MAPEH 8 – QUARTER 1

STUDY GUIDE
MUSIC
Cambodia
− Cambodian court music is roughly similar to that of Java, Indonesia. They feature choruses with large orchestras
based on struck keys and gongs.
− The Pinpeat is a Cambodian musical ensemble or an orchestra that usually accompanies ceremonial music of the
royal courts and temples. Music is always part of their court dances, masked plays, shadow plays, and religious
ceremonies. This group is similar to the Piphat ensemble of Thailand and usually consists of nine or ten instruments.
Indonesia
− Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country and is the fourth biggest nation of the world. Through
interaction with other cultures such as Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and European, a wide range of musical styles has
been developed.
− The Gamelan or Gamelan orchestra is the most popular form of music in Indonesia. There are many types of
Gamelan but the famous Javanese and Balinese Gamelan are the most famous. It contains a variety of instruments
such as metallophones, xylophones, kendang and gongs, bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked strings.
Myanmar
− The music of Myanmar (or Burma) has similarities with many other musical traditions in the region, including
Chinese music and Thai music, probably because its longest land border is shared with China.
− The Hsaing Waing is Myanmar’s traditional folk music ensemble. It is made up mainly of different gongs and drums
as well as other instruments depending on the nature of the performance.
− Other instruments in the Hsaing Waing are the:
1. Hne-a double reed pipe
2. Maung Hsaing-larger bronze gongs in a rectangular frame
3. Chauk Ion Pat-a set of 8 tuned drums
4. Pat Waing-a set of 21 drums in a circle
5. Kyi Waing-small bronze gongs in a circular frame
6. Siand Wa-bell and clapper
Thailand
− Siam is the old name of Thailand. It is known for being the sole nation in Southeast Asia that has never been ruled
by a Western power. It is for this reason that the country is also called “Muang Thai,” which means “Land of the
Free.”
− Songs of Thailand have inherently poetic lyrics which allow a singer or performer to easily define the melodic lines.
The interpretation of a singer gives meaning to the sacred and spiritual essence of songs with free rhythm while
melodies may either be interpreted or written in the high or low register with long or short durations.
− THREE PRIMARY INSTRUMENTAL ENSEMBLES IN THAILAND:
1. Piphat- It is a mid-sized orchestra that is performed in either outdoor style with hard mallets or indoor style
with padded mallets. This ensemble has different types but the highly ornate one is traditionally associated
with funerals and cremation ceremonies. Other versions of the piphat ensemble are used to accompany specific
forms of traditional Thai drama such as the large shadow puppet theatre (nang yai) and the khon dance drama.
For piphat, each musical ensemble needs 9 or 10 instrument players.
2. Khrueang Sai- It is an orchestra that combines some of the percussion and wind instruments of the Piphat with
an expanded string section. This group is primarily used for indoor performances and for the accompaniment
of stick puppet theater.
3. Mahori- This ensemble is traditionally played by women in the courts of Central Thailand and Cambodia.
Because of this, instruments for this ensemble are historically smaller. However, regular-sized instruments are
used today. A vocalist performing with the Mahori is usually accompanied by the so sam sai.
ARTS
Indonesia
− The most common fabric in some Southeast Asian countries is the batik. It is an Indonesian-Malay word, believed
to be related to the Malay word titik, which means “point”, “dot”, or “drop”.
− There are two main types of batik that are produced there:
1. Hand painted is where the designs are drawn on the fabric with hot liquid wax by using a metal object called
CANTING. When the wax outlines are done, artists use the brushes to paint the dyes within the outlines. The
use of brush allows for the creation of shaded and multi-hued designs.
2. Block printed is done by welding together strips of metal to form a metal block. The metal block is then dipped
into molten wax and pressed against the fabric in order to make a pattern.
− Shadow puppetry is known in Indonesia. Wayang Kulit is a traditional form of puppet shadow play performed in
the Indo-Malayan archipelago. Wayang means “show” or “perform”, while kulit means “skin”.
− The puppets come in all sizes, ranging from 25 cm to 75 cm. The puppets are usually made out of buffalo and goat
hide and mounted on bamboo sticks.
Cambodia
− Traditional Cambodian arts and crafts include textiles, non-textile weaving, silversmithing, stone carving, lacquer
ware, ceramics, watt murals, and kite-making.
− There are two main types of Cambodian weaving:
1. Ikat technique (Khmer term: chongkiet)– to create patterns, weavers tie and dye portions of weft yarn before
weaving begins. The element of art present is texture.
2. Uneven twill – it yields single or two-color fabrics, which are produced by weaving three threads so that the
color of one thread dominates on one side of the fabric, while the two others determine the color on the reverse
side.
− Cambodia and Laos handicrafts are pottery, jars, and baskets that are usually made from clay, ceramics, and flexible
vegetable fibres, such as twigs, grasses, osiers, bamboo, rushes, or from plastic straws or other synthetic materials.
Vietnam
− Silk painting is one of the most popular forms of Vietnamese art. Vietnamese silk paintings showcase the
countryside, landscapes, pagodas, historical events, or scenes of daily life.
Malaysia
− The most common motifs of Malaysian batik are leaves and flowers. Designs that show animals are rare because
Islam norms forbid animal images as decoration, except the butterfly theme.
− Kite-making tradition comes naturally to Malaysian people. Wau Kite in Malay is a Malaysian kite that is designed
uniquely. Its wings look like an Arabic letter (pronounced ‘wow’). Kites were being used not just as a means to lull
the children to sleep, but more importantly, farmers used them as scarecrows in the fields.
Laos
− Sihn is the Lao women’s ankle-long skirt that has undeniable form and unique patterns. Cotton sinhs are
comfortable in the Lao heat.
− Sa paper is now used to create lampshades, writing paper, greetings cards, and bookmarks, as the mentioned
handicraft has been revived recently in Luang Prabang, Northern Laos.
− The most known statue is the Phra Say of the sixteenth century that is made of gold in which the Siamese carried it
home as loot in the late eighteenth century.
Singapore
− Batik is featured in as the uniform of flight attendants for the official flag carrier airlines of Singapore, Indonesia,
and Malaysia.
− The Merlion as a mythical creature and as a symbolic nature to Singapore was widely used to represent both the
country and its people. The lion head represents Singapore’s original name – ‘Singapura’ meaning ‘Lion City’.
− The Sentosa Merlion is the biggest replica, having 37 meters tall and made from glass-reinforced concrete.
Brunei
− Brunei’s traditional textile, also called batik, is distinctly different than that of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.
It has its own unique design that shows their national flower simpur, sumboi-sumboi (pitcher plant), and Brunei’s
traditional design of air muleh.
− In Brunei Darussalam, men’s headgears are categorized into three:
1. dastar ,which is a piece of cloth tied around the head
2. songkok or kopiah, a type of cap made from velvet
3. tangkolok or serban, which resembles a turban and is a typical headdress in the Middle East
Thailand
− Flying Lanterns are made out of rice paper with a bamboo frame, which contain a fuel cell or small candle. When
the fuel cell is lit, the flame heats the air inside the lantern, causing the lantern to rise.
− Wat Pho (the Temple of the Reclining Buddha), or Wat Phra Chetuphon, is right behind the Temple of the Emerald
Buddha – it’s a must-see for any first-time visitor to Bangkok.

Physical Education
Basic Terms in Fitness
− Fitness is a condition in which an individual has enough energy to avoid fatigue and enjoy life.
− Physical Fitness is a state of health and well- being that enables the individual to perform well in the aspects of
sports, occupations, and daily activities.
− Health-Related Fitness is the ability to become and stay physically healthy.
− Health-Related Components refer to the factors that promote total health and prevent the beginning of disease
and problems associated with an activity.
− Wellness refers to the quality or state of being healthy in body and mind especially as the result of deliberate effort.
Five Health- Related Fitness Components
1. Cardiovascular Fitness is the ability of the heart (cardio) and circulatory system (vascular) to supply oxygen to
muscles for an extended period of time.
• 3- minute Step Test- this test measures your cardiovascular endurance.
2. Muscular Strength refers to the maximum amount of force a muscle can exert against opposing force.
• 90- degrees Push- ups- this test measures the strength of the upper extremities.
3. Muscular Endurance refers to the ability of the muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against
resistance for an extended period of time.
• Basic Plank- this test measures strength/stability of the core muscles.
• Curl ups- this test measures strength of abdominal muscles.
4. Flexibility is the ability to move a body part through a full range of motion at a joint.
• Sit-and-Reach- this test measures the flexibility of the lower extremities (particularly the trunk)
5. Body Composition is used to describe the percentage of fat, bone, water and muscle in human bodies.
• BMI- this test determines your body’s classification.
• Weight- this refers to the heaviness and the lightness of a person.
• Height- the distance between the feet on the floor to the top of the head in standing position.
Other Fitness Tests:
• Zipper test – a test of upper arm and shoulder girdle flexibility intended to parallel the strength/endurance
assessment of the region.
• Triceps Stretch – this flexibility exercise can be performed while kneeling or standing
• Waist Circumference – is a good predictor of the amount of visceral fat which indicates risk for cardiovascular
disease and diabetes.
Health
Basic Terms Related to Sexuality
− Sex – centered on the biological basis of being a male or female; is a major aspect of personality that is closely
related to emotional and social development.
− Gender – is a social concept on how men and women should think, feel, and act. It refers to femininity or masculinity
of a person’s role and behavior.
− Gender Equality– permits man and woman equal enjoyment of human rights.
− Gender Role – refers to set of roles, characteristics, and expectations of how a man or woman should feel, think,
and act as influenced by parents, peers, and society.
− Sexuality – is an integral part of what we do and who we are; it is the way in which we experience and express
ourselves as sexual beings. It is the total expression of an individual’s self-concept.
− Healthy sexuality means taking high sense of responsibility for all your actions since this can affect self-esteem,
decision-making, and behavior.
Dimensions of Human Sexuality Personality traits or attitudes that really
− Ethical Self – the way you value relationships influence Sexual Behaviors:
− Emotional Self – the way you feel about yourself and others
− Social Self – the way you interact with others Bullies – people who use threats, fear, and
− Mental Self – the way you think as man or a woman cruelty to control others
− Physical Self – the way you look as a man or a woman Gossipmongers – people who spread
Using Life Skills to Improve Sexual Health rumors and often exaggerate information
− Assessing your Health means evaluating your well-being Whiners – people who grumble and
periodically. This includes your sexuality. Figure out what you complain about everything
can do to improve your health if it is not as good as it can be. Show off – people who would like to be the
center of attraction whenever possible
− Making Good Decisions means making choices that are healthy
and responsible. You must have the courage to make difficult
decisions and stick to them.
− Communicating Effectively. Communication skills help you avoid misunderstanding by expressing your feelings in
a healthy way. This means if you listen to what people say, they will want to listen to you as well.
− Practicing Wellness can be accomplished through information about good sexuality.
− Setting Goals or aiming for something that will give you a sense of accomplishment. Just be sure to be realistic
with your target goal.
− Refusal Skill is a way to say no to something that you don’t want to do. This skill requires practice. But first, you
must feel strongly about what things you want to avoid.
− Evaluating Media Messages is being able to judge the worth of media messages. It is a big challenge knowing that
most media messages are very convincing
Issues and Problems Related to Human Sexuality
− Sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a communicable disease that is spread by a pathogen (disease-causing
organism) from one person to another person through sexual contact.
− Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a fatal communicable disease with no effective treatment or
known cure. It is the final stage of infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). When HIV enters
the body, it attacks the body’s immune system. Thus, the body becomes vulnerable to opportunistic infections or
diseases that develop when the body’s defense system becomes weak.
❖ Values are strong beliefs held by persons, families and group of people about important issues.
❖ Social norms and standards can affect your sexual decision-making and behavior as it influences values and
behavior.
❖ Staying virgin until marriage keeps you… SOCIALLY, EMOTIONALLY, AND PHYSICALLY HEALTHY.
❖ The best decision once can make in safeguarding sexual health is through abstinence.