Psychopathology

Mind

Definition Disorders of emotion

non physical entity that enable someone to have conscious awareness &
intentionality towards the environment, to have thinking, perceiving & feeling

study of symptoms of psychiatric Functional component

• affect
illness (psyche = mind) (pathology = • thinking/cognition (perception, judgement, abstraction, attention, memory)
• emotion/feeling
study of illness) instant feeling state (seen by observer)

• mood

sustained feeling state over a period of time

Disorders of thinking

Forms of thoughts (how thoughts are linked together)
• Loosening of association (ideas are not well linked together, uncomprehendable,
cakap ngarut tak faham, tak logic, incoherent, irrelevant
Example: Can you tell me how do you come to class today?, I walk to bus stop, on
occasion an ambulance to see usually as overweight at midlle of night
Can be in several forms: 1. derailment (transition from topic to topic without
logical connection ) 2. word salad (extreme form-senseless mix-up of words)
3.Vervigeration (senseless repeating words, phrases)
• Flight of ideas (still understandable, preservation of logical sequences of ideas,
talk fast, jumps from one topic to anither without finishing the first one, rhyming,
punning)
• Perseveration (repetition of some words) (inappropriate & persistent)
Abnormality in emotion
Streams of thoughts ( speed & amount)
• changes in nature
• pressure of thoughts
- elation (abnormal elevation of mood)
- euphoria (state of elevated mood with unconcern and contentment, loss ability to experience sadness)
Lots of thoughts at the same time, pass through the mind very rapidly (bipolar)
- ectacy (elevation of mood, subject is no longer interested in the surrounding world)
- depression/dysphorea (decrease in mood)
• poverty of thoughts
• abnormal fluctuation
Have only few thoughts, lacks variety, pass through mind slowly (schizo / MDD)
- labile (mood changes rapidly > manic phase) - flattened or blunted (in schizo)
• thought block
Have only few thoughts, lacks variety, pass through mind slowly (schizo / MDD)
Interruptions, suddenly mind goes blank, complete emptying of mind (schizo)
• Inappropriate to person's circumstances and thoughts
• flights of ideas
Emotional responses which are inappropriate to the situation or the topic of conversation, e.g. giggling while
describing someone’s death. schizophrenia
(still understandable, preservation of logical sequences of ideas, talk fast, jumps from
one topic to anither without finishing the first one, rhyming, punning)

Example: what is your name? Ahmad, ahmad, ahmad, ahmad, ahmad….

5 types of delusions
Contents of thoughts Disorders of perception
• delusions (fixed false belief which is out of culture & cannot be argued even there Perception - process of becoming aware of what is presented through the sense organ
is proof for the contrary) - giving meaning to stimuli
• grandiose delusion - delusions of inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity or
Primary delusions : suddenly have delusional ideas, previously not related to prior have special relationship to a deity or a famous person
mental events like delusion leading up to it. • Perception intensity
• persecutory delusion - thoughts that other people are going to hurt him,
Secondary delusion : have delusional ideas which preceded by mental events like - Hyperacusis ( a/w hangover, depression, migraine) damage his reputation, poison him
hallucination, an existing delusions - Visual hyperaesthesia (colours more vivid/intense) a/w LSD mania, epileptic aura
• jealousy delusion - delusion that the individual’s partner is unfaithful
Systematized delusion: accumulation of secondary delusions may result in a • Perception quality
complicated delusional system • erotomaniac delusion - delusion that another person usually of a higher status is
- seeing distorted shapes (larger on one side) in love with the individual.
Classification of Delusion
• illusion • somatic delusion - delusion that the person has some physical defect or general
- Persecutory (thoughts that other people are going to hurt him, damage his medical condition
reputation, poison him) mistaken tree as human figure
-Delusion of reference (thoughts that the surrounding is talking about him, remark
heard on TV or radio is believe to be directed significantly to himself, gestures • hallucination
made by other people which are thought to convey something about the patient
- Grandiosity (special ability) perception without external stimulus to the sense organ, originating in outside world
- Delusion of guilt (Found in depressive illness) How to ask this terms in MSE
- Nihillistic (Beliefs about the non-existence : career is finished, he's about to die, - auditory hallucination
has no money, the world is doom, failure of body function(e.g. bowel is blocked, - visual hallucination
decayed etc.) found in depressive illness - taste & smell hallucination
- Hypochondriacal (believes that he is ill or having the illness, part of his body - somatic hallucinatio
disfigured
- jealousy (Delusion of the spouse's fidelity) • depersonalization
- Delusion of control (Believes that his actions, impulses or thoughts are
controlled by an outside agency) came out of body, seen from outside, feels body part unreal, fill the room
- Delusion of possession of thought (thought insertion : thoughts are not their
own but have been implanted by an outside agency / thought withdrawal : the ' • derealization
missing' thoughts have been taken away by some outside agency.
- Delusion of thought his unspoken thoughts are known to other people , external environment is abnormal, unreal
through radio, internet, telepathy or in some other way. broadcasting
- Capgras syndrome : close friends & family have been replaced by an identical-
looking impostor.
- Cotard's syndrome : belief that one has lost organs, blood, or body parts to
insisting that one has lost
- Fregoli delusion : belief that different people are in fact a single person who
changes appearance or is in disguise
- Erotomaniac : delusions that other people is in love with them
- Somatic : physical delusions (body functions/ sensations)

• obsessions (unpleasant repetitive thoughts (impulse/image) that enter mind

arising from oneself (obscenities, blesphemous, impulsive thoughts to injure
people)
- could be accompanied by Compulsion (repetitive act compelled to be done)
such as cleanihg, checking, dressing)

BALQIS BATCH 19, 26 June 2023