Proteins are comprised of

long chains of recurring monomers called amino acids

Chere are 20 different amino acids which are universal to all

living organisms

structure Molecula

H H O

H N C C OH
amine carboxyI group
group
R
variable
group

Amino acids are covalently linked together by peptide bonds /to form
polypeptides
polypeptides are
synchesised on vibosomes via translation

Peptide bonds are formed

by condensation reactions
Polypeptides fold into unique shapes which
may be essential to their function

there are & levels of

protein structure

Describes the order acids

of amino in a
polypeptide sequence

formed by covalent
peptide bond between adjacent amino acids

controls all subsequent levels of protein structure

amino acid
sequence

·Describes the folding of a chain into repeating arrangements

formed
by stablishing bonds acids
hydrogen between hon-adjacent amimo

sequences may form alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets

how

Describes the chain folds into three dimensional

shape
way
a a

formed interactions between variable

by groups

affinity and
repulsion between different side chains will affect overall folding

how
many

function
enzymatic
·Describes the presence of more than one
polypeptide chain in a
biologically active protein

not all proteins will structure

possess a
quaternary

protein interaction

Proteins are a diverse class of compounds that serve different roles

Structure /collagen , spider silk

Hormones /insulin ,
glucagon
Immunity immunoglobulins
Transport haemoglobin)
Sensation (hodopsim
Movement /actin ,
myosin
Enzymes /rubisco ,
catalasef

is a
change in protein structure that results in the loss of it
biological properties

loss structure biological activity

of
tentiary = loss of

Broken
Hydrogen bonds

Denaturation
v

can occur as a result of two conditions

Temperature may disrupt bonds that hold proteins together

PH may alter the charge of the protein ,

changing its
solbility and
shape

th acid

Amimo acids
 =
A DNA that codes
gene is a
sequence of for a
polypeptide
-This occurs via two
process

Transcription /mRNA transcript made from DNA template

Translation /MRNA transcript encodes amimo acid

sequence

=Typically one
gene codes for one
polypeptide however

Alternative splicing can produce multiple variants

some don't translated

genes get

the totality of
proteins expressed within a cell , tissue or
organism
individuals have unique proteome which may
change with
specific conditions

the proteome chan the available

may be
significantly larger number of
genes
Alternative create multiple protein variants
splicing may from one
gene

Post-translational modifications
may promote further variations

The human proteome is

currently predicted to consist of
roughly 100 , 000
proteins

Database of all proteins DNA can

produce