Molewlar biology focuses biological activity level this includes the

investigating molecular
on at a structure

and function of chemical substances and

determinining their interactions as part of
living processes

Metabolism is the totality of chemical reactions that occur in a cell or

organism

the reactions controlled

are
by enzymes

Chey have two

key functions

Provide source of for cellular processes/growth reproduction

a
energy ,

Enable Che synthesis and assimilation of new materials for use in the cell

Metabolic catabolic
reactions follow anabolic or
pathways

May involve organic or

inorganic molecules

Build up molecules
complex from
simple ones

formation of macromolecules from monomers

The macromolecules involves condensation

synthesis of reactions

and
monomers
covalently joined water produced as a
by product

·Anna the builder

Breaks molecules into covalent bonds

complex simple ones

includes the release of monomers from macromolecules 0 O Share

The ionic bonds

breakdown of macromolecules involves
hydrolisis reactions

covalent bonds broken via the consumption of water 0

are o one keeps the e

Break-dancing cat
Hydrogen bonds

electrical atraction without movement e

 ~Carbon molecules found living things
containing in
-

· C

~Carbon
There are

forms
few
exceptions /carbonates

the basis
,

of
organic
, and

life
oxides

aue to
of

its
carbon

capacity to form a covalent bonds

·

this allows form and stable

it to a
variety of
large complex molecules

Chere are a main

types of
organic compons/charbohydrates , lipids ,
proteins ,
nucleic acids

Carbohydrates
momomer= monosaccharide

·
Lypids
no momomers

0 H H H H

HO C C C CH acid
carboxyl
*
group
HH H H H
*
fatty acid

·Proteins

monomer = Amino acid/20 types

H HO

H N C C OH
amine
group carboxyI group
R
variable
group

Acid
·

Nucleic

monomer= nucleotide/ARN =DNA

living Chings have a "vital force" needed to make organic molecules

Organic molecules can

only be
synthesised by living systems
Friederich Wohler disproved the inorganic salt
cheory in 1828 by synthesising vrea
artificially from an

Cyanic acid +
Ammonia : Ammonium Cyanate + Urea
 made up of two
hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to
oxygen atom
:
an

- 0 =Oxigen has a
high electronegativity and attracts shared electrons more
scrongly

+
-
~
+
g
H electrons orbit closer to the oxygen atom creating polarity

the molecule allows it with charged

dipolarity of water to form
polar associations other molecules

bonds between
Hydrogen are
particularly strong polar associations that form
hydrogen and eicher florine ,

oxigen ,
or nicrogen/Hatoms have a
very
weak
electronegativity while the others a
very strong oner

↑
...
S
-
·

.
a ⑲. ⑱
t
N

--

hidrogen bonds

Intermolecular bonding between water molecules water distinct properties

give
Thermal Properties

Water can absorb significant amounts or heat

energy before
changing state

Water coolant
is a
highly effective
making it a
component of sweat

Cohesive Adhesive Properties

Water sticks to water molecules /cohesion) and forms intermolecular associations with
charged molecules adhesion

*
cohesion = like molecules stick together

*
Adhesion dissimilar molecules stick
together
=

Solvent Properties
Water dissolves polar ionic substances/making it an effective
way
of
transport

sodium chlorine , glucose ,

amimo acids and
oxigen are soluble in water
lipids are not

X X X

Blood conized Red blood

cells