International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities

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ISSN 2250-0715 (P) 2248-9010 (O)
Volume 9 Number 7 July 2019

Socio-economic Study of Hydro Power Project-affected Tribal

Communities in Kinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh
Mool Raj & Chandra Paul Singh
Ph.D Research Scholar, Social Work, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra
Professor & Chairman, Department of Social Work, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra

Abstract

In Himachal Pradesh, tribal area such as Kinnaur, Lahaul-Spiti, Pangi and Bharmaur area of
Chamba district has a rich hydel potential but construction of hydro power projects in these
areas have affected the livelihood of the project affected people, especially tribal community to a
large extent. The positive impact of construction of Hydro Power Projects involves increase in
road facilities, infrastructural development, marketing facilities, accessibility to better
educational and health facilities. The negative impact of Hydro Power Projects include problems
such as social disintegration, changes in culture, identity loss, loss to agriculture production,
deforestation, risk of landslides, depletion of water resources, loss to common property
resource, loss to livelihood, homelessness, landlessness, problems related to resettlement etc.,
on the other hand. The present study has been conducted on the impact of Hydro Power
Projects constructed on Satluj River basin in Kinnaur. The main objective of this paper is to
study the socio-economic condition and socio-economic changes of project-affected families.
The findings of the study reveals that Hydro Power Projects has affected the life of project-
affected people in various ways. Hydro Power Project has adversely affected the social support,
social integration, and custom & tradition of project-affected people. The study proposes to
identify the role of social work intervention in strengthening social ties, preserving their
customs and traditions, inculcating “we feeling” among them, promoting livelihood activities
(handloom, handicrafts etc.), generating employment opportunities and improving education
and health facilities.

Key Words: 1.Hydro Power Projects, 2.Project-affected families, 3.Project-affected people,

4.Satluj River basin.

Background:

Himalayan region is spread through Eastern Himalaya to Northern Himalaya and has
great diversity of flora and fauna. Himalayan regions being mountainous region provides
abundant natural water resources for flora and fauna to flourish. In Himachal Pradesh, tribal
area such as Kinnaur, Lahaul-Spiti, Pangi and Bharmaur area of Chamba district has a rich
hydel potential but construction of hydro power projects in these areas affected the livelihood
of the project affected people especially tribal community to a large extent. Five major rivers
flow through the Himachal State includes Beas in Kullu, Mandi and Kangra, Satluj in Kinnaur,
Shimla and Bilaspur districts, Yamuna has its tributaries in Shimla and Sirmaur districts,
Chenab (Chander Bhaga) flows through Lahaul-Spiti and Chamba districts and Ravi through

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Chamba district (Economics & Statistics Department, Himachal Pradesh, 2014-2015).

Kinnaur, a tribal and hilly district is one of the twelve districts of Himachal Pradesh in Indian
Western Himalaya with an area of 6401square kilometer. Kinnaur is divided into 3 sub
divisions, Pooh, Kalpa and Nichhar.

In India, according to government estimates, 40 per cent of all those who have been
displaced by dams are adivasis or tribals, who represent less than six per cent of the Indian
population (Internationalriver.org, 2008). The findings of some of the studies have been
discussed here about the impact of hydro power projects.

Sharma & Rana (2014) has explored the perceptions of the communities about the
impact of hydroelectric power project on the Ravi & Chenab basins of district Chamba in
Himachal Pradesh. Using qualitative research method, the researcher conducted interviews of
selected 6-8 key informants among the members of gram sabha (village level council) & non-
government organizations. The researcher conducted 10-15 individuals interviews in each
village of two tribal blocks: Pangi and Bharmour of Chamba. Snow ball sampling method was
used to select the villagers for interview who could supply information on impact of
hydroelectric power projects. Based on research study, the adverse impact of hydro power
projects has been observed in terms of lack of resettlement of project affected people,
homelessness or landlessness, environmental impact like submergence, deforestation, loss of
flora/fauna, soil erosion etc. Large scale execution of hydro power projects have wreaked havoc
in Himachal Pradesh environment and the state is on the verge of ecological disaster as a flow
of major rivers is being diverted into tunnels leaving its original bed dry. People in the power
surplus hill state are opposing the hydro projects as they fear losing their agricultural land and
natural water resources besides degradation of environment.

Katoch, Guleria &Kumar (2014) prepared research report on the “Impact of Nathpa Jhakri
Hydroelectric Power Project on the environment and livelihood in Kinnaur and Shimla district
of Himachal Pradesh.” The objective of their research was to study the socio-economic profile of
residents in the vicinity of weir to power house of Nathpa Jhakri hydroelectric power project.
Other objective was to examine the effect of power project on natural resources and
environment in the study area. One objective was to analyze the impact of hydro electric
project on farm production systems, income and livelihood status in the study area. The study
shows that before project implementation the extent of cracks in the buildings and field were
negligible as reported by the respondents. In the present scenario, the cracks were observed by
the majority of population in all types of man-made structures and other resources. The other
major findings of the study reveals that the language, dressing and eating habits prior to the
project were dominantly traditional as per the culture of the area. But after implementation of
the project, it had changes due to exposure with people of different status and culture.

Bhatti, Singh & Vaidya (2002) conducted assessment study “Impact Assessment of
Resettlement implementation under Nathpa – Jhakri Hydroelectric Power Projects” which is
under implementation on the river Satluj in Shimla district and Kinnaur district of Himachal
Pradesh. The projects affected families included 62 families rendered landlessness (that is
those who were left with less than 5 bighas of land after acquisition), 59 families rendered

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homeless, 87 shopkeepers from Jhakri villages whose shop were acquired. The study assessed
the impact of the changes in the living standards of the projects affected persons in terms of
income, occupation, consumption pattern, housing standards, assets and land ownership, and
by improving basic amenities in the affected villages etc. The magnitudes of indices during
2002 (after the programme implementation) were compared with the base line data (1996) and
with the control sample household data (households in the project area which were not affected
by the Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Corporation Project. The data collected from the sample
project affected families clearly showed that the overall living standards of the families have
improved due to Nathpa Jhakri Project implementation.

Singh, C.P. (2009) in his research project titled “Social-Economic Survey and Proposed
Rehabilitation Action Plan for 765/400/220 KV Sub-station, Bhiwani (Haryana)” conducted
socio-economic survey of all the affected 261 families due to installation of POWERGRID sub-
station Bhiwani. The main objective of the project study was to collect baseline demographic
and socio-economic characteristics of affected people residing in the affected area. The other
objectives were to study and understand people’s reaction towards the project and ascertain
their preferences for rehabilitation and resettlement. This study was based on primary data
collection. The important tools for data collection were interview schedule, in-depth interview
method, participant observation and group discussion method. The total land acquired by
POWERGRID substation Bhiwani was 126.9 acres covering about 60 % of land used in
agricultural called as “Taal” and about 40 % land in forest. It was found in the study that
cultivation of land for agricultural was the only source of income for many of the families, so
the acquisition of land posed adverse impact on the local economy and source of livelihood of
the affected families. Out of all the 261 affected families, 12 families were not given crop
compensation due to dispute between POWERGRID and title-holders of the land. The basic
facilities demanded by villagers were drinking water, employment, health facilities,
development of roads, community centre, boundary of sports stadium, veterinary hospital, up-
gradation of school, training institute for youth, maintenance of johad (water reservoir) and
roadways bus facilities. For the implementation of Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP), 04
activities have been suggested in the study. These four key activities include Awareness
campaign, Payment of annuity to Project Affected Persons, Review Process and Evaluation and
Assessment.

Objectives:

The objectives of the present study are:

1. To study the socio-economic condition of project affected families.

2. To ascertain the socio-economic changes in the life of project affected families.
3. To explore the scope of social work intervention in addressing the issues of project
affected people.

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Methodology:

The present study is based on primary data. The study was conducted in the two blocks i.e.
Nichar and Kalpa of Kinnaur district because the most of the hydro power projects constructed
and under construction lies in these two blocks. In Pooh block, the impact of hydro power
projects is comparatively negligible. The sample size of 60 was selected by using random
sampling technique from the two blocks Kalpa and Nichhar affected with under construction
Shongtong hydro power project (450 Mega Watt) and with Karchham-Wangtu hydro power
projects (1000Mega Watt) respectively. There are 565 project affected families in Kalpa block
and 2826 project affected families in Nichhar block (As per record of concerned sub-divisional
office). The inclusion criteria for respondents were decided on the basis of their age. The
respondents were randomly selected between the age of 15 year and 75 year. The structured
interview tool was used to collect information from the respondents.
The data was analyzed using Mega-STAT in MS-Excel.

Results and Discussion:

Socio-economic profile:
Socio-economic status shows the condition of particular individual, groups and communities at
large. It helps in describing the various socio-economic features of individuals, groups and
communities. It provides platform to understand the social phenomena, their impacts on
particular groups and communities, coping capacities of the individual etc. The socio-economic
study is significant part of the research. Based on socio-economic status, many inferences can
be drawn about the various aspect of study.

Table 1.Basic profiles of respondents (N=60)

Category Number of respondents Per centage

Male 32 53.3
Gender Female 28 46.7
Total 60 100.0
15-25 3 5.0
26-35 27 45.0
36-45 21 35.0
Age 46-55 1 1.7
56-65 7 11.7
66-75 1 1.7
Total 60 100.0
Source : Field Survey

Table 1 shows that out of 60 respondents, 53.3 per cent were male and 46.7 per cent
were female respondents. The numbers of female and male were almost equal because in the
study area, it was found that women were also fairly educated. Out of the total 60 respondents,
only 5 per cent were in the age group of 15-25, 45 per cent were in the age group of 26-35. 35
per cent were in the age group of 36-45. In the age group of 46-55, only 1.7 per cent

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respondents were found. 11.7 per cent and 1.7 per cent respondents were found in the age
group of 56-65 and 66-75 respectively.

Table 2. Distribution of respondents based their education and occupation status (N=60)

Category Number of respondents Per centage

Illiterate 2 3.3
Primary 1 1.7
Middle 2 3.3
Matriculate 4 6.7
Education Secondary 8 13.3
Graduation 16 26.7
Post Graduation 25 41.7
MPhil/PhD 2 3.3
Total 60 100.0

Nuclear 29 48.3
Type of family Joint 31 51.7
Total 60 100
Source: Field Survey

Educational background of the respondents shows that 3.3 per cent were illiterate, 1.7
per cent respondents were educated up to primary education, 3.3 per cent were middle pass,
6.7 per cent were matriculate (10th) pass, and 13.3 per cent were educated up to senior
secondary (i.e., 10+2) level. Majority of respondents were highly educated with having
graduation (26.7 %) and post graduation degree (41.7 %), as many less educated respondents
were not aware enough to provide information to the respondent (Table 2). So the researcher
tried to approach such respondents who were found active and aware about affects of hydro
power projects. The researcher also preferred highly educated respondents to seek the best
possible, accurate and reliable information. Only 3% respondents were found M.Phil/PhD.

Data on type of family shows that 48.3 per cent respondents were from nuclear family
while 51.7 per cent respondents were from joint family (Table 2). It means that almost half of
the study population has been disintegrated into nuclear family from joint family. This
situation is an indication towards change in the nature of family and also points out that in
future, more nuclear families may emerge due to changing scenario in the family system.

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Primary Occupation
45.0

30.0

10.0
3.3 0.0 3.3 1.7 3.3 3.3

Figure 1 Primary occupation of respondents (N=60)

Source: Field Survey

Figure 1 shows that most of the respondents 45 per cent (27 in number) were
government employee out of the total 60 respondents. Agriculture and Horticulture was the
second main occupation where 30 per cent of respondents were found engaged with. Private
Jobs were the main occupation for 10 per cent respondents. Only 01 respondent which
constitutes1.7 per cent was found unemployed rest 13.3 per cent respondents were engaged in
other occupations such as self employed, retiree employee, home maker, students, animal
rearing etc.

Table 3. Distribution of respondents based on income level and annual income (N=60)

Category Number of respondents Per centage

APL 55 91.7
Income level BPL 5 8.3
Total 60 100

Rupees Below
16 26.7
200,000
200,000-400,000 21 35.0
400,000-600,000 9 15.0
Annual income in
600,000-800,000 5 8.3
Rupees
800,000-1,000,000 3 5.0
1,000,000-1,200,000 3 5.0
Above1,200,000 3 5.0
Total 60 100
Source: Field Survey

As far as income level of respondents is concerned, it is clear from the table 3 that only
8.3 per cent respondents have been categorized at Below Poverty Line (BPL) by the government

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rest of the respondents ( 91.7 per cent) were from Above Poverty Line (APL). Table 3 shows that
annual income of 73.3 per cent out of 60 respondents is above Rs 200,000/- and 26.7
respondents [including 8.3 per cent respondent having annual income below rupees 35000
which is also an inclusion criteria for Below Poverty Line (BPL) families in the state] have
annual income below rupees 200,000/-. Out of the 73.3 per cent respondents having annual
income above Rs 200,000/-, 35 per cent respondents were having annual income in the range
of rupees 200,000-400,000, 15 per cent respondents were having annual income in the range
of rupees 400,000-600,000, and 8.3 per cent respondents were having in the range of rupees
600,000-800,000. 15 per cent were having annual income above rupees 800,000.

Table 4 Distribution of respondents based on family size

Number of
Category Per centage
respondents
1-5 22 36.7
5-9 29 48.3
Family Size 9-13 7 11.7
13-17 2 3.3
Total 60 100
Source: Field Survey

Table 4 depicts that family size i.e number of family members varied from single (1) to
seventeen (17) member in the family. The family size of 22 (36.7%) respondents out of 60 was
between 1 to 5 members while the family size of 29 respondents (48.3%) was between 5-9
members. The family size of the rest of respondents i.e 15 per cent was above 09 members per
family.

Table 5. Distribution of respondents based on conditions of their house and loan taken
(N=60)

Number of
Category Per centage
respondents
Kacha 6 10.0
Pakka 46 76.7
Type of House
Semi-Pakka 8 13.3
Total 60 100

Below 4 5 8.3
4-7 24 40.0
7-10 15 25.0
No. of Room in House 10-13 12 20.0
13-16 3 5.0
Above 16 1 1.7
Total 60 100

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Yes 15 25.0
Outstanding Loan from
No 45 75.0
Bank
Total 60 100.0

Not Availed 45 75.0

Agriculture 9 15.0
Education 0 0.0
Purpose of Debt Health 0 0.0
Marriage 0 0.0
Other 6 10.0
Total 60 100

Source: Field Survey

Conditions and type of house also determines the economic and living standards of the family.
Table 5 presents that 90 per cent respondents i.e 54 out of 60 were living either in Pakka
houses or in Semi- pakka house. These pakka and semi pakka houses were constructed of
cement, concrete, stone and timber. Only 10 per cent respondent, almost all of them from
Below Poverty Line (BPL) family were living in kachha house made up of tin, soil and timber
only and were in the shape of shed. 55 (91.7%) family out of 60 were living in the houses with
more than four rooms while 05 families, which are 8.3 per cent of the total respondents, were
living in the houses with less than four rooms. One-fourth respondents (25 per cent)
respondents had availed loan from the banks for different purposes. Most of them had availed
loan for carrying agriculture activities and buying vehicles.

Table 6. Balance Land before and after acquisition by Hydro Power Project Company

Land After
Land Before Acquisition
Acquisition
Count 60 60
Mean 14.832 Bigha 14.832 Bigha
sample standard deviation 16.769 16.769
sample variance 281.190 281.190
Minimum 0.4 Bigha 0.4 Bigha
Maximum 80 Bigha 80 Bigha
Range 79.6 79.6
Source : Field Survey

There were few families whose land were acquired for the projects directly. The average lands
owned by the people were 14.832 Bigha. Minimum land 0.4 Bigha owned by a farmer was
reported while one farmer reported to have 80 Bigha of land (Table 6). Both hydro power project
Karchham-Wangtu Hydro Power Project and Shongtong Hydro Power Project acquired most of
the land from government owned land. Not even a single respondent was found whose land was
acquired by these two hydro power project.

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Hydro Power Projects have affected the life of project affected people in various ways. It
has adversely affected the social support, social integration, customs and traditions of the
project-affected people. Figure 2 shows that, as many as 46 respondents (More than 75 per
cent) responded that social support among the people has been affected either to some extent
or to great extent due to construction of Hydro Power Project. 42 respondents (70 per cent)
reported that construction of Hydro Power Project in their areas has resulted in social
disintegration among people. For e.g. Panvi village which is situated to the left side of
Karchham Wangtu Hydro Power Project, also suffered from environmental pollution and cracks
in their land and houses but they were not given adequate compensation as compared to
residents of Chagaon and Urni village situated to right side of the project at almost equal
distance from project site. Because of which, residents of Panvi village withdrew their support
and participation from Satluj Bachao Sangharsh Samiti. Thus in a way, construction of hydro
power projects has created indifferences and tension among people. Similarly, construction of
Karchham Hydro Power Project resulted social disintegration among the villagers of Katgaon
and Kafnoo. Social disintegration was visible to the fact that they had reduced the mobility of
their deities from one village to other.
40
35
Number of Respondents

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Negative Negative
Increase
Negative Better Impact Impact
Social Changes Better in
Impact Educatio on on
Disintegr in Health Transpor
on Social n Custom Sports
ation Culture Facilities tation
Support Facilities & and
Facilities
Tradition Culture
To Large Extent 20 17 10 1 4 13 8 4
To Some Extent 26 25 21 22 22 25 18 21
Not at All 12 14 28 37 32 22 34 32
Can't Say 2 4 1 0 2 0 0 3

Figure 2 Socio-economic changes faced by respondents due to construction of Hydro

Power Project
Source: Field Survey
Only some of the influencing and resourceful people have received compensation and
other benefits while many others could not get adequate compensation and benefits. Influx of
outsiders (migrant labour & tourists) has also adversely affected social integration and culture

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of the project –affected people. Nearly half (31) of the total respondents were of the opinion that
they have observed changes in their culture after the construction of Hydro Power Project while
other half were not agreed with it. As many as 62 per cent respondents stated that
construction of Hydro Power Projects has not led to better health facilities in their areas while
38 per cent responded opposite to it. 26 respondents (43.4 per cent) agreed with the statement
that construction of Hydro Power Projects has resulted better education facilities in their area
while 32 respondents (53.3 per cent) were not agree with it and 3.3 per cent respondents did
not responded. The customs and traditions of the project-affected people have significantly
been influenced over the years. About 63 per cent of the respondents stated that their customs
and traditions have been influenced adversely after the construction of Hydro Power Projects as
many villagers have now shifted to follow Buddhist culture. About 57 per cent respondents
stated that there is not much influence on sports and cultural facilities due to construction of
Hydro Power Projects. Most of the project-affected people were of the opinion that Hydro Power
Projects have not played any role in promoting sports and cultural facilities in their areas. As
far as impact of Hydro Power Projects on transportation is concerned, 42 per cent people
considered that projects have helped in increasing transportation facilities.

Social Work Interventions:

An adverse impact of developmental projects makes the life of tribal communities vulnerable, if
their socio-economic, rehabilitation and resettlement problems are not addressed properly.
Construction of Hydro Power Projects results in wide range of problems such as social
disintegration, changes in culture, identity loss, loss to crop production, deforestation, risk of
landslides, depletion of water resources, loss to common property resource, loss to livelihoods,
homelessness, landlessness, lack of resettlements etc. Socio- economic problems of the
project-affected families can be addressed properly by strengthening social ties, preserving
their customs and traditions, inculcating “we feeling” among them, promoting livelihoods
activities (handlooms & handicrafts etc.), generating employment opportunities and improving
education and health facilities. Professional Social Work Intervention is needed in every phase
(before construction, during construction and after construction) of construction of Hydro
Power Project. During Social Impact Assessment (SIA)/ Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA), project- affected people do not get fully involved in conducting assessment due to lack of
awareness which leads to inadequate information and assessment of the loss or damage after
the construction of Hydro Power Projects. Professional Social Workers can help in generating
awareness about the developmental projects, mobilizing the local communities to ensure
participation in Social Impact Assessment (SIA)/Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) where
the Hydro Power Project is going to be set up. Social Worker can also sensitize the project-
affected families about various provisions of Land Acquisition Act. Project-affected people
should fully participate in public–hearing meetings too so that they can raise their
rehabilitation and resettlement issues. Professional Social Work intervention at this stage is
also very important. A proper monitoring of related issues by the project affected people with
the help of a professionally trained Social Worker during construction of the Hydro Power
Project can mitigate the adverse impacts of project. Using traditional indigenous knowledge,
Professional Social Worker can play important role in preparing and implementing
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and strengthening Local Area Development Authority (LADA).

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Conclusion:

The Himalayan State particularly Himachal Pradesh is a source of large river-systems. Five
major rivers (Ravi, Beas, Chenab, Satluj & Yamuna) provides a great source for power
generation. Among these rivers, maximum thrust to generate power has been emphasized on
the Satluj basin. The Satluj River originates from Tibet and enters India from Khab in Kinnaur
district of Himachal Pradesh. Shongtong Hydro Power Project owned by Himachal Pradesh
Power Corporation Limited (HPPCL) and Karchham-Wangtu Hydro Power Project owned earlier
by Jaypee Karchham Hydro Corporation Limited and now by JSW energy is two major “Run-
of-the- river” power projects in Kinnaur District which affect Kalpa and Nichhar block of
district Kinnaur. Although Hydro Power Projects generate power to our nation but construction
of large size Hydro Power Projects affect the project-affected people very adversely. To mitigate
the impact of Hydro Power Projects, emphasis on construction of small Hydro Power Projects
should be given. Professional Social Work Intervention at individual, families and community
level can address the problems and issues of project affected families to great extent.

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