Intrinsic proteins penetrate
MAMALAPAT, MOHAMIDIN K.
Chem 2065 AY2022-23
Globular proteins that are
found in cytoplasm are
larger compared to that of
the intrinsic proteins in
membranes. Globular GLOBULAR VS INTRINSIC
proteins are more compact
and in round shape.
SODIUM-POTASSIUM
PUMP
primary active
transport, movement
of molecules against
a gradient is directly
linked to the
hydrolysis of a high
energy molecule
while in the
secondary active
transport, transport
of molecules across
the membrane
utilizes energy in
other forms than ATP.
and bind tightly with the
lipid bilayer. They have
amino acids with nonpolar
side chains at the interface
PROTEN
TYPES OF
TRANSPORT
PERIPHERAL PROTEINS – interact with
groups on the membrane surface.
-interact with charged head groups of
the membrane lipids through polar H-
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL bonds, electrostatic interactions, or both
where proteins and a lipid bilayer exist side by side
without covalent bonds between the proteins and lipids. MEMBRANE PROTEINS
It describes the membrane as a tapestry of several types
of molecules (phospholipids, cholesterols, and proteins)
which are constantly moving. This movement is what
helps the membrane maintain a barrier between the
inside and outside of the cell environment.
INTEGRAL PROTEINS – get into and interact
with the hydrophobic part of the
membrane bilayer.
-are literally embedded in the membrane
BIOLOGICAL and use hydrophobic interactions to stay
MEMBRANES there. These proteins usually use
hydrophobic a helices.
MEMBRANE FUNCTION
LIPID-ANCHORED PROTEINS are proteins
located on the surface of the cell
TYPES OF DIFFUSION membrane that are covalently attached to
lipids embedded within the cell
membrane.
o Transport – since membranes are semipermeable barriers to
the flow of substances in and out of the cell
o Catalysis – Enzymes can be bound to membranes and the
enzymatic reactions takes place on the membrane
o Receptor property – proteins bind specific biologically important
substances that trigger biochemical responses to the cell
MAMALAPAT, MOHAMIDIN K.
Chem 2065 AY2022-23

DEGREE OF UNSATURATION
- unsaturated fatty acids which have
kinks, which cause the disorder in the
packing of the chains, which will make
way to a more open structure causing
greater fluidity in the bilayer.
When a carbohydrate is bound to
an alcohol group of a lipid
through glycosidic linkage, it
forms glycolipids.
Ceramides are the parent compounds
for glycolipids, and the glycosidic
bond is formed between the primary
alcohol group of the ceramide and a
sugar residue. The resulting
compound is called the cerebroside.

CHAIN LEGNTH OF FATTY ACID

COMPONENT
-longer phospholipid tails then more
possible interactions between the tail
and thus this reduces membrane
fluidity and permeability
HEAT
- Ordered bilayers become less
ordered with application of heat
thus causing the membrane to be
more fluid.
PRESENCE OF CHOLESTEROL
- Presence of cholesterol also enhances
order and rigidity. It maintains
membrane fluidity by forming liquid-
ordered–phase lipid rafts.
CERAMIDES
GLYCOLIPIDS
MEMBRANE
FLUIDITY LIPIDS STEROIDS Steroids’ main feature is the fused-
ring system which consists of three
six-membered rings (A, B, C rings)
and one five-membered ring (D
ring).
BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
CHOLESTEROL
. The single hydroxyl group in its
FUNCTIONS:
structure is the only hydrophilic
(1) separate cells from external group. As a result, the whole
environment thus they keep toxic molecule of cholesterol is highly
substances away from the cell hydrophobic.
SEX HORMONES
(2) play important role in transport of
substances in and out of the cell
Sex hormones are also steroids. Testosterone,
(3) biological membranes separate vital
the male hormone, is responsible for the
but incompatible metabolic processes
development of secondary sex characteristics.
conducted within organelles.
 MAMALAPAT, MOHAMIDIN K.
Chem 2065 AY2022-23
UNSATURATED FATTY ACID
- do not have as many hydrogens as
possible because some of the carbons
are engaged in double bonds.
- these double bonds are in cis
configuration and so the double bond
puts a kink in the chain
- have lower melting temperatures
Triacylglycerol is formed
through the ester linkages of
three fatty acids with a glycerol.
The three ester groups are the
polar part while the tails of the
fatty acids are the nonpolar.
LIPASES
- Lipases is an enzyme used
to hydrolyze ester linkages
SAPONIFICATION
of triacylglycerol when an
organism uses fatty acids.
Saponification is the reaction in
which triglycerides react with
sodium or potassium hydroxide
producing glycerol and fatty acid
salt which is called “soap”.
SATURATED FATTY ACID
- saturated with hydrogens
- every carbon has as many
hydrogens on it as possible
- with more density, comes a
higher melting temperature
- solid at room temperature
FATTY ACIDS
2 MAIN GROUPS
TRIACYLGLYECROLS
LIPIDS
SPHINGOLIPIDS AND
SPHINGOMYELIN
PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROLS
Phosphoacylglycerols are
amphipathic because they have
long, nonpolar, hydrophobic tails WAXES
and polar highly hydrophilic head
groups.
open-chain compounds
which means that they have
a polar head group and long
nonpolar tails
second type is the fused-
ring compounds which
includes steroids.
SPHINGOLIPID
- contain long-chain amino
alcohol sphingosine. It is
composed of a sphingoid base
backbone where a fatty acid
may be attached through an
amide bond and a head group
at the primary hydroxyl.
SPHINGOMYELIN
- contains a primary alcohol
group of sphingosines which is
esterified into phosphoric acid,
which is also esterified into
another amino alcohol called
choline.
 MAMALAPAT, MOHAMIDIN K.
Chem 2065 AY2022-23 VITAMINS

VITAMIN A VITAMIN K
VITAMIN D VITAMIN E

Vitamin E is an established Vitamin K is required in the process of

Two molecules of Vitamin A are formed from Cholesterol is photochemically cleaved, antioxidant which is found to be a blood clotting. It modifies prothrombin
one molecule of the beta-carotene. One way to and the photochemical cleavage occurs good reducing agent thus it reacts and other proteins involved in the
convert beta-carotene to vitamin A is to break it and the electron arrangements after the with oxidizing agents before they process
apart at the center. The breakdown occurs in cleavage form the Vitamin D3. can attack other biomolecules.
the walls of the small intestine and is catalyzed
by beta-carotene dioxygenase to from the
retinal.