HYAP312 – FLUID MECHANICS

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPT

ENGR. UZZIEL ABIB P. GABIOLA

PROFESSOR
 INTRODUCTION
Mechanics is the branch of science that
deals with motion and the forces that
produce this motion.

Mechanics is organized into two main

categories:
1. Solid Mechanics – materials in SOLID
state
2. Fluid Mechanics – materials in GAS or
LIQUID state

FLUID MECHANICS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA

 INTRODUCTION
Fluid mechanics is concerned with the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion.
Fluid is a substance that alters its shape in response to any force however
small, that tends to flow or to conform to the outline of its container, and that
includes gases and liquids and mixtures of solids and liquids capable of flow.
A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously when acted on by
a shearing stress of any magnitude.

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 INTRODUCTION
Comparison of Solids, Liquids and Gases

FLUID MECHANICS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA

 INTRODUCTION
Comparison of Solids, Liquids and Gases

FLUID MECHANICS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA

 INTRODUCTION
Mass is a property of a body that provides a measure of the amount of
matter in the body.
The mass of 1.0 liters of liquid water at room condition is 1.0 kilograms. A
body with a mass of 2.0 slugs has a mass of 29 kilograms.

Important Mass Units:

a. Kilograms Conversion:
b. Grams 1 kg = 2.205 lbm = 1000 g = slug/14.59
1 lbm = kg/2.205 = slug/ 32.17 = 453.6 g
c. Slugs
d. Pound mass

FLUID MECHANICS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA

 INTRODUCTION
Force can be thought of as a push or as a pull of one body on another.
Example:
• When water falls in waterfall, we say that the earth is pulling on the water
with a force that is called the gravity force.
• When wind blows on a stop sign, we say that the air is exerting a drag force
on the sign.
• When water behind a dam pushes on the dam, we say that the water is
exerting a hydrostatic force on the face of the dam.

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 INTRODUCTION
Important Force Units
Conversion:
a. Pound-force (lbf) 1 lbf = 4.448 N
1 N = 0.2248 lbf
b. Newtons (N)

Force Categories
1. Surface Force (Contact Force) – any force that required two bodies to be
touching
2. Body Force – any force that does not require two bodies to be touching

FLUID MECHANICS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA

 PHYSICS REVIEW:
Classical Motion:
Consider an object moving in space for a time t. It's position at any point int time
is defined by x or x(t).

Velocity is defined as the rate of change of position with time

d𝐱
𝐯=
dt

Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with time

d𝐯 d2 𝐱
𝐚= = 2
dt dt
FLUID MECHANICS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA
 PHYSICS REVIEW:
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
1st Law: An object that is rest or in motion will remain at rest or
in motion until acted upon by an outside force.

2nd Law: An object's rate of change of momentum is directly

proportional to the applied force.

F∝a

3rd Law: All forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and
opposite direction.

FLUID MECHANICS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA

 PHYSICS REVIEW:
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Two particles with masses m1 and m2
separated by a distance r are mutually
attracted to each other.
The magnitude of the attractive forces
is calculated by:

Gm1 m2
F=
r2

where:
G – universal gravitational constant
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 PHYSICS REVIEW:
Weight of an Object, W
Consider an object on the surface of the earth.
• m1 = mass of the earth
• m2 = mass of the object
• r = radius of the earth

Gm1 m2
F=
r2

Rearranging the formula, we can now compute the weight of an object.

Weight being the attractive force between the object and the earth.

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 UNIT SYSTEMS REVIEW:
In this course, two systems will be utilized:
• International System of Units (SI System)
• US Customary System of Units (USCS System)

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 UNIT SYSTEMS REVIEW:
SI Unit Prefixes

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 UNIT SYSTEMS REVIEW:
In USCS, there are two very popular units worth noting:

• Inches (in) are widely used in engineering applications.

12 in = 1 ft

• Kip (shorthand for kilo-pound) (k)

1 kip = 1000 lb

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 UNIT SYSTEMS REVIEW:
Unit Conversion. Convert the following:
1. 73 mph to m/s Note:
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 lbf = 4.44822 N

2. 63.9 lbf /in2 to kN/m2

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 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
The study of the relationship between physical quantities with the help of dimensions and units of
measurement is termed dimensional analysis.

PL3
∆max =
48 EI

Using USCS Units:

P = applied load (lb)
L = beam length (in)
E = elastic modulus (psi)
I = moment of inertia (𝑖𝑛4 )

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 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Another Example:
Consider the total energy (head) in a fluid conduit:
N
• p = pressure
m2
N
• γ = fluid unit weight
m3
m
• v = velocity
s
m
• g = acceleration due to gravity
s2
• h = elevation (m) p v2
Etotal = + +h
γ 2g

Is the expression dimensionally consistent?

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END OF LECTURE

QUESTIONS?