Etiology – study of origins, to do with cause and effect in
biological, psycho-social aspect.
Supernatural model – divinities, demons, &spirits, witches,
astrological bodies/magnetic fields acting on psyche/soul.
Mass Hysteria – effect of emotional contagion experience of an
emotion spreads around us.
Biological model – mental disorders had physical cases.
- Hippocrates Corpus – started by Hippocrates,
suggested psychological disorders could be treated like
any other disease. Saw an effect in hereditary, & the
brain as the seat of intelligence, consciousness &
emotion.
Humoral theory – Hippocrates & Galen
- Bodily fluids contribute to disorder/personality. Included
blood, black/yellow bile & phlegm.
Too much black bile – melancholy/depression
Too much phlegm – apathy/sluggish
Too much blood-Sanguine – cheerful, optimistic, but
delirium/insomnia.
Too much yellow bile-Choleric – hot tempered
Syphilis – STD caused by bacteria entering the brain.
Deteriorate steadily, being paralysed and dying in 5 years after
onset.
Symptoms:
Psychosis – having delusion and hallucinations.
General paresis – having consistent symptoms.
Delusions of persecution – believe everyone is plotting against
you.
Delusions of Grandeur – believe you are god.
John P. Grey – 19th century, promoted more humane, livable
conditions based on rest, diet, proper ventilation and room
temperature. HE invented the rotary fan.
Development of Biological Treatments
Insulin Shock Therapy
- Manfred Sakel
- Stimulate appetite in psychotic patients, went into
convulsion, is very dangerous. They weren’t eating.
Electroconvulsive therapy
- Cerletti & Bini
- Send 6 small shocks directly to brain to produce
convulsions.
Rauwolfia serpentine/reserpine & Neuroleptics (major
traquilizers)
- Diminish hallucinations & delusional though processes,
control agitation/aggression.
Benzazepine (minor tranquilizers) – used to sedate, has limited
effectiveness.
Psychological Tradition
Moral therapy – treat institutionalized patients as normal in a
setting that encouraged/reinforced normal social interaction.
Mental hygiene movement – Dorothea Dix informed public on
bad asylum conditions, caused the state to treat asylum patients
better. Led to more people going into asylums.
Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud. Emphasizing the unconscious
mind. Involved conflict between structure of mind, defense
mechanisms and conflict in psychosexual development.
Other Freudians
Catharsis – release of emotional tension.
Insight understanding of link between earlier events and current
emotions.
Defense Mechanisms – unconscious protective processes that
maintain ego.
Ego-psychology
- Anna Freud
- Individual develop skills in reality testing &defense
mechanism.
- Abnormality comes about when the ego is deficient in
regulating functions, delay of impulses or using DM
against strong internal conflict.
Self-psychology
- Kohut’s theory of formation of self-concept, individual
develops to healthy individual identity or neurosis.
- Object relations: study how children incorporate image,
memory and value of person based on emotional
attachment.
- Object: introjected objects/persons that integrate parts
of the ego, solving conflicts in identity.
Collective unconscious (jung): wisdom accumulated by society &
culture stored deep in individual memories and passed down
from generation to generation.
Free association: patients say whatever comes to mind without
the usually socially required censoring.
Dream Analysis: therapist interprets content of dream
supposedly lied to ID and unconscious conflicts.
Transference – patients relate to therapist much as they did to
important figures like their parents.
Counter Transference – therapist project own personal issue into
the patient.
Humanistic Theory – contributed by personality theorists Adler,
Jung, Maslow, etc.
Self-actualizing – highest potential in all areas of functioning,
freedom to grow.
Person-centered therapy – Rogers 1961, client-centered
therapy, where the therapist is passive, making few
interpretations as possible.
Unconditional positive regard – complete, unqualified
acceptance of most client’s feelings and action, having empathy.
Introspection – Titchener, subjects reported inner thoughts and
feelings.
Behavioral model
Behavioral model – focus on behavior and conditioning. Watson
conditioned little Albert to be afraid of white rat by pairing it with
a loud noise, fear became generalized.
Systematic desensitation – Pavlov gradually introduced fear-
inducing stimulus, allowing the individual to test reality & reduce
fear.
Shaping – process of reinforcing successive approximation to
final behavior/set.