LCCT 4th Quarterly Test

Reviewer in MAPEH 5

MUSIC

musical instrument – objects created or made to produce musical sounds

- one of their purposes is to add beauty and color to songs being composed and performed

Classification of Musical Instrument

 idiophones – musical instruments that use vibrating solid materials to produce musical sound
- they produce and create sound by striking and shaking
Ex. cymbals, castanets, bells, gongs, and xylophones
 membranophones or percussion instrument – create sound through the use of vibrating stretched
membranes or skin
- they produce sound by striking with a drumstick or by tapping
Ex. conga, drums, and bongo
 chordophones or string instruments – produce sound by strumming, using a bow, plucking, or striking
a stretched vibrating string
Ex. harp, ukulele, kudyapi, lyre, guitar, string bass, and violin
 aerophones or wind instrument – produce sound by blowing air through the mouth or nose
Ex. trumpets, harmonica, saxophone, and tuba

rondalla – musical ensemble (group) of stringed instruments here in the Philippines

‒ it is also known as “Native String Band” or “Comparsa” and sometimes called as “Filipino String
Band”
‒ originated in Spain and it means “serenade”
‒ composed of one singer and musicians playing different handheld instruments
‒ there are cultural dance groups such as The Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company,
Filipina Dance Troupe, and Ramon Ubusan Folkloric Group that utilizes the rondalla as their
instrumental accompanists during their live performance and concerts

Major Philippine Rondalla Instruments

 banduria – it plays the melody and it has the same use as the clarinet, trumpet, or violin in an
orchestra
- there 12 strings for a modern banduria with 2 strings for each note of 6
 guitar – a musical instrument that has six strings
- it is played by strumming or plucking with the use of fingers or a plectrum
 laud – the same but it has a lower sound by one octave and bigger than the banduria
- it has the same use as the cello, viola, and bassoon
 octavina – a Filipino musical instrument that looks like a small guitar
- its tune is similar as the laud and also lower in one octave than the banduria
 double bass – a string instrument that is the largest but has the lowest pitch
- it is also known as “bajo de arco” which is as tall as an adult
ARTS

printmaking – an art form of producing and duplicating images

- the images or designs are formed on surface like wood, rubber, or metal and then
transferred on paper, fabric, or plastic materials
relief painting – a type of print using patterns cut from a block, printing the embossed design on any flat
surface
- when applied to wood, it is called woodcut and linocut when worked on linoleum
woodblock printing – used for the printing of images, texts, and patterns
- the wood block is carefully prepared as a relief pattern, which means the areas to show
“white” are cut away with a knife, chisel, or sandpaper leaving the characters or image to
show in “black” at the original surface level

Steps in Creating a Print

1. sketch the areas to be carved out and areas that will remain.
2. Using sharp cutting tools (knife or chisel), carve the image on the rubber or wood. The areas that show
the “white” part are cut away. The area that show the letters or images that will be printed in the
paper (black or colored part) are left at the surface of the rubber or wood. The design left on the wood
block is “in reverse” or mirror-image so that when the block is pressed on paper, the intended image is
shown.
3. Place paper over the plate, rubbing the back of the paper. It is necessary only to ink the block (wood or
rubber).
4. Press the block wood or rubber firmly and evenly on the paper or cloth.
5. Repeat the process to get several editions of the print.

line – movement of a point to another point across a plane or a space

 static lines – suggest firmness and straightforwardness
o vertical lines – convey uprightness, dignity, and assurance
o horizontal lines – suggest calmness, peace, and sobriety
o jagged lines – give the impression of violence, dislike, hatred, chaos, and disorder
o dynamic lines – signify movements, cheerfulness, and continuity

silk printing – it is fundamentally a multicolor stencil process

stencil process – it is done when you cut designs out of a special paper, cardboard, or metal sheet in such a
way that when ink is rubbed over it, the design is produced on the surface beneath
intaglio – this is done when you design is scratched, engraved, or etched into a metal plate
texture – refer on how the surface of a print work can be felt; it could be ribbed, fluted, woven, or carved
contrast – can be done by considering the arrangement of opposite elements like small or large shapes, rough
or smooth, light or dark colors

PE

dancing – the art of moving the parts of the body to the rhythm of music

Skilled-Related Components of Fitness

 muscular strength – the ability to move in various directions to express one’s feelings
 muscular endurance – the ability to use the muscles to practice the steps of the dance for a long
period of time without tiring
  cardiovascular endurance – the ability of the heart, lungs, blood vessels, and blood to work efficiently
and to supply the body with oxygen while dancing
 body composition – the combination of all the tissues that make up the body such as bones muscle,
organs, and body fat that would sustain one’s endurance while dancing
 flexibility – the ability of a person to bend or stretch without hurting themselves

Skilled-Related Components of Fitness in Dancing

 speed – being able to move quickly and to do fast dance step
 reaction time – needed to imitate what the leader or teacher is doing almost as soon as you see it
 agility – it is needed so that you can quickly and easily perform that dance steps
 balance – needed to stay on your feet while changing your movements and steps often
 coordination – needed to move more than one body parts in different ways but still appear to be
moving smoothly
 power – produced while dancing because of all the movements that the muscles are doing at a certain
speed

folk dance – a popular dance, considered as part of the tradition or custom of a particular place or people
- it is a dance that originates as a ritual among the common people of a country.
- It is originated in the 18th century.
Examples of Philippine Folk Dance
 Polka sa Nayon – it means “Polka in the Village” that came from the province of Batangas
- The polka is a fast, festive dance that can be learned with great ease.
- The costume for the man is the barong Tagalog and black pants while for women is the
Maria Clara or balintawak.

Safety precautions to remember while dancing folk dances:

a. Wear properly-fitted clothing and shoes.
b. Drink plenty of fluids. Pay close attention to correct technique. Be mindful of the limits of your body
and do not push too fast too soon. Perform proper warm-up before and cool-down after.

 Itik-Itik – it has an interesting origin because according to stories, a Filipina maiden-dancer named
Kanang was asked to dance the Sibay, another folk dance and she improvise some steps
- The audience began to imitate her because the steps were new and unusual.
  Maglalatik – a mock war dance that demonstrate the fight between the Moros and the Christians
- The dance clearly shows it in its four-part performance such as the palipasan and the
baligtaran showing the intense battle and the paseo and the escaramusa – the
reconciliation.
- Moro dancers wear red trousers while the Christians dancers have blue trousers and all the
dancers are male who use coconut shells attached on their chests, backs, thighs, and hips.
o latik – a residue left after the coconut milk has been boiled

HEALTH

 gateway drugs – substances that may not be addictive but may lead to the use of other addictive and
dangerous

Gateway Drugs
 caffeine – it is a stimulant that can increase physical activity and makes the person alert, excited, and
overcome fatigue
- Large amount of caffeine in the body affects the nervous system and may result rapid
breathing and increased heart rate once a person has consumed caffeine.
o coffee – the amount of caffeine varies depending on the strength of the brand of the coffee
- Espresso is the strongest type of coffee; a small cup of espresso contains 50 mg of caffeine
every fluid ounce
o chocolate – milk chocolate contains 18 mg of caffeine per 100 g
o tea – a single tea bag contains the same amount of caffeine as instant coffee which is 50 mg per
cup
o soft drinks – contains large amount of caffeine and cola is the most popular source of caffeine
- it contains 30-60 mg of caffeine per 330 ml.
 tobacco – it contains nicotine; it is an addictive habit-forming drug
 alcohol – it acts as a powerful depressant to the body
o depressants – drugs used to slow down the body’s functions
o fermentation – the process by which yeast produces ethanol from sugar

Some Harmful Chemicals that are Found in Cigarettes and their Effects on People’s Health

Chemicals in Cigarettes Description Effects

Nicotine (also found in bug sprays) It is an addictive substance and
one of the strongest poisons
known to man.
Carbon monoxide (also found in It is colorless, odorless, and
car exhaust) tasteless poisonous gas.
Tar (also used to make roads) It is dark and sticky substance
produced when tobacco or
cigarette is burned.
Enters the lungs where it is
absorbed into the blood and
affects the brain within a few
minutes; causes increased heart
pressure and heart rate.
Decreases muscles and heart
function; causes fatigue, weakness
and dizziness; leads to coma and
death if inhaled in enough
amount.
It stains the fingers, teeth, and
tongue. When tar is inhaled, it
sticks and covers the tiny hairs on

Ammonia (also found in cleaning
products)
It is colorless inorganic compound
composed of nitrogen and
hydrogen, usually in gaseous form
and pungent odor.
the lungs which can eventually
lead to lung diseases like cancer,
emphysema, and chronic
bronchitis.
Causes asthma; raises blood
pressure

Effects of Cigarettes to smokers and Non-smokers

 People who smoke have the following problems: smelly clothes and hair, bad breath, and stain teeth
and fingers.
 Non-smokers are also exposed to the disease when they inhale the second hand smoke.
 Those who inhale the cigarette smoke even if they are not smoking are called second hand smoke.
 Smoke inhaled directly by smokers and smoke inhaled by non-smokers or secondary smokers contains
the same amount of chemical substances that can make the person sick.

Some Facts about Alcohol

1. Alcohol is an intoxicating substance produced by fermentation of grains and fruits.
2. Alcohol is a depressant that slows down body functions such as movement, speech, reaction time, and
thinking ability.
3. The most common alcoholic beverages are beer, wine, and liquor.

Harmful Effects of Alcohol

 Affects sleep and usually feels anxious, tired, and irritable
 Increased urine output due to the water in alcohol beverages
 The kidneys cannot work properly causing more amount to of urine to come out of the body and this
effect is called diuretic effect of alcohol.
 When water is not replenished, this can lead dehydration.

Reasons why people smoke

1. They are curious in finding out what the new experience will bring to them.
2. They are influenced by their friends, relatives, and peers to smoke.
3. They want to be accepted into their circle of friends who are smokers.
4. They find it hard to resist to their friends who offer them to puff cigarette.

Reasons why people drink alcoholic beverages

1. Some people taste alcohol beverage out of curiosity and become addicted to the taste.
2. Many people choose to drink to celebrate special occasions like birthday, Christmas, or graduation.
3. Others believe that drinking alcoholic beverages can enhance the taste of food.
4. Some are pressured by their peers.

Healthful Alternatives to Cigarettes and Alcohol that Promote Healthy Lifestyle

1. Participate in school and community activities like sports and musical contest.
2. Discover, explore, and enhance your talents.
3. Try a new and challenging hobby.
4. Participate in charitable works or activities that may help others.