Course Task 6 (Botulism, Leprosy, Hemophiluls Influenzae, Listeriosis, Meningococcal Meningitis, Tetanus)

BOTULISM
Etiology/ Agents
Pathogen C. botulinum, Gram-positive bacillus, Anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria, Found in soil and marine sediments worldwide, 4 distinct phenotypes: I–IV
Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin that attacks the body's nerves and causes difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, and even death.
CLASSIFICATION MODE OF SIGNS AND

OF BOTULISM TRANSMISSION SYMPTOMAS TREATMENT PREVENTION
Infant botulism ingestion of C.  Drooling  Administer BIG-IV as Avoid exposure to
botulinum spores  Weak cry soon as possible. potentially contaminated
 Irritability  Strictly avoid antibiotics soil or dust. Avoid raw
 Seizures in infant botulism. honey.
 Floppy baby syndrome:
 Bilateral ptosis
 Loss of head control, floppy
movements/hypotonia
 General weakness/lethargy
 Poor feeding (weak sucking)
Foodborne botulism ingestion of food  Prodromal symptoms: Administer antitoxin Inactivation of the
contaminated with C.  Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bacterium and its spores in
botulinum toxin and abdominal cramps heat-sterilized (for example,
 Initial diarrhea (direct toxin retorted) or canned products
effect in GI endothelium) or by inhibiting bacterial
progresses to constipation (as growth and toxin
systemic NMJ manifestations production in other
dominate). products.
 Dry mouth
 Difficulty swallowing or
speaking
 Symmetric facial weakness
 Blurred vision
 Cranial neuropathies
 Difficulty breathing
Wound botulism Spores of C. botulinum enter  Difficulty swallowing or Extensive debridement of the seek urgent medical
an open wound and thrive speaking wound is important. attention for any infected
under anaerobic conditions.  Symmetric facial weakness If 5 years or more since the last wounds and also to avoid
 Blurred or double vision immunization, tetanus boosters injecting street drugs.
 Ptosis are considered. it is important to practice
 Difficulty breathing Penicillin good food hygiene
 Descending paralysis G and metronidazole are the
preferred antibiotics for
 Inflammation at the site of
the wound mixed infections.
Aminoglycosides, polymyxins,
and tetracycline are avoided
(may induce neuromuscular
blockade).
Iatrogenic botulism botulinum toxin injections  Ptosis Botulinum antitoxin getting injections of
for cosmetic or  Difficulty speaking botulinum toxin only by
therapeutic/medical purposes  Paralysis of face licensed practitioners:
 Thick and weak tongue
 Reduced gag reflex
Adult intestinal toxemia ingestion of spores of C.  Similar to infant botulism but Administration of botulinum Refrigerate foods within 2
botulinum occurs in older children and antiserum and supportive care, hours after cooking. Proper
adults including mechanical ventilation refrigeration prevents the
 Constipation if required. bacteria from producing
 Anorexia spores.
 Lethargy Cook food thoroughly.
 Descending paralysis Avoid food containers that
 Ptosis appear damaged or bulging.
(These can be signs of gas
produced by the bacteria.)
Inhalation botulism Inhalation  Diarrhea The main treatment for botulism Avoid exposure to
 Dry mouth is a medication called an potentially contaminated
 Difficulty swallowing or antitoxin soil or dust.
speaking
 Symmetric facial weakness
 Blurred vision
 Cranial neuropathies
 Difficulty breathing
LEPROSY
Etiology MODE OF SIGNS AND
TRANSMISSIO SYMPTOMAS TREATMENT PREVENTION
N
Causedby Mycobacterium leprae co transmitted via  Discolored patches of  Multidrug therapy  No drug prophylaxis in
mplex bacteria Includes M. droplets, from the skin, usually flat, that (MDT) regimen: nonendemic areas
leprae and M. lepromatosis nose and mouth, may be numb and look  Necessary to prevent  BCG vaccine is partly
Acid-fast bacilli during close and faded (lighter than the drug resistance protective.
Aerobic, obligate intracellular rod- frequent contact with skin around)  Dapsone + rifampin for  Close contacts of affected
shaped bacteria untreated cases  Growths (nodules) on 12 months for individuals should be
Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s the skin. tuberculoid leprosy monitored annually for at least
disease, is a chronic bacterial  Thick, stiff or dry skin.  Dapsone + rifampin + c 5 years.
infection caused  Painless ulcers on the lofazimine for 24  In endemic areas, single-
by Mycobacterium leprae complex b soles of feet. months for dose rifampin can be given
acteria.  Painless swelling or lepromatous leprosy for prophylaxisProphylaxisCe
lumps on the face or  Alternative phalosporins.
earlobes. medications:
 Loss of eyebrows or  Minocycline
eyelashes.  Ofloxacin
 Levofloxacin
 Clarithromycin
 Moxifloxacin
Haemophilus influenzae
TRANSMISSION SYMPTOMAS TREATMENT PREVENTION
H. influenza respiratory droplets.  Predominantly  Mucosal infections: amoxici Staying up to date with recommended
is a Gram-negative, Humans are the caused by strains llin-clavulanate vaccines and maintaining healthy habits,
coccobacillary, Haemophilus only reservoir for H. with the type  Meningitis or systemic like washing hands often and not having
influenzae disease is a name influenzae. B capsule disease: ceftriaxone close contact with people who are sick,
for any illness caused by  Preceded by an  Prophylaxis
bacteria called H. influenzae. upper respiratory of meningitis for close
Some of these illnesses, like tract infection contacts (if index case had
ear infections, are mild while  Irritability in invasive Hib or H.
others, like bloodstream infants influenzae type a
infections, are very serious.  Ear pain disease): rifampin
In spite of the name, H.  Fever
influenzae does not cause  Swollen, “cherry
influenza (the flu). -red” epiglottis
common clinical
 Inspiratory strido
manifestations of H. r
influenzae, use the following
 Drooling
mnemonic:
 Typical presentat
“HaEMOPhilus causes…”
ion:
Epiglottitis Meningitis Otitis
media Pneumonia blood-tinged
sputum
Listeriosis
. Listeriosis is a serious Listeria can be spread to  Fever.  Effective antibiotic  Cook thoroughly raw food from
infection caused by the germ people by several  Chills. treatment is essential. animal sources, such as beef, pork,
Listeria monocytogenes. different methods. Eating  Muscle aches. Although a variety of or poultry.
People usually become ill food contaminated with  Nausea. antibiotics have activity  Wash raw vegetables thoroughly
with listeriosis after eating the bacteria, such as  Diarrhea. against the before eating.
contaminated food. The through raw organism, ampicillin alone  Keep uncooked meats separate
disease primarily affects (unpasteurized) milk or or in combination with from vegetables and from cooked
pregnant women, newborns, contaminated vegetables, gentamicin remains the foods and ready-to-eat foods.
older adults, and people with is often a source for cases. treatment of choice.  Avoid raw (unpasteurized) milk or
weakened immune The bacteria may be foods made from raw milk.
systems.Healthy people passed from mother to
rarely become ill from fetus during pregnancy or
listeria infection, but the directly to the newborn at
disease can be fatal to the time of birth.
unborn babies, newborns and
people with weakened
immune systems.
Meningococcal meningitis
Meningococcal meningitis People spread Common symptoms of Currently, a third-generation Getting a meningococcal vaccine is the
is a form of meningitis meningococcal bacteria to meningococcal cephalosporin (ceftriaxone or best way to protect against
caused by a specific other people by sharing meningitis cefotaxime) is the drug of choice meningococcal disease.
bacterium known as respiratory and throat include sudden fever, for the treatment of
Neisseria meningitidis. secretions (saliva or spit). headache, and stiff meningococcal meningitis and
Meningitis is characterized neck. Other symptoms septicemia. Penicillin G,
by inflammation of the may include nausea, ampicillin, chloramphenicol,
membranes (meninges) vomiting, increased fluoroquinolone, and aztreonam
around the brain or spinal sensitivity to light, and are alternatives therapies (IDSA
cord. This inflammation can confusion. Children and guidelines).
begin suddenly (acute) or infants may show
develop gradually different signs and
(subacute). symptoms, such as
inactivity, irritability,
vomiting, or poor
reflexes.
TETANUS
Pathogen: Clostridium Through contaminated  Jaw cramping.  antibiotics such as penicillin The best way to protect yourself against
tetani: wounds (most common)  Sudden, to kill the bacteria in your tetanus is to get vaccinated before you are
Gram-positive bacillus Complication of IV drug involuntary system. exposed.
Spore-forming, obligate use muscle  tetanus immune globulin
anaerobe Through the middle tightening (TIG) to neutralize the
10 serotypes have been ear (cephalic tetanus) (muscle spasms) toxins that the bacteria have
identified. Through the umbilical – often in the created in your body.
All 10 of the serotypes stump (neonatal tetanus) stomach.  muscle relaxers to control
contain 2 common toxins: Risk factors for  Painful muscle muscle spasms.
tetanolysin developing tetanus: stiffness all over
and tetanospasmin Burns the body.
Tetanus is a bacterial Surgical wounds  Trouble
infection caused IV drug use swallowing.
by Clostridium tetani, Diabetes  Jerking or staring
a gram-positive obligate Immunosuppression (seizures)
anaerobic bacterium  Headache.
commonly found in soil that  Fever and
enters the body through a
sweating.
contaminated wound.
 Changes in blood
pressure and fast
heart rate.

Course Task 6 (Botulism, Leprosy, Hemophiluls Influenzae, Listeriosis, Meningococcal Meningitis, Tetanus)

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Course Task 6 (Botulism, Leprosy, Hemophiluls Influenzae, Listeriosis, Meningococcal Meningitis, Tetanus)

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BOTULISM

CLASSIFICATION MODE OF SIGNS AND

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