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d
+ P d+ PP dd - 4y -Pry y = .(1
ere
RP. P2 -- - P are all continubus gmd Yec
Valued fumctions of L.
The eguation
caled neer
1> is
differentia Equation
octh vasialle CoeSficierts
Am equation of he formn
d'y P d P P - (2)
Tbe Operator D
Let
Let D be
syobot denotnga
he operattbn of
diere-ottatton, So hat
DE Dy dy
d
dr2
D= d Dy=
called a differemtiol
The synbols D, D D ase
Operat oss or Sinpy operators.
comittem as
be
be syobole forwn of (2 con
- - *PrnD+Pn)y= &
(D+P D + B -2
f(D Y=
Complemertay fune-tion (C.F)
Coopleroentay Functon. I t is
-fCDD9 =o fs called
denoted by e
2
+P O ohere PP2
Prore real constants, i s called thbe
aucitary eaation ( E ) of fCDDy =0
SCDDy= Q
2) Substituehina D by m imfCD) =O .then oe
hawe fCm)=0 ds called a u t uay equatt'om.
Ce C,e +Cre
3 Roots ccre
ImagImary
Let 2 be magtn o md of he form
dtip and remauo(9 m all r e a
equal
Let (m, = ip ond Cclso ma A = A P
rec ond
amd Yemycto tng m be ccll
differerst oem
+
e C+Cg)Cos pr+(C2++C4*) Sin P:)+Cse
+Ce Ce2
eo
hem the cooplementa function can also be put
im he Jorro
e
- e
r
(D-ay = O
Let fCD) = Da
i s fCon) =0
Auci LiaAy Equatt'oro
(o) = m-a= O
2
a = a
-q
3- Je= Cje Ce cobere CC2ccre
corbitary Constasts
2. Solve dd r +3 d9
dr
-54y =
(D+3D-54)y=O
A. Eauacibn is
om+3m-54=0
mm 9or-6mn- 54 = o
o(m+9)6(mo+9) = O
m + ) (om-6) =O
= 6,-9
- e = C e + Coe
3. Solve d+18
dt - 16 =O
Auciliay equatton is
9m18m-16 = O
qm2 4m- o- 16 = O
2m (3m)+8) -
2 (2mtH8)=O
(3m+8) (2m-2) = O
m- 2 =0
= 2
3 8 - O
Gtemesol Solution is
21at 8/at
J-Se +Ce
4 Sofve (D-6D+6) Y =o
6mm+6=O
6 36-24
2
6t12
2
5. Solve
dr de
(D+8 D16 D) = 0
A.E is m 8o+16m=O
o (m 8ro +16)=O
m (m +4) EO
m=O, 4,-4
y=C +(C+C )e
6. Selve (D3p+3p-1) y=O
o-2mo-3er- O
A.E is
(-1 =O
-3
2
m - 1.1,1
2
-(C+Cgr +Cg x e
,
7 Sowe d d+ dy +4y=O
4y=O
dz dz
Symboluc for (s (D+D+4D-+4)9=0
m+1)+4(+1)=O
+1 (o+4)zO
mE1 , m -4
m=+ 2
2*)
-Ce +(c cos 2x + C2 Sin
c =0,y=EO
dy +4 dy +299 =O given hat onhen
d2 da
anddy15
d
( D + 4 D 4 2 9 ) y =O
A-E (s
- 4 t16-116
- 4 t F 1 o 0 = 4 + 1o
2 2
m=-2+5
y =
e C cos 5x +C Sin 5)
Osing
y Otohen 0
C-O
Sulbs-tihute C in
15 C2 5 e cos o]
5 C 15 C 3
The particula Soluton is
y 3 e Sin Sx
myt- 4m+8m-8o t4 O
mT-4m+4m+4m8+4 =O
Cor (Dm)+2-2.m. 2m-2-2m 2+2.m 2=0
( 2ro+2)=O
m 2m+2=0 m 2m+2 0
2tVA-8 -2+2i
=1i 1
y=e(C+Cp) cos x + (C%+ C4) Sin *)
10 Solve (D+1D+D+y = o
A.E is ( + 1 ( +om+ 1 - o
rn+1D°=o, ( m+1)=0
m+=o m=-1
m-+i,+i,i
-
Sinx +
-(C+C+C2 cosr CCa+Cs*+Cs
e cq+Cg*) cos J r + (Cq+ Cto) Sin *
A.E i s t+l6 =O
C +4+2.m4 -2.mo =O
rn+4-(2J -o
2 4 2 m+4) ( n + 2 J 2 m + 4 ) = 0
m+2J2m+4 0
m 2J}m+ 4=0
2 2 N8-16
m= = 2 J 2 +J8 -16
-22 2J2
m=2+J -2+J0
e- e S c o s J E + c 2 SinJa ) +
Syoboic f o o is (D+8)9=o
AE Js mm+8=O
m+2=O, m 20+4=0
m--2. 2+J4-16
2
2+22
2
= - 2 , 1tJ2