language” used for in the past?
2) Can complex conversations be conducted in this language?
3) Would you like to learn or create such whistled language? What for?
4) Do you think this language is useful? Why or why not?
5) Do you know any similar languages or means of communication?
6) Is this language commonly used now?
7) What conclusions did scientists reach when studying this language?
8) Do you think heritage such as dying languages should be preserved or forgotten for
the sake of easier world communication?
9) Do you think technology and development is more important than traditions? Can
they coexist peacefully?
10) Do you think it’s easier to learn a whistled language than a regular one?
7.Discuss the article “In Turkey, Keeping a Language of Whistles Alive”.
8.Think back to the article “In Turkey, Keeping a Language of Whistles Alive”. Write
an essay in 200-250 words, discussing the following points.
 How does technology affect tradition?
 Should we preserve the traditions or let them go for the sake of faster development
and globalization?
9.Read the article “Some Facts About Bilingualism That May Surprise You”.
10.Answer the questions.
1) Will children whose parents speak to them in more than one language speak both
languages badly?
2) Do bilingual children do better at school?
3) Are bilinguals less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease?
4) Is it impossible to become fluent in another language once you are an adult?
5) Does the process get easier with each language you learn?
6) What are the benefits to speaking more than one language?
7) Can children learn more than two languages at once?
8) How many languages would you like to learn?
9) If you had children, would you try to raise them bilingual? What languages would
it be?
10) Are there any cons of being bilingual?
11.Discuss the article “Some Facts About Bilingualism That May Surprise You”.
12.Think back to the article “Some Facts About Bilingualism That May Surprise You”.
Write an essay in 200-250 words, discussing the following points.
 What are pros and cons of speaking more than one language?
 If you had children, would you try to raise them bilingual?
Tips
Writing starts with planning. Make notes of the main points you want to include in your
essay. Decide how much detail you want to add to each main point. Each main point
should be explored in a separate paragraph. Decide on the most effective order of your
paragraphs. Finish the essay with your own summary or conclusion. After you have
finished, check what you have written.

PART IV. EXPRESSING A POINT OF VIEW

1. Watch the video “Breaking the Language Barrier”.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNmf-G81Irs
2. Answer the questions.
1) Why didn’t Tim Doner enjoy his TV interview?
2) How has Tim learnt languages?
3) What does the speaker recommend to do in order to break the language barrier?
4) Why is it important to learn foreign languages?
5) Who was Tim working as before he started learning languages?
6) What was Tim good at as a child?
7) Which languages has Tim learned during his language journey?
8) When and how did Tim’s language journey start?
9) What are Tim’s tricks to memorize words?
10) How is language connected to our mindset?
3. Express your point of view.
4. Think back to the video “Breaking the Language Barrier”. Write an essay in 200-250
words, discussing the following points.
 Why is it important to learn foreign languages?
 Which techniques and tricks can be used in process of learning?
5.Watch the video “Learning a Second Language”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXFi9ZvbxnI
6.Answer the questions.
1) Where is the speaker form?
2) What languages does she speak?
3) Why is it hard to learn a foreign language?
4) What is the first step in learning languages?
5) Why is it important to fail?
6) What is the second step in learning languages?
7) What is the third step in learning languages?
8) Why is the speaker passionate about learning the Arabic language?
9) What can you do, if you don’t have a language teacher?
10) Which language would you like to learn and why?

7.Express your point of view.

8.Think back to the video “Learning a Second Language”. Write an essay in 200-250
words, discussing the following points.
 What are the main difficulties in learning a new language?
 How can you cope with those challenges?
 9.Watch the video “Your Body Language May Shape Who You Are”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ks-_Mh1QhMc
10.Answer the questions.
1) What was the speaker’s first request?
2) Why is our body language important?
3) How are we influenced by our own body language?
4) In what sphere is the speaker a real pundit?
5) How do animals and people show their power?
6) What do we do when we feel powerless?
7) What was the gist of the experiment conducted by the speaker?
8) What is the difference between minds of powerful and powerless people?
9) In which situations can the knowledge gained from the experiment be applied?
10) What does the phrase “standing in quick social sand” mean?
11.Express your point of view.
12.Think back to the video “Your Body Language May Shape Who You Are”. Write an
essay in 200-250 words, discussing the following points.
 Why is it important to keep track of your body language?
 How can you apply the knowledge about body language and non-verbal signs?

Tips
Writing starts with planning. Make notes of the main points you want to include in your
essay. Decide how much detail you want to add to each main point. Each main point
should be explored in a separate paragraph. Decide on the most effective order of your
paragraphs. Finish the essay with your own summary or conclusion. After you have
finished, check what you have written.
 EXTRA INFORMATION
Unit 1
Article 1
BREAKING THE EMOJI CODE

The Emoji Code: The Linguistics Behind Smiley Faces and Scaredy Cats.Published on March 20,
2018.Vyv Evans. Vyv EvansFollow|

The digital age

Today we live, indisputably, in a digital age, where 3.2 billion people – nearly half the world’s
population – have regular internet access, and fifty percent of us access the web by mobile device.
Estimates suggest the world has now reached the milestone of 2 billion smartphone users. Under
25s in the western world spend an average of almost 30 hours online each week, while even the
over 40s spend over 20 hours connected every week. In the 21st century, we seemingly live in a
global village, where the communicative reach of an individual can touch the lives of millions, at
the press of a button, where pop superstars, and even a former president have over 100 million
twitter followers, and where a single impulsive tweet from a Head of State can send instantaneous
jitters around the world’s stock markets, and lead to a run on the dollar, euro or pound the very
same day, or even spark a trade war! Never before, in human history, have we been able to
communicate with such immediacy and with so many so-called friends and followers, most of
whom we may never have met. Make no mistake, this amounts to a global revolution, that has
ushered in not just new ways of communicating with others, whether from our sofas, desks, or
even on the bus or train. It has also brought with it new systems of communication.

Emoji: The background

A case in point is Emoji. 5 billion emojis are sent every day on the Facebook messenger app alone.
And over 92% of the world’s 3.2. billion internet users make regular use of emojis. Emojis –
smileys, winks, and eye roll glyphs that populate our digital keyboards are a recent phenomenon.
They first went global in 2011, when they became standard on apple mobile operating systems.
But it wasn’t until 2015 that they really went mainstream, when they became a fixture in popular
culture and public consciousness. That was the year Oxford Dictionaries, the world’s leading
arbiter of English language usage anointed an emoji, of all things, as being its word of the year:
the face with tears of joy emoji. Since then, there has been an Emoji Guinness World record, for
the most number of people in a single location dressed as emojis, books translated into emoji,
including Alice In Wonderland, Peter Pan and Moby Dick - or Emoji Dick as it’s known, and even
a Hollywood Emoji movie.

What Emoji is not?

But for many language experts and social commentators, this form of communication is often
given short shrift. A common prejudice is that an emoji is the equivalent of an adolescent grunt, a
step back to the dark ages of illiteracy, making us poorer communicators in the process – maybe
even dumber, too. We should stick to the language of Shakespeare, so the naysayers say. But this
amounts to ill-informed cultural elitism. Moreover, it misunderstands the way that communication
works. After all, emojis simply are not relevant for long-form written communication: literature,
complex prose, articles in scientific journals. Emojis’ relevance lies in the abbreviated digital
messages of daily life – social-media quips, texted jokes or flirting, chat messages for expressing
sympathy or frustration.
To assert that emojis will make us poorer communicators is like saying facial expressions
make your emotions harder to read. The idea is nonsensical. It’s a false analogy to compare emojis
to the language of Shakespeare – or even to language at all. Emojis don’t replace language; they
provide the nonverbal cues, fit-for-purpose in our digital textspeak, that help us nuance and
complement what we mean by our words.

The body language of the digital age

In our everyday encounters, how we respond to others is determined by how we respond to them
emotionally. Verbal cues – the words we string together in spoken utterances – are only part of the
story. In our daily face-to-face interactions, up to a staggering 70 percent of our emotional meaning
derives from nonverbal cues, according to one estimate. These include tone of voice, eye gaze,
body language, gestures and, of course, facial expression. The human face makes use of 43
muscles to produce in excess of 10,000 distinguishable gestures – all reflexes of our inner
emotional selves. Moreover, these nonverbal cues not only complement what words mean, they
can even change their meanings.
Take the most pithy of phrases: “I love you”. With falling intonation, said like a statement,
it’s a declaration of undying love: “I love you”. But if I say it this way, with a rising pitch contour,
like a question: “I love you”, it becomes an ironic counterblast that has the power to lay someone
low, and best not said if you wish your nearest to actually remain your dearest. We can make words
mean the opposite of what they otherwise convey by changing our intonation, or even by
employing a particular body posture or facial expression. Humour, such as irony, is a case in point.
The ironic effect comes from the tone of voice, grimace or shrug, to show that the words mean the
opposite of what they actually say.
In the same way, our everyday digital text messages, emojis imbue our digital speak with
nonverbal cues that help spell out what we mean. Without an emoji, what I mean by the following
text message would be inscrutable: “Hey, so I tripped and banged my head on the kitchen
cupboard.” The challenge, for my addressee, is to figure out whether they should laugh at my
buffoonery (“You’re such a klutz”) or offer up sympathy (“Oh, I’m sorry, hope it doesn’t hurt too
bad”).
But the addition of a smiley face or a crying face helps spell out the meaning behind my
words, aiding communication in the process. Emoji is the body language of the digital age. It
makes our abbreviated digital texts more effective, by plugging a gap, levelling the communicative
playing field vis-à-vis our non-digital communication. And in so doing, we become better at
conveying emotion, and empathy, which is what drives effective communication.

A language?
While emoji is not a language, in the way that English, Spanish, or say Japanese are languages - it
doesn’t have a grammar system, for instance – it is an effective means of communication, and can
sometimes even land its users in hot water. For instance, in 2015 a teenager from New York was
arrested for making the world-first alleged emoji-related terror threat: gun emojis pointing at a
police officer emoji on a public Facebook status update. And a year later, a man was jailed in
France for three months for issuing a death threat using gun emojis. Emojis have communicative
power in a similar way to language. And, they can and will be used in a court of law against you.

Conclusion
Digital communication provides us with an important channel in our increasingly connected social
and professional lives. These little pictures enable us to better express tone of voice and body
language. In our brave new digital world, we’re all, or nearly all, speaking Emoji now. And that
should impress us. Viva Emoji!

Article 2
IN TURKEY, KEEPING A LANGUAGE OF WHISTLES ALIVE
Before cellphones, Turkish “bird language” allowed farmers to communicate across long
distances in the Pontic Mountains.
Malin Fezehai

Muazzez Kocek, 46, is considered one of the best whistlers in Kuşköy, a village tucked away in
the picturesque Pontic Mountains in Turkey’s northern Giresun province. Her whistle can be heard
over the area’s vast tea fields and hazelnut orchards, several miles farther than a person’s voice.
When President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey visited Kuşköy in 2012, she greeted him and
proudly whistled, “Welcome to our village!”
She uses kuş dili, or “bird language,” which transforms the full Turkish vocabulary into varied-
pitch frequencies and melodic lines. For hundreds of years, this whistled form of communication
has been a critical for the farming community in the region, allowing complex conversations over
long distances and facilitating animal herding. Before cell phones, bird language allowed farmers
and herders to communicate across long distances.
Today, there are about 10,000 people in the larger region that speak it, but because of the increased
use of cellphones, which remove the need for a voice to carry over great distances, that number is
dwindling. The language is at risk of dying out.
“This is our heritage. We have to protect it and continue using it,” said Ms. Kocek.

Of Ms. Kocek’s three children, only her middle daughter, Kader, 14, knows bird language. Ms.
Kocek began learning bird language at six years old, by working in the fields with her father. She
has tried to pass the tradition on to her three daughters; even though they understand it, only her
middle child, Kader Kocek, 14, knows how to speak, and can whistle Turkey’s national anthem.
Turkey is one of a handful of countries in the world where whistling languages exist. Similar ways
of communicating are known to have been used in the Canary Islands, Greece, Mexico, and
Mozambique. They fascinate researchers and linguistic experts, because they suggest that the brain
structures that process language are not as fixed as once thought. There is a long-held belief that
language interpretation occurs mostly in the left hemisphere, and melody, rhythm and singing on
the right. But a study that biopsychologist Onur Güntürkün conducted in Kuşköy, suggests that
whistling language is processed in both hemispheres.
Organ Civelek, 37, who can whistle in full sentences, explained that they are very proud of their
linguistic custom and want to share it with visitors. Organ Civelek teaches whistling to his son,
Efe, 10. He’s good with words but struggles with full sentences.

Since 1997, Kuşköy village has been hosting an annual Bird Language, Culture and Art Festival,
where the community gathers to practice and compete. (Contestants receive instructions on what
to whistle before a panel of judges, who declare a winner.) At the moment there are no hotels in
the remote village, but locals are renovating an old school in the hope to host more tourists.

Bird language was also named on the 2017 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization list of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Unesco stated in a news release that the
increasing use of mobile phones is a “key threat to its survival.”
But while technology is contributing to the language’s disappearance, it is also being used by some
to preserve it. Mr. Civelek, who teaches bird language to children during the summer, uses an
application called “Islık Dili Sözlüğü,” or whistle language dictionary. It’s Mr. Civelek you hear
whistling the translation when you push on a word in the app, which is an effort both to preserve
the language and to make it accessible to a broader audience. When the app was released, it
received widespread media attention in Turkey and its creator was invited on national television.
Back in Kuşköy village, Mr. Civelek teaches whistling to his son Efe Civelek. He thinks that nine
years old is the ideal age to start learning and instructs his students on how to roll their tongue and
control their breath. “You can lose or break a phone, but as long as you can breathe, you can
whistle,” said Mr. Civelek. “It’s a communication tool that you can bring with you anywhere.”

Article 3
SOME FACTS ABOUT BILINGUALISM THAT MAY SURPRISE YOU
It is estimated that more than half the world’s population is bilingual, and, in an increasingly
globalised world, there are obvious benefits to speaking more than one language. However, for
many years, parents were discouraged from teaching their children to speak more than one
language from birth.

Learning two or more languages simultaneously was believed to cause confusion and slow down
academic development. While it is certainly true that children who are learning to speak more than
one language as their mother tongue will often mix the languages up or speak a little later, these
are temporary problems, and no reason to avoid teaching a child both their parents’ languages. In
fact, there are plenty of reasons to encourage your child to become bilingual from birth.
As well as the obvious benefits of being able to communicate with more people, and the possibility
of earning more money, children who speak more than one language have been shown to score
more highly in achievement tests at school. This is true for mathematics as well as tests of verbal
skills.
And in later life it has been found that bilinguals, on average, will tend to develop Alzheimer’s
disease five years later than monolingual speakers. Speaking three or more languages offers even
more protection. It seems that the increased number of connections within the brain allows
bilinguals to cope better with brain damage.
But is it too late if you haven’t already learned a second language in childhood? It used to be
thought that the adult brain was very fixed, but recent research has shown that we continue to
develop new connections in the brain throughout our lives, meaning that it’s perfectly possible to
learn another language to a high standard. Older learners are less likely to have native-like
pronunciation, but they are better at learning vocabulary as they are able to use far more skills and
strategies than children. And learning a language is like using a muscle – the more you use it the
stronger it gets, meaning that you will find your third language easier than your second, and so on.