OK THE LAST TYPE OF ROCK CYCLE IS THE METAMORPHIC ROCKS….

OK SO
METAMORPHISM eto yung transformation ng bato upang maging ibang uri ng bato.

Two TYPES OF METAMORPHISM

• contact metamorphism (caused by contact with heat)- the reason bat siya tinawag na contact
metamorphism is because it involves existing rocks encountering intense heat which is generally
provided by magma.

• regional metamorphism (this is caused primarily by pressure)- so yung pressure presses and
squeezes the rock and transforms it into something new

Metamorphosed/ Metamorphic Rocks –when white sedimentary rocks are pushed to deeper
levels of the earth, they are transformed into metamorphosed rocks due to changes in pressure
and temperature.

So what is Metamorphic Rocks?

meta- meaning change and –morphos meaning form…Metamorphic rocks form due to the
transformation of preexisting rocks in response to environmental changes such as heat, high
pressure, and mechanical stress.

There are two major types of metamorphic rocks

1. Foliated metamorphic rocks have their grains arranged in parallel layers or bands.
Examples are slate, schist, and gneiss.

2. Nonfoliated rocks have grains that are randomly arranged. Common examples are
marble and quartzite.

NEXT PAGEEE…

the rocks that experience the metamorphism, are called

the parent rock or protolith, from proto– meaning first,
and lithos- meaning rock. The parent rock can be
sedimentary, igneous, or even a different sort of
metamorphic rock.

SO, WE HAVE HERE THE EXAMPLES OF

METAMORPHIC ROCKS AND ETO YUNG MGA
ITSURA NILA…
Marble-is metamorphosed limestone or dolomite. it a good material for use as a
building material, making sink tops, bathtubs, and a carving stone for artists.
Approximately 22.000 tones of marble were used to build the Parthenon and its statues in
ancient Greece, and it is still used as a building and sculpture material today. Marble can
also be ground down and used in soaps and cleaning products.

ANTHRACITE- is the highest rank of coal. It is often referred to as "hard

coal"; anthracite is used primarily for heating residential and commercial
buildings

GNEISS- Gneiss is a high-grade metamorphic rock. The minerals that compose

gneiss are the same as granite. Feldspar is the most important mineral that
makes up gneiss along with mica and quartz. Gneiss can be used for interior and
exterior spaces in buildings, walls and landscaping.

HORNFELS- is a fine-grained nonfoliated metamorphic rock with no specific

composition. Hornfels is a rock that was "baked" while near a heat source such
as a magma chamber, sill, or dike. The hard and attractive-looking hornfels often
used to make interior flooring, as well as, exterior facing, paving, curbing, and
decorations.

MARIPOSITE- metamorphic rocks that contain enough green mica to impart a

green color. It is used as a decorative construction material, in walls, monuments,
and bridges.

NOVACULITE- is a dense, hard, fine-grained, siliceous rock that breaks with a

conchoidal fracture. Rocks are used for various purposes starting from
construction of roads, bridges, buildings to pot in kitchen

QUARTZITE- Quartzite is composed of sandstone that has been

metamorphosed. is used as flooring, decorative wall coverings, and roofing.

PHYLLITE- is a foliated metamorphic rock that is made up mainly of very fine-

grained mica. The surface of phyllite is typically lustrous and sometimes
wrinkled. Phyllite uses in construction industry include As dimension stone,
Building houses or walls, Cement manufacture, Construction aggregate, For road
aggregate, Raw material for the manufacture of mortar, Roadstone.

SCHIST- Schist is a medium grade metamorphic rock. This means that it has
been subjected to more heat and pressure than slate, which is a low grade
metamorphic rock. Schist is used in construction for countertops, rock walls,
historical buildings, jewelry, roofing materials, and paint fillers.

SKARN- is a rock characterized by its formation rather than its mineral

composition. Skarn uses in construction industry include As a flux in the
production of steel and pig iron,

SLATE- Slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock with perfect cleavage that

allows it to split into thin sheets.

Primarily used on floors and roofs

SOAPSTONE-. It is a soft, dense, heat-resistant rock that has a high specific

heat capacity.

Soapstone is used for architectural elements such as countertops, sinks, vanities,

and flooring tiles

In summary, metamorphic rocks are a crucial component of the Earth’s geology, formed
through complex processes driven by changes in temperature, pressure, and fluid activity.
They offer insights into Earth’s history, tectonic processes, and provide valuable resources
while also being used in various practical applications.
GEOLOGIC HAZARDS: What are they?

GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS-AN EXTREME NATURAL EVENT IN THE CRUST OF THE

EARTH THAT POSES A THREAT TO LIFE AND PROPERTY.

includes: EARTHQUAKES, TSUNAMI, volcanic eruptions, LANDSLIDES, FLOODS

 Geological hazard is a condition or an event that may cause harm to property and life as
a result of a geological process such as EARTHQUAKES, TSUNAMI, volcanic eruptions,
LANDSLIDES, FLOODS
IMPORTANCE OF GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS… for the awareness in preventing inappropriate land uses. To
minimize damage to property caused by it. And especially to assure that those who occupy areas of
special geological hazard assume responsibility for their actions.

Regulations, codes, standards, and best practices will guide the SITE PLANNING to resist natural hazards.

A. EARTHQUAKE-is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden

movement of rock materials below the earth's surface.

 An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the ground caused by the shifting of rocks
deep underneath the earth's surface.

Ang lindol ay biglaang, mabilis na pagyanig ng lupa na sanhi ng paglilipat ng mga bato
sa ilalim ng ibabaw ng lupa. Ang mga lindol ay maaaring magdulot ng sunog, tsunami,
pagguho ng lupa o pagguho ng yelo.
  The 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake in southern Mindanao with a magnitude of 7.9 and
which claimed the lives of up to 8,000 persons is by far the worst earthquake in the
Philippines with regard to strength of ground shaking and death toll.

HAZARDS CAUSED BY AN EARTHQUAKE:

 GROUND SHAKING - a term used to describe the vibration of the ground during an
earthquake
 SURFACE FAULTING- is the rupture of the Earth's surface caused by an earthquake.
 LANDSLIDE- Strong earthquake ground shaking greatly increases the likelihood of
landslides
 LIQUEFACTION-occurring beneath buildings and other structures can cause major
damage during earthquakes.
 TSUNAMIS- is an ocean wave triggered by large earthquakes that occur near or under
the ocean

GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS (EFFECT OF AN EARTHQUAKE)

TSUNAMI-giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea.

 is an ocean wave triggered by large earthquakes that occur near or under the ocean
 the December 2004 tsunami had a big and positive impact on the Philippines

B. VOLCANIC ERUPTION -an eruption of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases
through a volcano A volcanic eruption occurs when magma is released from a volcano. Volcanic
eruptions can be quite calm and effusive, or they can be explosive.
HAZARDS CAUSED BY VOLCANIC ERUPTION:

 TEPHRA
 PYROCLASTIC FLOW
 LAHAR
 FLOOD
 LAVA DOMES
 POISONOUS GASES

B. LANDSLIDE -the down-slope movement of earth material, under the influence of

gravity, due to ground failure.

 Strong earthquake ground shaking greatly increases the likelihood of landslides

TOP 10 MOST LANDSLIDE PRONE PROVINCES OF THE PHILIPPINES

 MARINDUQUE
 RIZAL
 LA UNION
 SOUTHERN LEYTE
 BENGUET
 NUEVA VIZCAYA
 BATANGAS
 MOUNTAIN PROVINCE
 ROMBLON

D. FLOODS- Floods are often caused by heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt or a storm surge from a
tropical cyclone or tsunami in coastal areas.

HOW DO YOU DESIGN A SITE LAYOUT THAT MINIMIZES HAZARDS AND RISKS?
The term 'mitigate' means to make less severe or serious. This can be important in the construction
industry in several different circumstances.

Mitigation measures such as adoption of zoning, land-use practices, and building codes are needed,
however, to prevent or reduce actual damage from hazards.

As a site planner, you need to design a site layout that minimizes hazards and risks and maximizes
efficiency and productivity. Here are some tips on how to improve safety and visibility on your
construction site.

 Assess the site conditions - Before you start planning your site layout, you need to
conduct a thorough assessment of the site conditions. This includes identifying the
site boundaries, topography, soil, drainage, utilities, access roads, and existing
structures. You also need to consider the environmental factors, such as weather,
lighting, noise, and dust. Based on your assessment, you can determine the best
location and orientation for your site facilities, such as offices, storage, parking, and
sanitation.
 Plan the traffic flow - One of the main sources of hazards and collisions on
construction sites is the movement of vehicles and equipment. You need to plan
the traffic flow on your site to ensure safe and efficient transportation of
materials and personnel. This means creating clear and separate routes for
different types of vehicles, such as trucks, cranes, forklifts, and dumpers. You also
need to provide adequate signage, signals, barriers, and speed limits to guide
and control the traffic. Moreover, you need to designate safe pedestrian
walkways and crossings, and train your workers on how to avoid blind spots and
follow traffic rules.
 Optimize the space utilization - Another challenge on construction sites is the
limited and changing space available for storing and handling materials and
equipment. You need to optimize the space utilization on your site to prevent
clutter, congestion, and waste. This means arranging your materials and
equipment in a logical and orderly manner, according to their frequency of use,
size, shape, and weight. You also need to allocate enough space for loading and
unloading, stacking and storing, and staging and assembling. Furthermore, you
need to update your site layout regularly to accommodate the progress and
changes of your project.
 Implement the safety standards - To ensure the safety and visibility of your workers
and visitors on your site, you need to implement the safety standards and
regulations applicable to your project. This includes providing personal protective
equipment (PPE), such as helmets, gloves, vests, and goggles, to your workers
and visitors. You also need to install adequate lighting, ventilation, and fire
protection systems on your site facilities and work areas. Additionally, you need
 to conduct regular inspections, audits, and training sessions to monitor and
improve your site safety performance.
 Communicate the site layout- Finally, you need to communicate your site layout to
all the stakeholders involved in your project, such as your clients, contractors,
suppliers, and authorities. You need to create a clear and detailed site plan that
shows the location and function of your site facilities, traffic routes, material
storage areas, and work zones. You also need to update and share your site plan
whenever there are changes or modifications. By communicating your site layout
effectively, you can ensure that everyone understands and follows your site safety
and visibility guidelines.

TAKENOTE : Geologic hazards can play a significant role when infrastructure is constructed in their
presence. The unpredictable nature of natural geologic hazards makes identifying, evaluating, and
mitigating against them a unique challenge. The best geologic mitigation strategy is always avoidance.

For new buildings, code requirements serve to define the minimum mitigation requirements, but
compliance with regulations in building design is not always sufficient to guarantee that a facility will
perform adequately when impacted by the forces for which it was designed. Indeed, individual evaluation
of the costs and benefits of specific hazard mitigation alternatives can lead to effective strategies that will
exceed the minimum requirements. Additionally, special mitigation requirements may be imposed on
projects in response to locale-specific hazards. When a change in use or occupancy occurs, the designer
must determine whether this change triggers other mitigation requirements and must understand how to
evaluate alternatives for meeting those requirements.

Structural mitigation measures focus on those building components that carry gravity, wind, seismic and
other loads, such as columns, beams, foundations, and braces. Examples of structural mitigation measures
include building material and technique selection (e.g., use of ductile framing and shear walls), building
code compliance, and site selection (e.g., soil considerations). ]]

Building codes are aimed primarily at protecting occupants from injury.

A building can be designed to meet code and fulfill the mission of
protecting life safety and yet experience significant damage during an
earthquake.