PERSONAL LIMBIC SYSTEM

DEVELOPMENT
LESSON 6 1. THALAMUS
2. HYPOTHALAMUS
THE POWERS OF MIND 3. HIPPOCAMPUS
4. AMYGDALA
EXTERIOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN
WHOLE BRAIN THEORY
1. FRONTAL LOBES
2. TEMPORAL LOBES - Developed by Ned Herrmann, Whole
3. OCCIPITAL LOBES Brain Thinking divides the brain into four
4. PARIETAL LOBES quadrants. Each quadrant represents a
5. MOTOR CORTEX AND different part of the brain: Analytical,
SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX Practical, Relational, Experimental.

FRONTAL LOBE MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

- is involved in planning and thinking. It is HOWARD GARNER

the rational and executive control center
of the brain, which plays an important
role in monitoring higher-order thinking.
TEMPORAL LOBE
- is positioned at the lower part of the
brain. It performs several functions
pertaining to speech, perception, and
some types of memory.
OCCIPITAL LOBE
- He believed that the conventional
concept of intelligence was too narrow
and restrictive and that measures of IQ
often miss out on other "intelligences"
that an individual may possess.
VISIAL-SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE
- People who are strong in visual-spatial
intelligence are good at visualizing
things.

- can be found at the rear portion of the LINGUISTIC-VERBAL INTELLIGENCE

brain. It processes sensory information - People who are strong in linguistic-
from the eyes. verbal intelligence are able to use words
PARIETAL LOBE well, both when writing and speaking.

- are involved mainly with spatial LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL INTELLIGENCE

orientation, calculation, and certain - People who are strong in logical-
types of recognition. mathematical intelligence are good at
SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX reasoning, recognizing patterns, and
logically analyzing problems.
- processes the signals of touch.
BODILY-KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE
MOTOR CORTEX
- Those who have high bodily-kinesthetic
- controls your body movement. intelligence are said to be good at body
SOME PARTS OF THE BRAIN movement, performing actions, and
physical control.
1. BRAIN STEM
2. LIMBIC SYSTEM MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE

BRAIN STEM - People who have strong musical

intelligence are good at thinking in
- resembles the entire brain of a reptile; patterns, rhythms, and sounds.
hence, it is sometimes referred to as the
reptilian brain. INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE

INTERIOR PARTS OF BRAIN STEM - Those who have strong interpersonal

intelligence are good at understanding
1. MIDBRAIN and interacting with other people.
2. PONS
3. MEDULLA OBLONGATA INTRAPERSPNAL INTELLIGENCE
- Individuals who are strong in
intrapersonal intelligence are good at
 being aware of their own emotional
states, feelings, and motivations.
NATURALISTIC INTELLIGENCE
- Are more in tune with nature and are
often interested in nurturing, exploring
the environment, and learning about
other species.
EXISTENTIAL INTELLIGENCE
- He described existential intelligence as
an ability to delve into deeper questions
about life and existence.
LESSON 7
MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-
BEING IN MIDDLE AND LATE
ADOLESCENE
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
- refers to an individual's state or
condition that is free from mental or
emotional disorders.
EATING DISORDERS
- eating disorders are characterized by
persistent disturbance of eating that
result in altered consumption or
absorption of food and significantly
impair physical health or psychosocial
functioning.
ANXIETY DISORDERS
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
- is characterized by persistent and
excessive worry about several different
things. People with GAD may anticipate
disaster and may be overly concerned
about money, health, family, work, or
other issues.
PHOBIC DISORDER
- is a strong, irrational fear of something
that poses little or no actual danger.
SOCIAL PHOBIA
- fear of social situations and can be quite
debilitating. In many cases, these
phobias can become so severe that
people avoid events, places, and people
who are likely to trigger an anxiety
attack.
CLAUSTROPHOBIA
- is an anxiety disorder that causes an
intense fear of enclosed spaces.
AGORAPHOBIA
- fear of being alone in a situation or place
where escape may be difficult. This type
of phobia may include the fear of
crowded areas, open spaces, or
situations that are likely to trigger a
panic attack.
PANIC DISORDER
- a panic attack is a sudden episode of
intense fear that triggers severe physical
reactions when there is no real danger
or apparent cause.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
- a long-lasting disorder in which a person
experiences uncontrollable and
recurring thoughts (obsessions),
engages in repetitive behaviors
(compulsions), or both.
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
- Depression is a mood disorder that
causes a persistent feeling of sadness
and loss of interest. Also called major
depressive disorder or clinical
depression, it affects how you feel, think,
and behave and can lead to a variety of
emotional and physical problems.
BIPOLAR DISORDER (MANIC-DEPRESSIVE
DISORDER)
- Bipolar disorder, formerly known as
manic-depressive illness, is a brain and
behavior disorder characterized by
severe shifts in a person's mood and
energy, making it difficult for the person
to function.
THREE TYPES OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
1. BIPOLAR I DISORDER
2. BIPOLAR II DISORDER
3. CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER
BIPOLAR I DISORDER
- defined by manic episodes that last for
at least 7 days (nearly every day for
 most of the day) or by manic symptoms
that are so severe that the person needs
immediate medical care.
BIPOLAR II DISORDER
- defined by a pattern of depressive
episodes and hypomanic episodes. It is
less severe.
CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER
- also called “cyclothymia”, is defined by
recurring hypomanic and depressive
symptoms that are not intense enough
or do not last long enough to qualify as
hypomanic or depressive episodes.
SELF HARM
- self-harm or self-injury means hurting
yourself on purpose.
CONDUCT DISORDER
- refers to a group of behavioral and
emotional problems characterized by a
disregard for others.
JUVENILE DELINQUENTS
- family characteristics such as poor
parenting skills, family size, home
discord, child maltreatment, and
antisocial parents are risk factors linked
to juvenile delinquency.
PERSONALITY DISORDER
- is a type of mental disorder in which you
have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of
thinking, functioning, and behaving. A
person with a personality disorder has
trouble perceiving and relating to
situations and people.
PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
- marked by a pattern of distrust and
suspicion of others without adequate
reason to be suspicious.
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
- antisocial personality disorder is a
mental condition in which a person has
a long-term pattern of manipulating,
exploiting, or violating the rights of
others without any remorse.
HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
- a mental health condition marked by
unstable emotions, a distorted self-
image, and an overwhelming desire to
be noticed.
NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
- mental condition in which people have
an inflated sense of their own
importance, a deep need for excessive
attention and admiration, troubled
relationships, and a lack of empathy for
others.
AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER
- have chronic feelings of inadequacy and
are highly sensitive to being negatively
judged by others.
DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER
- is a type of anxious personality disorder.
People with DPD often feel helpless,
submissive, or incapable of taking care
of themselves.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY
DISORDER
- perfectionism that gets in the way of
finishing tasks. Fixation with using lists,
rules, and schedules to maintain order.
SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC
DISORDERS
SCHIZOPRENIA
- is a serious mental disorder in which
people interpret reality abnormally.
Schizophrenia may result in some
combination of hallucinations, delusions,
and extremely disordered thinking and
behavior that impairs daily functioning
and can be disabling.
SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS
- is a mental disorder that affects a
person's brain and behavior, leading to a
person's inability to control their use of
substances such as legal or illegal
drugs, alcohol, or medications.
1. DRUGS
2. MARIJUANA
3. TOBACCO
COMPUTER ADDICTION
- people using it repeatedly as their main
stress reliever instead of having a
 variety of ways to cope with negative
events and feelings.
THREATS TO PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
1. FAMILY SITUATIONS
2. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
3. SCHOOL-RELATED FACTORTS
PREVENTION OF MENTAL HEALTH
PROBLEMS
1. ENHANCING SELF-ESTEEM
2. ENHANCING RESILIENCE
3. DEVELOPING SELF-REGULATION
4. ENHANCING SOCIAL SKILLS
5. THERAPY
ENHANCING SELF-ESTEEM
- self-esteem means self-worth. Your
assessment of your importance as a
person refers to self-esteem.
RESILIENCE
- is your capacity to recover from an
unpleasant experience.
RESILIENCE – ESTABLISH CONNECTIONS
- having a good relationship with your
family, friends, and peers may help you
overcome challenges.
RESILIENCE - ACCEPT THE REALITY THAT
NOTHING IS PERMANENT IN THIS WORLD
- change is not easy. You must accept
that change is part of growing up.
RESILIENCE - LOVE AND TAKE CARE OF
YOURSELF
- you are very much capable of taking
care of yourself.
RESILIENCE – BE MORE OPTIMISTIC
- you must trust yourself that you can
solve whatever problems you have.
RESILIENCE – STRENGHTEN YOUR
PROBLEM-SOLVING ABILITIES
- your capacity to solve problems is a
positive sign of recovering from
unpleasant situations.
DEVELOPING SELF-REGULATION
- is your capacity to control and monitor
your own behavior. It involves setting
golas and standards and delaying
gratification of needs.
LESSON 8
DEVELOPING ONES WHOLE
BEING
PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN
ADOLESCENE
- Adolescence is generally referred to as
the teenage years, which start at about
the age of twelve and end at the age of
twenty-one.
PUBERTY
- Puberty comes from the Latin word
pubertas, which in the English language
means adult.
PUBERTY IN 3 DISTINCT STAGES
1. PREPUBESCENT
2. PUBESCENT
3. POSTPUBESCENT
PREPUBESCENT
- this stage initiated by the appearance of
primary sexual characteristics and ends
with the development of pubic hair.
PUBESCENT
- during this stage, the individual’s growth
becomes faster.
Male – Wet Dreams
Female – Menstruation
POSTPUBESCENT
- at this stage, the sudden growth of
adolescents stops. This is when fertility
may occur among females.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN
ADOLESCENE
JEAN PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
- suggests that intelligence changes as
children grow A child's cognitive
development is not just about acquiring
knowledge, the child must develop or
construct a mental model of the world.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
- occurs through the interaction of innate
capacities and environmental events,
 and children pass through a series of
stages.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
1. SENSORIMOTOR
2. PREOPERATIONAL
3. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
4. FORMAL OPERATIONAL
SENSORIMOTOR (BIRTH – 2 YEARS)
- in this stage, children’s contact with the
world around them depends entirely on
the movements that they make and the
sensations that they experience.
PREOPERATIONAL (2-7 YEARS)
- during this stage, which is marked by
the acquisition of language, among
other things, children become able to
think in symbolic terms, to form ideas
from words and symbols.
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7-12 YEARS)
- having absorbed more and more
experience of the world, children now
become able to imagine events that
occur outside their own lives.
FORMAL OPERATIONAL (12-13 YEARS)
- the new capabilities developed in this
stage, such as the abilities to reason
hypothetically and deductively and to
establish abstract relationships, are
generally mastered around age 15.
ADOLESCENT STAGE
SEX DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE ABILITIES
Rathus further explains that the origin of the
sex differences may be attributed to the
following factors:
1. Biological
2. Cultural
3. Evolutionary
KOHLBERG’S THEORY MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
- Kohlberg's theory proposes that there
are three levels of moral development,
with each level split into two stages.
LEVEL 1 PRECONVENTIONAL-MORALITY
- is the first stage of moral development
and lasts until approximately age 9. At
the preconventional level children don’t
have a personal code of morality, and
instead moral decisions are shaped by
the standards of adults and the
consequences of following or breaking
their rules.
PRECONVENTIONAL MORALITY – STAGE 1:
PUNISHMENT – OBEDIENCE ORIENTATION
- at stage 1, obedience to rules and
punishments for breaking the rules
determine the morality of the children.
PRECONVENTIONAL MORALITY – STAGE 2:
INDIVIDUALISM-EXCHANGE ORIENTATION
- at stage 2, children start understanding
that there is not a single way of seeing
any situation, it can be viewed from
different perspectives as every individual
has his/her own viewpoints.
LEVEL 2 – CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
- starts at around 10 years of age and
may last up to adulthood. At this stage,
children focus on being accepted by
society and maintaining good
relationships with others.
CONVENTIONAL MORALITY – STAGE 3:
INDIVIDUALISM-EXCHANGE ORIENTATION
- at stage 3, the children/people are
concerned about their public image and
want to be seen as a good person in
society, which is why this stage is also
called the “good boy-good girl
orientation stage.”
CONVENTIONAL MORALITY – STAGE 4:
SYSTEM-MAINTAINING ORIENTATION
- at stage 4 also focuses on their behavior
being approved by their close
relationships or surrounding people like
stage 3, but their perspective of looking
at a situation becomes wider at this
stage because they judge different
situations by considering the collective
view of society.
LEVEL 3 – POSTCONVENTIONAL MORALITY
- is the last stage of moral development,
and it is also known as the principal
 level of morality. At this level, People
believe that individuals are part of
society, but they also have their
separate entities.
POST CONVENTIONAL MORALITY – STAGE
5: SOCIAL CONSTRUCT SITUATION AND
INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
- at stage 5 begins to understand that
every individual has his/her own
viewpoints, values, and opinions.
POST CONVENTIONAL MORALITY – STAGE
6: UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
ORIENTATION
- is the final stage of moral development,
and very few people reach this stage.
People at this stage follow their own
moral rules or principles, these
principles may or may not be in
accordance with the law.
LESSON 9
DEEPENING FAMILY
STRUCTURES AND LEGACIES
FAMILY
- Comes from the Latin word familia. It
refers to a group of people related by
affinity or consanguinity.
THE FAMILY AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION
- As the basic unit of society, the family
serves many functions. It may appear to
be intimate and private, but it is social
institution.
THE FAMILY AS A SYMBOL OF TRADITION
- Undeniably, the family serves as a
powerful cultural symbol. There are
many descriptions for which the family
stands.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAMILY
1. “As a social group, the family is
universal” Across all nations in the
globe, the family is existent.
2. “The family provides people their
basic needs, whether tangible or
intangible.” It is the family that provides
love, care, and affection.
3. “The family is the very first social
group that people are oriented with”.
Family relationships transcend time and
space.
4. “The family shapes people’s beliefs,
values, principles, views, and
dispositions in life.” The aspirations,
dreams, ideals, and drives of people
spring from the family.
5. “The family provides a venue for role
modelling”, the very first to serve as
role models for the individuals are the
parents.
6. “The family provides the legacy and
heritage of both material and
immaterial wealth.” They may leave a
tradition of education, achievements,
and good values system.
7. “The family that serves as a link of
individuals with their social
institutions, it being a social group
itself.” The dynamics on which
interpersonal relations has been
founded is learned from the family.
8. “The family teaches and lays down
the foundation of the culture with
which the individuals will eventually
interrelate in a bigger perspective
such as community and society”.
9. “The family is where individuals go
back and find solace once crises,
challenges, and difficulties come
their way as they journey through
life.” In almost all instances, the family
understands and is willing to defend its
members whatever costs it may take.
TYPES OF FAMILIES
NUCLEAR FAMILY
- a group of people who are united by ties
of partnership and parenthood and
consisting of a pair of adults and their
socially recognized children.
On the Basis of Structure Nuclear Family
Family Orientation - Consists of the individual,
parents, brothers, and sisters. This is the family
where the person has been brought up and
reared.
Family Procreation - Consists of individual,
spouse, and children. Its purpose is to create
family with them in preparation for adulthood.
EXTENDED FAMILIES
- a family that includes not only parents
and children but also other relatives
such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles.
 ON THE BASIS OF BLOOD RELATIONSHIP POLYGAMOUS FAMILY - The man marries
many women at a time.
CONJUGAL FAMILY – consists of a married
couple and their children. POLYANDROUS FAMILY - Is one where a
woman marries many men and lives with all of
CONSANGUINEAL FAMILY – consists of a
them or with each one alternately.
parent, his or her children, and other relatives.
ON THE BASIS OF IN-GROUP AND OUT-
ON THE BASIS OF ANCESTRY
GROUP AFFILIATION
PATRILINEAL FAMILY – related to your
EXOGAMUS
relationship with your father, or to your family's
line of male descendants — for example, your - is one which allows marriage only
father, his father, his father's father, and so on. outside of a social group.
A genetic condition that spreads in a patrilineal
NATURAL OR BIOLOGICAL EXOGAMY
way might be passed from your grandfather,
through your dad, and finally to you. - Is the matrimonial union of
nonconsanguineal-related beings
MATRILINEAL FAMILY – a person's lineage is
restricted by incest law.
his or her line of ancestors.
CULTURAL OR SOCIAL EXOGAMY
BILATERAL FAMILY – a system of family
lineage in which the relatives on the mother's - Is the matrimonial union external to a
side and father's side are equally important for specific cultural or social group.
emotional ties or for transfer of property or
ENDOGAMOUS
wealth.
ON THE BASIS OF RESIDENCE - Is one which allows marriage within a
social group.
PATRILOCAL FAMILY – is when a married
PARENTING STYLE
couple lives near the man's family or in the
actual household. AUTHORITATIVE
MATRILOCAL FAMILY – a daughter stays with - this is a parenting style characterized
or near her family after marriage and her using rationale, warmth, firm control,
husband moves to where her family resides. and issue-oriented discipline.
AVUNCULOCAL FAMILY – one in which a AUTHORITARIAN PARENTING
married couple traditionally lives with the man's
mother's eldest brother. - this is a parenting style characterized by
toughness and unreceptiveness. This
AMBILOCAL FAMILY - the couple moving in type of parenting style is restrictive with
with or near either the husband or wife's family, heavy punishment and little or no
depending upon family tradition. explanation or response.
NEOLOCAL FAMILY - a married couple who INDULGENT OR PERMISSIVE PARENTING
decides to move away from their families and
create an independent household. - this type of parenting approach, parents
are responsive, but not demanding.
ON THE BASIS OF AUTHORITY They are lenient and nondirective.
PATRIARCHAL FAMILY – one in which the NEGLECTFUL PARENTING
men have all or most of the power and
importance. - they are basically unresponsive,
disconnected, and distant.
MATRIARCHAL FAMILY - the family structure
in which the female is the head of the family.
EGALITARIAN FAMILY - familial decision-
making power. is shared equally among
participants in an ongoing activity.
ON THE BASIS OF MARRIAGE
MONOGAMOUS FAMILY - Is where a man
marries only one woman at a time.