COURSE

PACKET IN

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

PREPARED bY:

GENERAL EDUCATION INSTRUCTORS

Letter to the Students

My Dear Students,

Welcome to the 1st Semester at

Zamboanga del Sur Provincial
Government College. I hope that your
summer was filled with new adventures
and special memories together with your
loved one’s despite of the pandemic that
we are experiencing today. I am _________
your Science, Technology and Society
instructor and I’ am looking forward to
working with you this schoolyear. This will
be an extremely and fruitful year with
much to learn.
This course packet is very
relevant to you. This includes all the
concepts, ideas, and activities that will
cater your needs. Make sure that you can
notice and answer the learning materials
being posted. Finish and pass it on time as
part of your requirement to the course
also a responsibility as a student.
Let’s work hand in hand for the
betterment of the future. Let’s embrace
one another as we face the adversities of
the new normal. Golden rule: Be good to
me and I will be good to you!! Stay tune!
Enjoy the ride!

Sincerely yours,
Unit 2
Lesson 3
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The Contribution of Greek, Persian and Romans in the

Development of Science and Technology

Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the contribution of the Greek, Persians
and Romans to the development of Science and Technology.

Learning Outcomes:
The students will be able to:

1. Describe the development of Science and Technology that occurred in Greece,

Persia,and Rome;
2. Explicate and recognize the significance of the contribution of Greeks, Persians,
and Romans to the development of Science and Technology.

Word Bank:
Greek philosophers, scala naturae, Almagest, Pythagorean Theorem, Nas’taliq”,
skepticism, Persian rugs
DISCUSSION

I. The Classical Greek Philosophers (400B.C.-400 A.D)

Location: Greece is a country in Southern Europe located at the crossroads of

Europe, Asia, and Africa. Its mainland is located at the southernmost tip of the
Balkan Peninsula.

Science and Technology Development:

Here are some of the Great Greek Philosophers that helped in the development of
science and technology during Ancient times.

a. Thales of Miletus ( 638-548 B.C) developed the theory of matter based

upon water.
b. Socrates (470-399 B.C) emphasized the study of human nature in relation
to society; established the theory of skepticism
c. Empedocles (493-433 B.C) assumed that there were more than one kind of
matter and postulated four roots of elements: earth, air fire and water.
d. Hippocrates about 400 B.C started the science of medicine and is known
as the greatest physician of antiquity and regarded as the father of
medicine. He stated that diseases have natural causes and the body has
the power to repair itself. His name is always associated with Hippocratic
oath, an oath traditionally taken by newly graduate physicians to observe
the ethical standards of their profession, specifically to seek to preserve
life.
e. Aristotle ( 384- 322 B. C) regarded as the father of Biology, undertook a
large-scale classification of plants and animals. He introduced a method of
scientific thinking that still plays a role today. Engrossed himself in
studying many areas of science like Physics, Astronomy, Meteorology, etc.
His “ scala naturae” or Great Chain of Being is one of the first theories in
biology. The species form a scale from simple to complex putting animals
that laid warm and wet creatures alive as the highest form but evolution is
not possible.
f. Archimedes (287-212 B.C) - performs experiments which led him to
discover the laws of the lever and the pulley that resulted in the invention
of machines which could easily move loads. He calculated the value of pi,
which was a geometrical calculation that helped determine the width, or
circumference of a circle. He excelled in geometry, calculus, theorical
mathematics, hydrostatics and displacement.
g. Ptolemy, about 100 A. D.- one of the greatest astronomers who founded
the Geocentric Theory ( Earth-centered) and wrote the Almagest.
h. Democritus - developed atomic theory; elaborated idea that matter
consisted of atoms.
i. Pythagoras (497-581 B. C)- Mathematician, held that numbers were basic
to matter; the Pythagorean Theorem.
j. Plato dealt with the nature of the universe; ascribed geometric forms
composed of bounding planes to the elements of earth, fire, air and water
based upon their physical properties
k. Aristarchus: Both mathematician and an astronomer, Aristarchus
discovered new theories about the way the planets move in their orbits.
Aristarchus thought that even though the earth revolved around the sun,
 it also spun on its own axis, or spin-point, as it followed its orbit around
the sun.
l. Hipparchus discovered the length of the month which is only one second
off from the length we use today.
m. Eratosthenes determined that the circumference of ( the distance
around)the earth was 28,000 miles, which is only three thousand miles
more than what we know today.
n. Theophrastus regarded as the father of plant science, wrote “ History of
Plants” in which he describe the forms, behaviour, morphology, and
properties of some 500 food and medicinal plants. Most outstanding
botanist of the early botany. He wrote “ Causes of Plants” in which he
describe grafting methods, seeds, effect of temperature upon plants, the
relations of weather to soil and the taste and perfumes of plants. The
manuscript also deals with the medicinal uses of plant.

II. PERSIAN CIVILIZATION

Location: Persia is the former name of Iran. The Persian Empire, founded
by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC, was the largest empire of the ancient world,
stretching from the borders of India and China in the east to large parts of Greece
and Libya in the west. The culture of Persians is one of the oldest in the Middle
East.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT:

Persia has one of the richest art heritages in world history and encompasses many
disciplines including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy,
metalworking and stonemasonry. Persian rugs have always been a vital part of the
Persian culture.

A. Nas’taliq is the most beautiful Persian Calligraphy style and also technically the
most complicated.Even the second popular Persian calligraphy style I.e. “Cursive
Nas’taliq” or “ Shekasteh Nas’taliq”.
B. Pottery -The taste and talent of the Persian people can be seen through the
designs of the earthen wares, ceramic art objects scuh as figures, tiles, and tableware
made from clay and other raw materials.
C. Domes were an important part and constructed on the first large-scale in Persia.
The outer surfaces of the domes are mostly mosaic faced, which creates a magical
view.
D. Various structures such as mosques, mausoleums, bazaars, bridges, and different
palaces have mainly survived from this period.
E. A wind tower is a chimney-like structure positioned above the house to catch the
prevailing wind.

III. ROMAN CIVILIZATION

Location: Rome is the capital of Italy. Roman civilization is characterized by

a government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the
mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. Today it is known as ‘the eternal city’.
Latin is the language spoken by Romans.
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT:

A. The Romans used water power,and watermills for making cereals milling, sawing
timber and crushing ore. They exploited wood and coal for heating.

B. The Romans made great use of aqueducts, dams, bridges, and amphitheaters.

C. The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts to supply water. The city of Rome
itself was supplied with eleven aqueducts to supply water. The city of Rome itself
was supplied with eleven aqueducts made of limestone that provided the city with
over 1 million cubic meters of water each day, sufficient for 3. 5 million people even
in modern-day times.

D. Romans dedicated their many resources to the study of astronomy, astrology,

geopgraphy, and other sciences. Their contributions were crucial to future
generations and have helped us to collect the knowledge we have today.

E. Ancient Roman used sundials to tell time and even created portable versions.
They also used tools for measuring, manual drills, and metal spikes ( used as nails)

F. Advanced glassblowing techniques brought new technology to Rome in the form

of window, hanging glass oil lamps, and other objects made of glass.

G. Rome’s military benefited from technological improvements to weapons, shields,

armour, and other items.

H. Some of the Notable Roman Scientists

1. GALEN ( 129-199 AD.)- great physician and surgeon; Galen influenced
the development of various scientific disciplines, including anatomy,
physiology, pathology, pharmacology and neurology, as well as philosophy
and logic.
2. VITRUVIUS is another writer whose work has provided us with
important knowledge about Ancient Rome. He was also an architect and an
engineer, sometimes referred to as the first architect.
3. PLINY- describe almost a thousand species of plants, most of which were
highly valued for their medicinal uses.
 DO YOU KNOW?

PERSIAN RUGS
A Persian carpet or Persian rug is a heavy textile, made for a wide variety of utilitarian
and symbolic purpose, produced in Iran (Persia) either for home use or for sale. Carpet
weaving is an essential part of Persian culture. Persian carpets and rugs of various types
are famous for their elaborate colours and artistical design, and are treasured in
museums and private collections all over the world today.

ROMAN ROADS

The Romans primarily built concrete roads for their military. Nearly 30 military
highways, all made of stone, exited the great city. They made 372 roads and connected
113 provinces.
 Check your understanding!
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Name:___________________________________Course:___________________________

ACTIVITY 1. (10 POINTS EACH)

Directions: In your own words, answer the following questions briefly and concisely .

1. What are the contributions of Persia to the development of science and technology?

2. Name Greek Philosophers whose study or contribution led to the study of astronomy.

3. What is the difference between Socrates’ Skepticism and Platos’ Idealism?

4. Explain the contribution and influence made by Galen in the development of science
and technology.

5. Compare and contrast the theory of Ptolemy and Copernicus.

6. What are the contributions made by Archimedes?

7. What are the significance of aqueducts, dams, roads and bridges built by the Romans?
ACTIVITY 2 FILL IN THE BLANKS

Choose from the box the scientist who made contribution to the following development
in science and technology

Carpet weaving Eratosthenes Socrates Aristotle

Galen Nastaliq Hippocrates

Vitruvius

Archimedes Theophrastus Ptolemy

______________1. He is known as the father of medicine

______________2. He performs experiments which led him to discover the laws of the
lever and the pulley that resulted in the invention of machines which could easily move
loads.

______________3. He founded the Geocentric theory (Earth-centered) and wrote the

Almagest.
______________4. He determined that the determined that the circumference of the ( the
distance around) the earth was 28000 miles, which is three thousand miles more than
what we know today.

______________5.He influenced the development of various scientific discipline,

including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology.

_____________6. Persian rugs

_____________7. He worked on Skepticism

_____________8. He theorized that species form a scale from simple to complex putting
animals that laid warm and wet creatures alive as the highest form of living things

_____________9. He is regarded as the First architect of Rome.

_____________10. He is known as the ancient father of Plant Science

ACTIVITY 3. (NOTE: DO NOT COPY YOUR ANSWER FROM GOOGLE, MAKE

YOUR OWN LETTER) 20 POINTS

1. Make a letter to any of the scientist or Philosophers

showing your appreciation of the contributions made by
them.