Substance dualism
The mind and body are independent
of each other
Two substances, res cogitans and
res extensa
Descartes
-Doubting of being awake, the body,
and mathematical equations
- Cogito ergo sum
- God exists and wouldn’t deceive,
no malign genie so also res extensa
- Patrick Swayze problem
- 2 different substances, but they
are connected
- Pineal gland
- God takes care of interaction
occasionalism and parallelism
- Elizabeth von Platz, why can’t we
talk through walls
- Clairvoyance & Electric voice
phenomena
- Theory of ladenness of perception
Problems:
- Interaction problem
- God is no solution
- Unscientific
Idealism
There is only a mental world, the
physical world is dependent on that
Only the res cogitans, monism
Berkeley
- Esse est percipi, empiricism
- You don’t see a substance, only
properties
- Only secondary properties exist
- God watches everything
Problems:
- God is still no solution
- Unscientific
Behaviorism
The mind is behavior
Only input and output, no
consciousness / black box
Skinner, Watson, Ryle
- Psychology has to be objective
- Input and output, but no
knowledge about black box
(consciousness)
- Watson: little Albert
- Philosophers became
behaviorists to be objective and
scientific
- Ryle: mind is about dispositions,
category mistake
- Logical Positivism: want to be
objective, science, empiricism
Problems:
- Dispositions leave out mental
states, only focused on input and
output
Reductionism / Identity Theory
Mental states ARE certain brain
states
Brain-centric, materialism
Kripke
- General assumption: mind-body
supervenience
- Conscious chauvinism
- Mental states depend on brain
states, they are the same
- Contingent & Necessary truths
- A priori, a posteriori
- Water and H2O are different
names but also the same thing, like
brain and mental states
- Reductionism: reducing mental
states to brain states
- Pro: found correlations between
mind & brain states, easiest
explanation, Ockham’s razor, causal
role analysis
- Con: if mental state pain is a brain
state, fish don’t have brain, but feel
pain, are mental states then multiple
realizable=
Problems:
- Mind can be multiple realizable
Eliminativism
There is no mind
No mind, only brain states,
materialism
- Mental states shouldn’t be
reduced but eliminated
Functionalism Connectionism Embodied / Embedded & Extended
Mental states are REALIZED by brain Mental states are states in a neural There’s more to mind than only the
states brain
Brain-centric, materialism Brain-centric, materialism Materialism
Fodor
- Mental Holism - Connectionist network, units and - Frankenstein hypothesis
- input, output AND black box weights - Embodied cognition: in front
- mental states are multiply - Logical neurons depends on our body
realizable - Face recognition, backpropagation, - Embedded cognition: termites
- Combining Folk psychology & gradient descent learning - Embodied consciousness: serial
Machine functionalism (turing - got only syntax, really recognizing killer
machine) - Recurrent pathways (short term - Embedded consciousness: colors
- Turing test memory) made it more biologically - The Upshot
- Computationalism realistic - Extended mind: internalist, active
- Cognitivism - Biologically realistic: no need for externalism, extended mind
- Shakey additional memory, tolerant to checklist
- the Frame problem damage, pattern completion, free
- the Filing cabinet method generalization
- Weak & Strong AI - Consequences: can no longer think
- John Searle, Chinese Room of PA’s as distinct entities, ways of
Problem therapy has to change. This is
because they state that if one thing
changes, another thing changes too.
Problems: Problems:
Syntax isn’t semantics - More advanced but can’t
understand grammar and such