SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
The Internet: The emergence and spread of
AND SOCIETY
LESSON 1:
What is Science?
*The systematic study of the structure and behavior
of the physical and natural world through
observation.
*A process of discovery that allows us to link
isolated facts into coherent and comprehensive
understanding of the natural world.
*A systematic and organized body of knowledge that
explains or predicts nature and the universe.
*A way of discovering what's in the universe and
how those things work today, how they worked in the
past, and how they are likely to work in the future.
What is technology?
*The branch of knowledge dealing with engineering
or applied sciences.
*The application of scientific knowledge
for practical purposes, especially in
industry like advances in computer
technology.
*Machinery and equipment developed
from the application of scientific
knowledge.
STS
*an interdisciplinary field that examines the creation,
development, and consequences of science and
technology in their historical, cultural, and social
contexts.
*an interdisciplinary field of study that seeks to
explore and understand the many ways that modern
science and technology shape modern culture, values,
and institutions, and how modern values shape
science and technology.
*STS examines how science and technology emerge,
how they enter society, how they change through
social processes, and how society changes in
response to science and technology. Many examples
illustrate these relationships:
Examples that illustrate the relationships among
the three,STS:
1.
computer-mediated communications is one of
the fastest growing revolutionary technologies in
history. The Internet will likely change how we
understand community, personal identity, and
the transfer of information around the world.
2.Biotechnologies: Genetic science and
engineering opens up the possibility of
humans taking control of life itself. By
altering the genetic makeup of plants,
animals and eventually humans, we may
change forever our relationship to nature.
Examples:GMOs (Genetically Modified
Microorganisms).
*In the field of biotechnology, cloning is the process
of creating cloned organisms (copies) of cells and of
DNA fragments (molecular cloning).
3.Globalization & Economic Competitiveness: The
growing scale of economic competition portends a
“global culture”, tied together by computers,
satellites, and the internet.
4.Free trade agreements, such the Philippines –
Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (PJEPA), a
bilateral free trade agreement entered into by the
Philippines with Japan in 2008, include trade in
goods, trade in services of natural persons,
intellectual property, customs procedures,
improvement of the business environment, and
government procurement are all examples of
economic globalization. Multinational corporations,
which operate in two or more countries, play a large
role in economic globalization.
5.Weapons Technologies, Terrorism, and
Security:
The arms race continues, even after the fall
of the Soviet Union. Nuclear weapons, missile
delivery systems, chemical and biological
weapons, as well as ever-more-destructive
conventional weapons present unique and
compelling problems for all humanity.
General Effects of S& T in the Society
1.Industrialization that converts a simple society to a
complex one.
2.Change in life & lifestyle
3.Urbanization
4.Stronger desire for material goods
5.More discoveries and inventions
LESSON 2:
Science, Technology & Society
The Scientific Inquiry & Collaboration in the
Scientific Community
Four Standards that Define Scientific
Inquiry/Work Ethics
1.Adherence to Universalism, that there is only one
truth and there is only one way to establish this truth-
the scientific method.
2.Scientists are members of the community (the
scientific community) with a common goal.
3.With strong sense of skepticism, as they suspend
opinion and will only express one when all data are
collected and analyzed through a neutral & objective
process in accordance with the standards of logic and
rationality.
4.Generally disinterested and detached as they uphold
the virtue of neutrality and objectiveness in their
research.
Scientists are perceived to be neutral,
apolitical and “professional” discoverers
of knowledge.
The Scientific Method
A systematic process of inquiry with the following
steps:
1.Define the Problem
Example: Which will freeze faster water alone or
saltwater?
2.Formulate a Hypothesis(an educated guess)
3.Test hypothesis & collect data
4.Analyze data
5.Draw conclusion
LESSON 3:
Historical Development of Science & Technology
in the World
1.Ancient Period
*Earliest known artifacts 2.3 million years ago found
in Eastern Africa: roughly shaped stones for
chopping & scraping.
*3,500-1,000 BC- Invention of the Potter’s Wheel by
the Sumerians (an ancient civilization in
Mesopotamia) ; a firm flat circular plate made of
hardened clay.
2.Around 400 BC:
2.1 from Mesopotamian culture
Earliest scientific records are that of :
*Disease Symptoms
*Chemical substances
*Astronomical Observation instruments
2.2 from the Nile Valley of Egypt
*Evidences of treatment of wounds
*Evidences of mathematicaL calculations in
Geometry & Trigonometry such as angles, rectangles,
triangles, volume
of a portion of pyramid.
*3.300-400 BC (more accurately, 400-300 BC)
The Rise of Greek Philosophers
*Democritus- The concept of ATOM.
*Euclid- The Father of Modern Geometry.
*Socrates, Plato & Aristotle who said that the best
way to gain knowledge was through “natural
philosophy,” which is what we would now call
science.
*Archimedes-The Founder of Engineering
Mechanics , Calculated the
value of pi, invented the first water pump, formulated
the buoyancy
principle.
2. Middle Ages
A.Early Middle ages:
*Intellectual, Scientific & Technological Activities
were centered on the Christian Faith.
*Medicine and botanical knowledge were used for
church’s duty to help and tend the sick.
*Alberto Magnus(1200-1280)-stated that natural
ways are the result of natural causes.
*Roger Bacon (1214-1294)-taught that science must
be based on empirical methods.
B.Late Middle Ages: Inventions and Discoveries
*Gunpowder & Firearms
*Geometry and Statistics – enabled architects to
construct Gothic Cathedrals
Machines for lifting heavy
Loads
*New methods of finding and extracting metals
*Knowledge of human anatomy
*Introduction of Gregorian Calendar in
(1852)

3. Modern Ages

A.Early Modern Period (16th & 17th Century)

*Surgery became a little more advanced.
Leonardo DaVinci(1452-1519) dissected some
human bodies and made accurate drawings of what
he saw.
*Galileo in 1593 invented an rudimentary
thermometer.
*The microscope was also invented at the end of the
16th century.

B.18th & 19th Century

*Scientific Revolution, drastic change in scientific
thought took place :
*Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1804)
Industrial Revolution
*Power technology-use of steam engine
*A machine that uses steam to
perform mechanical work;
use of windmills