8CVE3Module 3

Industrial waste treatment
Unit III
Feasibility of treatment of raw industrial wastes with domestic wastes
• It is often possible and advisable for an industry to

discharge its waste directly to a municipal treatment plant,
where a certain portion of the pollution can be removed.
• A municipal sewage-treatment plant, if designed and
operated properly, can handle almost any type and quantity
of industrial waste hence, one possibility that should be
seriously considered is the cooperation of industry and
municipalities in the joint construction and operation of a
municipal wastewater treatment plant.
• There are many advantages to be gained from such a
joint venture:
• 1. Responsibility is placed with one owner while the
cooperative spirit between industry and municipality is
increased, particularly if the cost sharing is mutually
satisfactory.
• 2. Only one chief operator is required, whose sole
obligation is the management of the treatment plant.
• The operator is not encumbered by the miscellaneous
duties often given to the industrial employee in charge of
waste disposal, and the chances of mismanagement
and neglect that may result if industrial production
people operate waste-treatment plants, are eliminated.
• 3. Since the operator of such a large

treatment plant usually receives higher pay
than separate domestic plant operators,
better-trained people are available.
• 4. Even if identical equipment is required,
construction costs are less for a single plant
than for two or more. Furthermore,
municipalities can apply for state and/or
federal aid for plant construction, which
private industry is not eligible to receive.
• 5. The land required for plant construction

and for disposal of waste products is
obtained more easily by the municipality.
• 6. Operating costs are lower because
more waste is treated at a lower rate per
unit of volume.
• 7. Possible cost advantages resulting

from lower municipal financing costs,
federal grants, and municipal operation
can be passed on to the users and may
permit higher degrees of treatment at a
cost to each participant no greater than
the cost for separate treatment at lower
removal levels.
• 8. Some wastes may add valuable nutrients

for biological activity to counteract other
industrial wastes that are nutrient deficient.
Thus, bacteria in the sewage are added to
organic industrial wastes as seed material.
These microorganisms are vital to biological
treatment when the necessary BOD reduction
exceeds approximately 70%. Similarly, acids
from one industry may help neutralize
alkaline waste from another industry.
• 9. The treatment of all wastewater

generated in the community in a municipal
plant or plants enables the municipality to
ensure a uniform level of treatment to all
users of the river, and even to increase the
degree of treatment given to all
wastewater to the maximum level
obtainable with technological advances.
• 10. Acceptance of the joint treatment

project and relinquishment of individual
allocations would give the municipality full
control of river resources and permit it to
use the capacity of the river to the best
advantage for the general public. The
municipality has greater assurance of
stream protection, because it has the
opportunity for closer monitoring of
effluent quality.
• 11 Public relations are good for the

municipality.
• 12. Land is generally more available.
• 13. No permit for discharge is needed
except for a contractual agreement
between the two parties.
• Since most sewage plants use some form

of biological treatment, it is essential for
satisfactory operation that extremes in
industrial waste characteristics be
avoided and the waste mixture be
• (1) As homogeneous in composition and
uniform in flow rate as possible and free
from sudden dumpings (shock loads) of
the more deleterious industrial wastes
• (2) Not highly loaded with suspended
matter
• (3) Free of excessive acidity or alkalinity

and not high in content of chemicals that
precipitate on neutralization or oxidation
• (4) Practically free of antiseptic materials
and toxic trace metals
• (5) Low in potential sources of high BOD,
such as carbohydrates, sugar, starch, and
cellulose
• (6) Low in oil and grease content.
Joint treatment of partially treated industrial
wastes and domestic sewage
• Most industrial wastes contain only a few
harmful constituents and the removal of
these leaves the remaining wastes
amenable to treatment along with
domestic sewage.
An example of combined treatment following
pretreatment
• A certain highly industrialized city had for
25 years been handling all wastes from
within its secondary-type treatment plant.
• This facility was now over loaded and a
decision had to be made concerning the
treatment of industrial wastes.
pretreatment
• The existing plant contained a bar screen, grit
chamber, circular clarifier, trickling filter,
secondary clarifier, separate sludge digester
and sand drying beds.
• The average daily flow was 15 MLD per day,
the suspended solids load was 4200 kgs per
day and BOD load 5200 kg per day. Out of
these 44.1 % of the average flow, 47.5 % of
the average BOD and 41.2 % of suspended
solids load occurred during the nine day light
hours between 8 am and 5 pm.
pretreatment
• The industries and their contributing pollution loads
were as follows:
• 1. A dyeing and finishing mill for synthetic textiles
contributed 33 % of the treatment plant flow and 80
% of the total industrial flow, 25 % of the total plant
BOD and 62 % of the total industrial BOD but only 4
% of the total suspended solids.
• 2. A laundry contributed 6.2 % of the total plant BOD
and suspended solids. This waste includes rags
which lead to stoppage of sewer lines, but it
comprised less than 1 % of plant flow.
pretreatment
• 3. A meat rendering plant contributed 4.5 % of the
total plant BOD. There was a great deal of grease
and odor in the waste and 1.91 % of the flow and
suspended solids came from it.
• 4. A poultry-plant waste consisted of blood feathers
and manure and contributed 10 % of the flow, 1.4 %
of the BOD and 1.7 % of the suspended solids of the
total combined wastes.
pretreatment
• 5. A slaughter house and meat-packing plant
contributed 2.8 % of the BOD and 1.3 % of the
suspended solids, but only 0.28 % of the flow.
• 6. An electrical-plating company contributed 2.2 %
of the flow, 0.69 % of the BOD and 0.87 % of
suspended solids. High chromium concentrations
were found in several samples of the wastes.
• 7. The domestic customers contributed 84 % of the
plants suspended solids, 60.4 % of the flow and 57
% of the BOD.
pretreatment
• Three steps were followed to complete the
technical solution to the problem;
• 1. To ascertain the capacity of the various existing
treatment plant units.
• 2. To produce the incoming waste load to a
minimum by proper pretreatment of industrial
wastes at each individual factory.
• 3. To evaluate the present plant and suggest the
additions required to handle the future waste load
effectively.
Discharge of completely treated wastes to municipal
systems
• In many situations, an industry may find it
advisable to discharge its waste into the city
sewer system even after complete treatment.
• It is, of course, an advantage to an industry to
have someone else assume the responsibility
for final handling and disposal of its residual
wastes, because there is always possibility of
a mishap at the plant which would make the
wastes from the industry’s treatment plant
unacceptable for direct discharge into the
receiving stream.
systems
• It may also be more convenient for an

industry to discharge by gravity into a
nearby municipal sewer than to pump
treated waste a long distance to a suitable
location on a river.
• The attitude of the municipality and the
cost of its sewer-service charges play an
important part in an industry’s decision to
utilize the municipal sewer and treatment
plant.
systems
• Acceptance of industry as an integral part
of a city’s life and equitable charges for the
use of city sewers encourage industry to
make use of the city’s sanitary facilities.
• This means of disposal of industrial wastes
must be determined on an individual basis:
each case is unique and often a single
factor, such as location or precedent, can
influence an industry’s selection of the final
stage of its waste treatment.
An example of the discharge of a completely treated
waste into a municipal sewer system
• There is an industry which is erecting a

new plant near its existing one to
manufacture electrical and mechanical
business machines.
• The site for new plant is selected for its
convenience, setting surroundings and
availability; but is often the case, at the
time of the site selection little
consideration given to waste disposal
problem.
• Though this oversight has been a

common occurrence in the past,
fortunately more and more companies are
according waste treatment its proper
importance when they select a future
plant locations, since they are beginning
to realize that it can be a costly experience
when an industry does not look into all
aspects of waste disposal prior to
selecting a site for a new plant.
• The plant is located in a small town and is

the only major industry. Production in the
new plant will be essentially similar to that
of the old, on an expanded basis.
• The existing plant manufactures about
1500 machines per day and discharges all
its wastes untreated, through two holding
lagoons, into a small creek.
• The new plant, however, will be served by the
municipal sewer system and the municipal
primary treatment plant.
• Effluent from this plant discharges by gravity to
the only flowing stream in the area.
• The municipality has agreed in advance to
construct the necessary additional sewer lines
to the industrial site and industry has agreed to
pay for sewer construction.
• The entire waste can flow by gravity from the
industry to municipal treatment plant.
Discharge of partially treated industrial wastes
directly to streams
• Large industries located outside city limits
often have water requirements so greater
that they must develop their own sources
of water and likewise they must dispose
off their own wastes.
• This, one price an industry must pay to
obtain sufficient space and escape
industrial taxes.
directly to streams
• There are scattered instances, of course,
of cities extending their sewer lines to
accept the waste of a nearby industry; but
usually a plant draws its process water
from a nearby river or well and discharges
its waste to the same stream, after a
careful analysis of the use of the stream
and its condition.
directly to streams
• Wastes from these large plants contain so
much pollution that some treatment is
required before discharging into the
stream.
• Since treatment of large volumes of
wastewater is expensive, an industry
should investigate many alternative
methods of protecting the receiving
waters.
An example of discharging waste to a stream after partial treatment
• A large textile mill is located in a small

town with a Imhoff tank providing sewage
treatment facilities.
• The stream receiving the mill waste has
been classified C (having fish survival for
its best usage).
• Two dams downstream from the mill

cause impoundment of the stream and
subsequent nuisance conditions.
• The mill takes its water supplies from the
stream just above the plant.
• The state has directed the industry to
maintain the stream condition as
classified, so it has little choice except to
treat its waste before discharging them
directly to the stream.
• Extensive treatments of such large

quantities of wastes need a great deal of
planning, research and analysis must be
carried out in order to minimize the cost
and yet attain the best possible efficiency.
• With the above problems in mind, the

textile mill asked the concerned authority
to supervise the concerned authority to
supervise the investigation and to analyze,
interpret and evaluate the results.
• In order to make positive
recommendations to management, the
concerned authority also made in-plant
and river studies and held conferences
with management to impress upon them
the following facts.
• A plan for waste treatment in this instance

must, therefore, include the minimum of
aeration, neutralization and retention
which will still accomplish adequate
reduction of the pollution load on the river.
Discharge of completely treated industrial wastes to streams or land
• Complete treatment of wastes prior to

direct discharge to a receiving stream is
gradually receiving more and more
consideration.
• The amount of dilution water in streams is
not increasing and on the other hand,
pollution loads unfortunately are
increasing.
• With the population explosion and

industrial expansion, there are more
extensive waste treatment requirements.
• At present, complete treatment is required
only in special instances and in the case
of the large, wet industries such as
textiles, pulp and paper, steel and
chemicals.
• Complete treatment refers to treatment

that renders wastewater reusable for
industrial and in some cases municipal
water supplies.
• This normally will mean a fairly complete
removal of all suspended, dissolved and
colloidal solids including both inorganic
and organic fractions.
Low cost wastewater treatment methods
• The conventional biological treatment

methods employing trickling filters or
activated sludge process are very
expensive to install as well as to run.
• The past experience with such treatment
plants shows that many of them either
performing poorly due to the lack of
skilled supervision and lack of
maintenance.
• On the other hand, the so called low cost

treatment systems, which include
oxidation ponds, oxidation ditches, aerated
lagoons, anaerobic lagoons are simple to
construct, have the least amount of
mechanization and require little or no
skilled supervision for operation.
• The design criteria for such low cost
treatment systems have been evolved in
our country.
• An extensive study conducted in our
country revealed that, under certain
conditions, the degree of treatment that
can be achieved is as good as that of the
conventional systems, if these low cost
systems are adopted.
Oxidation pond (Stabilization ponds)
• A stabilization pond is an open, flow

through earthen basin specifically
designed and constructed to treat sewage
and biodegradable industrial wastes.
• It is a relatively low-cost treatment
system which has been widely used.
• These ponds may be considered to be
completely mixed biological reactors
without solids return.
• The mixing is usually provided by natural

processes such as wind, heat,
fermentation but may be augmented by
mechanical or diffused aeration.
• Stabilization ponds provide comparatively
long detention periods extending from a
few to several days when the putrescible
organic matter in the waste get stabilized
by the action of natural forces.
• There are fundamentally three types of pond,
depending on the dissolved oxygen profile in the
pond.
• At one extreme are shallow (0.5 m deep), fully
aerobic ponds, where a euphotic zone that reaches
the bottom and effective mixing cause dissolved
oxygen to be present the full depth of the pond.
• Although the BOD5 of the influent waste is very
efficiently reduced, the concentration of algal and
bacterial suspended solids in the effluent can be
high resulting in a high BOD5 concentration in the
effluent.
• At the other extreme are anaerobic ponds (2.5 m to 5
M deep), where organic loading is so high relative to
oxygen entering the pond that the pond is anaerobic
right to the surface.
• Under these conditions, fermentation processes and
anaerobic oxidation can remove about 70 percent of
the BOD5 of the waste.
• Anaerobic ponds are mixed to some extent by the
bubbling of gases (carbon dioxide and methane)
produced in the pond.
• The suspended solids turbidity caused by mixing
reduces light penetration, and algal production of
oxygen, when it occurs at all in these ponds, is
negligible.
• A third type of oxidation pond is the "facultative pond".
• The depth of natural-aeration facultative ponds -
usually 1.0 to 1.5m - is too deep for oxygen to
penetrate to the bottom of the pond, and an
anaerobic zone develops there.
• Solids from the incoming waste settle into the
anaerobic sludge near the bottom of the pond and
degrade anaerobically releasing soluble degradable
organic material and nutrients which diffuse upwards
in the pond.
• Near the top of the pond oxygen is supplied by

algal photosynthesis and to a limited extent by
diffusion from the air.
• There is dissolved oxygen present to only a few
centimeters depth at night, but dissolved oxygen
diffuses deeper during daylight.
• Thus there exists a fully aerobic zone at the top of
the pond, and between this and the anaerobic zone
at the bottom there is a middle zone where oxygen
is cyclically present and bacterial respiration is "
facultative" aerobic-anaerobic.
• A facultative oxidation pond receiving sewage
typically achieves between 70 to 95 percent
removal of BOD5 (non-filtered) at a loading rate to
the pond of from 2.2 to 3.5g BOD5/m2/day
depending on temperature.
• An effluent quality standard of 30g BOD5/m3 is
typically set. The BOD5 in the pond effluent
comprises both residual BOD5 from the influent
waste and new BOD5 created in the pond in the
form of algae.
• Algae may form the major part of the BOD5 in the
Oxidation ditch
• An oxidation ditch is a modified activated
sludge biological treatment process that
utilizes long solids retention times (SRTs)
to remove biodegradable organics.
• Oxidation ditches are typically complete
mix systems, but they can be modified to
approach plug flow conditions.
• The oxidation ditch is used for a long-term
aeration.
Oxidation ditch
• It consists of a long channel of an elliptical or
circular shape equipped with an aeration
equipment called a rotor for generating a water
flow and stirring water in the channel to supply
oxygen.
• Preliminary treatment, such as screening and
grit removal normally preceeds oxidation ditch.
• Primary settling prior to an oxidation ditch is
sometime practiced.
• Disinfection and reaeration may be necessary
prior to final discharge.
Oxidation ditch
Oxidation ditch
Aerated lgoons
• An aerated lagoon or aerated basin is a
holding and/or treatment pond provided with
artificial aeration to promote the biological
oxidation of wastewaters.
• They use of oxygen (or air)
and microbial action to bio-treat the
pollutants in wastewaters.
• Aerated lagoons are complete mixing ponds
used for treatment of wastewater and
industrial wastewater.
Aerated lgoons
• Aerated lagoons are simple holding tanks
usually 2-4 m deep with a continuous supply
of oxygen.
• The oxygen is supplied to the tanks by
means of mechanical surface aeration units.
Aerated lgoons
Aerated lgoons

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Industrial waste treatment

• It is often possible and advisable for an industry to

• 3. Since the operator of such a large

• 5. The land required for plant construction

• 7. Possible cost advantages resulting

• 8. Some wastes may add valuable nutrients

• 9. The treatment of all wastewater

• 10. Acceptance of the joint treatment

• 11 Public relations are good for the

• Since most sewage plants use some form

• (3) Free of excessive acidity or alkalinity

• It may also be more convenient for an

• There is an industry which is erecting a

• Though this oversight has been a

• The plant is located in a small town and is

• A large textile mill is located in a small

• Two dams downstream from the mill

• Extensive treatments of such large

• With the above problems in mind, the

• A plan for waste treatment in this instance

• Complete treatment of wastes prior to

• With the population explosion and

• Complete treatment refers to treatment

• The conventional biological treatment

• On the other hand, the so called low cost

• A stabilization pond is an open, ﬂow

• The mixing is usually provided by natural

• Near the top of the pond oxygen is supplied by

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