6.

5 IELTS COURSE
READING – LESSON 3

Nội dung bài học

Dạng bài Matching Headings 1

Chiến lược xử lý dạng bài Matching Headings 3

Ví dụ minh họa cách xử lý dạng bài Matching Headings 3

Dạng bài Summary 6

Chiến lược tiếp cận dạng bài Summary 7

Ví dụ minh họa cách xử lý dạng bài Summary 7

Dạng bài Matching Sentence Endings 10

Chiến lược làm dạng bài Matching Sentence Endings 11

Ví dụ minh họa cách xử lý dạng bài Matching Sentence Endings 11

Luyện tập 14

Dạng bài Matching Headings

Thông tin tổng quan

● Matching Headings là một trong những dạng câu hỏi thường xuyên xuất hiện nhất của bài thi
● Dạng câu hỏi Matching Headings đòi hỏi lượng từ vựng và kỹ năng đọc hiểu ở mức khá, do đó
nhiều thí sinh gặp khó khăn với dạng bài này.

Ví dụ câu hỏi

Reading Passage has nine paragraphs, A-I.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E and G-I from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number i-xi, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i A fresh and important long-term goal v The environmental costs of road transport

ii Charging for roads and improving other vi The escalating cost of rail transport
transport methods
vii The need to achieve transport rebalance
iii Changes affecting the distances goods
viii The rapid growth of private transport
may be transported
ix Plans to develop major road networks
iv Taking all the steps necessary to change
transport patterns

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x Restricting road use through charging xi Transport trends in countries awaiting EU
policies alone admission

Kỹ năng cần thiết cho dạng bài Matching Headings

Để có thể làm tốt dạng câu hỏi Matching Headings, người đọc cần làm chủ được những kỹ năng sau:

Kỹ năng xác định từ khóa (Keywords): các Headings được cho thường chứa những từ khóa dễ thay
đổi, do đó người đọc cần chọn và gạch những từ chứa nội dung chính của cả câu.

Kỹ năng đọc hiểu bao quát (Skimming): sau khi chọn ra những từ khóa quan trọng trong các
Headings, người đọc cần đọc lướt từng đoạn văn để nắm được đại ý. Kỹ năng Scanning sẽ không
được sử dụng trong dạng bài này do các Headings hiếm khi chứa những từ khóa khó thay đổi như tên
riêng, ngày tháng hoặc từ phức tạp.

Kỹ năng đọc hiểu chi tiết (Comprehension): sau khi đọc lượt để xác định được ý chính của một đoạn
văn, người đọc cần phải đọc kỹ để hiểu được thông tin được cho cũng như cách mà các câu trong
đoạn văn kết hợp và bổ trợ cho nhau để tạo nên ý tưởng cốt lõi của đoạn văn đó.

Kỹ năng so sánh phân tích (Analytical Comparison): người đọc cần phân tích các từ khóa trong
Headings và thông tin được cung cấp bởi đoạn văn để từ đó đưa ra lựa chọn phù hợp.

Phân tích các dạng Headings trong bài đọc

Mặc dù nằm trong cùng một dạng bài, tuy nhiên các Headings và đoạn văn có thể được chia ra thành
hai loại với hai cách làm khác nhau.

● Heading là tóm tắt của đoạn văn: dạng Heading này có nhiều từ khóa hoặc thông tin được lặp
lại xuyên suốt trong một đoạn văn.

Một ví dụ minh họa cho dạng Heading này:

Heading: Developments to the disadvantage of tortoise populations

Before human arrival, the archipelago's tortoises numbered in the hundreds of thousands. From the
17th century onwards, pirates took a few on board for food, but the arrival of whaling ships in the
1790s saw this exploitation grow exponentially. Relatively immobile and capable of surviving for
months without food or water, the tortoises were taken on board these ships to act as food supplies
during long ocean passages. Sometimes, their bodies were processed into high- grade oil. In total, an
estimated 200,000 animals were taken from the archipelago before the 20th century. This historical
exploitation was then exacerbated when settlers came to the islands. They hunted the tortoises and
destroyed their habitat to clear land for agriculture. They also introduced alien species - ranging from
cattle, pigs, goats, rats and dogs to plants and ants - that either prey on the eggs and young tortoises
or damage or destroy their habitat.

Có thể thấy rằng những từ khóa trong Heading như developments (diễn biến), disadvantage (bất lợi)
và tortoise population (quần thể rùa) được nhắc lại hoặc có những thông tin nhắc lại xuyên suốt đoạn
văn qua những từ như took a few on board for food, exploitation, prey on their eggs, destroy their
habitats.

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 ● Heading đóng vai trò là câu chủ đề: dạng Heading thường tương ứng với câu chủ đề, thường
đứng đầu hoặc cuối một đoạn văn. Ngoài ra, những từ khóa của Heading sẽ không xuất hiện
nhiều lần trong đoạn văn.

Heading: Two keys to Britain’s industrial revolution

The missing factors, he proposes, are to be found in almost every kitchen cupboard. Tea and beer, two
of the nation’s favourite drinks, fuelled the revolution. The antiseptic properties of tannin, the active
ingredient in tea, and of hops in beer – plus the fact that both are made with boiled water – allowed
urban communities to flourish at close quarters without succumbing to water-borne diseases such as
dysentery. The theory sounds eccentric but once he starts to explain the detective work that went into
his deduction, the scepticism gives way to wary admiration. Macfarlanes case has been strengthened
by support from notable quarters – Roy Porter, the distinguished medical historian, recently wrote a
favourable appraisal of his research.

Có thể thấy rằng những từ khóa trong Heading như two keys, Britain’s industrial revolution chỉ được
nhắc tới trong câu đầu tiên của đoạn văn qua từ khóa the missing factors, two of the nation’s favorite
drinks. Những câu còn lại được dùng để giải thích thêm thông tin cho câu chủ đề này, tuy nhiên không
quá liên quan tới Heading.

Chiến lược xử lý dạng bài Matching Headings

● Bước 1: Đọc tiêu đề và gạch chân những từ khóa quan trọng chứa nội dung chính
● Bước 2: Đọc lướt từng đoạn văn để nắm ý chính
● Bước 3: Khi tìm thấy đoạn văn có thông tin hoặc từ khóa liên quan tới một tiêu đề, người đọc
đối chiếu thông tin trong đoạn văn và tiêu đề thích hợp.
● Bước 4: Đọc kỹ những thông tin trong đoạn văn một lần nữa

Ví dụ minh họa cách xử lý dạng bài Matching Headings

Bài đọc:

C Today, only 11 of the original subspecies survive and of these, several are highly endangered. In
1989, work began on a tortoise-breeding centre just outside the town of Puerto Villamil on Isabela,
dedicated to protecting the island’s tortoise populations. The centre’s captive-breeding programme
proved to be extremely successful, and it eventually had to deal with an overpopulation problem.

D The problem was also a pressing one. Captive-bred tortoises can’t be reintroduced into the wild until
they’re at least five years old and weigh at least 4,5 kilograms, at which point their size and weight -
and their hardened shells - are sufficient to protect them from predators. But if people wait too long
after that point, the tortoises eventually become too large to transport.

E For years, repatriation efforts were carried out in small numbers, with the tortoises carried on the
backs of men over weeks of long, treacherous hikes along narrow trails. But in November 2010, the
environmentalist and Galapagos National Park liaison officer Godfrey Merlin, a visiting private motor

3
yacht captain and a helicopter pilot gathered around a table in a small cafe in Puerto Ayora on the
island of Santa Cruz to work out more ambitious reintroduction. The aim was to use a helicopter to
move 300 of the breeding centre’s tortoises to various locations close to Sierra Negra.

List of headings:

i The importance of getting the timing right

ii Young meets old

iii Developments to the disadvantage of tortoise populations

iv Planning a bigger idea

v Tortoises populate the islands

vi Carrying out a carefully prepared operation

vii Looking for a home for the islands’ tortoises

viii The start of the conservation project

Các bước làm bài:

● Bước 1: Xác định những từ khóa trong Heading

● Bước 2: Đọc từng đoạn văn theo thứ tự để nắm được đại ý. Vì dạng bài Matching Headings
yêu cầu người đọc phải đọc hết tất cả những đoạn văn được cho, việc đọc lướt để tìm từ khóa
sẽ không phù hợp và hiệu quả.

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 ● Bước 3 và 4: Đối chiếu đoạn văn vừa đọc với những Heading được cho. Có một điều cần lưu ý
là nhiều tiêu đề có thể nghe hợp lý, tuy nhiên tiêu đề chính xác thì luôn sát với nội dung đoạn
văn nhất.

Dựa vào những phân tích nêu trên, người đọc có thể kết luận rằng lựa chọn phù hợp cho đoạn văn trên
là Heading viii The start of the conservation project.

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Dạng bài Summary
Thông tin tổng quan:

● Dạng bài Summary yêu cầu thí sinh phải tìm được những cụm từ phù hợp để điền vào một
đoạn văn đóng vai trò tổng hợp một lượng lớn thông tin trong bài đọc
● Dạng bài Summary có nhiều điểm tương đồng với dạng Sentence Completion, tuy nhiên có độ
khó cao hơn do người ra đề đã tinh giản nội dung bài đọc thành một đoạn văn ngắn, vì vậy thí
sinh khó có thể phân tích từng câu để chọn từ phù hợp.

● Có hai loại bài Summary:

○ Loại 1: Yêu cầu người đọc từ điền từ phù hợp vào ô trống

○ Loại 2: Cung cấp cho người đọc một danh sách những từ có thể điền và yêu cầu chọn
một trong số những từ đó.

Ví dụ về dạng câu hỏi Summary:

Summary có từ gợi ý Summary không có từ gợi ý

Complete the summary using the list of words,

A-L, below.
Write the correct letter, A-L, in boxes 1-5 on your
answer sheet.
The value attached to original works of art
People go to art museums because they accept
the value of seeing an original work of art. But
they do not go to museums to read original
manuscripts of novels, perhaps because the
availability of novels has depended on 1…………
for so long, and also because with novels, the
2………… are the most important thing.
However, in historical times artists such as
Leonardo were happy to instruct 3………… to
produce copies of their work and these days
new methods of reproduction allow excellent
replication of surface relief features as well as
colour and 4………… It is regrettable that
museums still promote the superiority of
original works of art, since this may not be in the
interests of the 5 …………
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage for each answer. Write your answers in
boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
Psychologists have traditionally believed that a
personality 14………… was impossible and that by
a 15……………..a person’s character tends to be
fixed. This is not true according to positive
psychologists, who say that our personal
qualities can be seen as habitual behaviour. One
of the easiest qualities to acquire is
16……………………….However, regardless of the
quality, it is necessary to learn a wide variety of
different 17……………..in order for a new quality to
develop; for example, a person must understand
and feel some 18…………in order to increase

A B mass C mechanical
institution production processes

D public E paints F artist

G size H underlying ideas I basic technology

J readers K picture frames L assistants

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Kỹ năng cần thiết:

Để có thể làm tốt dạng câu hỏi Summary, người đọc cần làm chủ được những kỹ năng sau:

● Kỹ năng xác định từ khóa (Keywords): dạng bài Summary thường chứa những từ khóa khó
thay đổi như tên riêng, ngày tháng hoặc từ chuyên ngành, do đó người đọc có thể tận dụng
chúng để khoanh vùng vị trí của thông tin được tóm tắt.
● Kỹ năng đọc hiểu bao quát (Scanning): dạng bài Summary thường chứa nhiều từ khóa khó
thay đổi, do đó người đọc có thể đọc lướt nhanh để xác định vị trí của thông tin được tóm tắt.
● Kỹ năng đọc hiểu bao quát (Skimming): sau khi chọn ra những từ khóa quan trọng, người đọc
cần đọc lướt từng đoạn văn để nắm được đại ý.
● Kỹ năng đọc hiểu chi tiết (Comprehension): sau khi xác định được vị trí của phần thông tin
được tóm tắt, người đọc cần phải đọc kỹ để hiểu các ý chính.
● Kỹ năng so sánh phân tích (Analytical Comparison): người đọc cần phân tích giữa thông tin
được cho trong đoạn văn và thông tin của đoạn tóm tắt để xác định thông tin còn thiếu.

Chiến lược tiếp cận dạng bài Summary

● Bước 1: Người đọc đọc đoạn tóm tắt và gạch dưới những từ khóa khó thay đổi (tên riêng,
ngày tháng) cũng như những từ khóa chứa nội dung chính.
● Bước 2: Đọc lướt đoạn văn để khoanh vùng vị trí thông tin được tóm tắt. Thông tin được tóm
tắt thường trải dài qua một hay nhiều đoạn văn.
● Bước 3: Đọc kỹ thông tin trong đoạn văn để hiểu các chi tiết quan trọng, đánh dấu những phần
thông tin được cho là có liên quan đến đoạn tóm tắt.
● Bước 4: Đối chiếu thông tin giữa đoạn tóm tắt và thông tin trong bài đọc để chọn đáp án chính
xác.

Ví dụ minh họa cách xử lý dạng bài Summary

Bài đọc:

A recent paper in Nature Neuroscience by a research team in Montreal, Canada, marks an important
step in revealing the precise underpinnings of the potent pleasurable stimulus’ that is music. Although
the study involves plenty of fancy technology, including functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) and ligand-based positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, the experiment itself was
rather straightforward. After screening 217 individuals who responded to advertisements requesting
people who experience ‘chills’ to instrumental music, the scientists narrowed down the subject pool to
ten. They then asked the subjects to bring in their playlist of favourite songs - virtually every genre was
represented, from techno to tango - and played them the music while their brain activity was
monitored. Because the scientists were combining methodologies (PET and fMRI), they were able to
obtain an impressively exact and detailed portrait of music in the brain. The first thing they discovered
is that music triggers the production of dopamine - a chemical with a key role in setting people’s

7
moods - by the neurons (nerve cells) in both the dorsal and ventral regions of the brain. As these two
regions have long been linked with the experience of pleasure, this finding isn’t particularly surprising.

What is rather more significant is the finding that the dopamine neurons in the caudate - a region of
the brain involved in learning stimulus-response associations, and in anticipating food and other
‘reward’ stimuli - were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants’ favourite
moments in the music. The researchers call this the ‘anticipatory phase’ and argue that the purpose of
this activity is to help us predict the arrival of our favourite part. The question, of course, is what all
these dopamine neurons are up to. Why are they so active in the period preceding the acoustic
climax? After all, we typically associate surges of dopamine with pleasure, with the processing of
actual rewards. And yet, this cluster of cells is most active when the ‘chills’ have yet to arrive, when the
melodic pattern is still unresolved.

Đoạn tóm tắt:

The Montreal Study

Participants, who were recruited for the study through advertisements, had their brain activity
monitored while listening to their favourite music. It was noted that the music stimulated the brain’s
neurons to release a substance called 27……………………. in the parts of the brain which are associated
with feeling 28…………………. Researchers also observed that the neurons in the area of the brain called
the 29 …………………. . were particularly active just before the participants' favourite moments in the
music- the period known as the 30…………………. Activity in this part of the brain is associated with the
expectation of ‘reward’ stimuli such as 31……

Các bước làm bài:

● Bước 1: Đọc đoạn tóm tắt và gạch chân những từ khóa quan trọng

Một số đoạn tóm tắt chứa tiêu đề hoặc thông tin khó thay đổi, người đọc có thể dựa vào đây để xác
định cụm thông tin mà người ra đề chọn để tinh giản.

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 ● Bước 2: Khoanh vùng vị trí thông tin được tóm tắt

● Bước 3: Đọc kỹ đoạn văn để nắm thông tin chi tiết

Sau khi xác định vị trí của thông tin được tóm tắt, người đọc nên đọc kỹ cả đoạn văn một lần để nắm
toàn bộ thông tin một cách rõ ràng thay vì chỉ đọc từng câu để tìm từ cần phải điền do bản chất của
dạng bài Summary đòi hỏi khả năng đọc hiểu nhiều hơn đọc chi tiết.

● Bước 4 và 5: So sánh, đối chiếu thông tin trong bài đọc với đoạn được tóm tắt

Bài đọc Đoạn tóm tắt Kết luận

After screening 217 individuals Participants, who were Những từ khóa individuals,
who responded to advertisements recruited for the study advertisement tương ứng với
requesting people who experience through advertisements, had những từ participants,
‘chills’ to instrumental music, the their brain activity monitored advertisements trong đoạn
scientists narrowed down the while listening to their tóm tắt.
subject pool to ten. favourite music.

The first thing they discovered is It was noted that the music Một loại chất hóa học
that music triggers the production stimulated the brain’s (substance, chemical) được
of dopamine - a chemical with a neurons to release a tiết ra (release, production)
key role in setting people’s moods substance called bởi tế bào thần kinh não
- by the neurons (nerve cells) in 27……………………. (neurons). Thông tin còn thiếu
both the dorsal and ventral là dopamine, tên của hợp chất
regions of the brain. hóa học.

9
 As these two regions have long in the parts of the brain Những phần (regions, parts of
been linked with the experience of which are associated with the brain) được liên hệ (linked,
pleasure, this finding isn’t feeling 28…………………. associated) với một loại cảm
particularly surprising. xúc nhất định. Thông tin còn
thiếu là pleasure (sự vui
sướng).

Dạng bài Matching Sentence Endings

Thông tin tổng quát

Dạng bài Matching Sentence Endings yêu cầu thí sinh kết nối giữa hai câu chưa hoàn chỉnh để tạo
thành câu chứa thông tin phù hợp với nội dung bài đọc

Các câu hỏi trong dạng bài Matching Sentence Endings thường xuất hiện theo thứ tự trong bài đọc, do
đó thí sinh nên áp dụng kỹ năng Scan để khoanh vùng thông tin một cách nhanh chóng.

Cần lưu ý rằng mặc dù các thông tin được tóm tắt thường sẽ được sắp xếp theo thứ tự so với bài đọc,
có nhiều trường hợp thứ tự thông tin có thể thay đổi so với đoạn tóm tắt.

Ví dụ về dạng câu hỏi Matching Sentence Endings

Questions 19-22

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, below.

Write the correct letter, A-G. in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet

19 According to Dingle, migratory routes are likely to

20 To prepare for migration, animals are likely to

21 During migration, animals are unlikely to

22 Arctic terns illustrate migrating animals' ability to

A be discouraged by difficulties.

B travel on open land where they can look out for predators.

C eat more than they need for immediate purposes.

D be repeated daily.

E ignore distractions.

F be governed by the availability of water.

G follow a straight line.

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Kỹ năng cần thiết:

Để có thể làm tốt dạng câu hỏi Matching Sentence Endings, người đọc cần làm chủ được những kỹ
năng sau:

● Kỹ năng xác định từ khóa (Keywords): dạng bài Matching Sentence Endings thường chứa
những từ khóa khó thay đổi như tên riêng, ngày tháng hoặc từ chuyên ngành, do đó người
đọc có thể tận dụng chúng để khoanh vùng vị trí của thông tin được tóm tắt.
● Kỹ năng đọc lướt·(Scanning): dạng bài này thường chứa nhiều từ khóa dễ thay đổi, do đó
người đọc có thể đọc lướt nhanh để xác định vị trí của thông tin liên quan.
● Kỹ năng đọc hiểu bao quát (Skimming): dạng bài Matching Sentence Endings thường chứa
nhiều từ khóa dễ thay đổi, do đó người đọc có thể đọc lướt nhanh để xác định vị trí của thông
tin được tóm tắt.
● Kỹ năng đọc hiểu chi tiết (Comprehension): sau khi xác định được vị trí của phần thông tin
liên quan tới câu hỏi, người đọc cần phải đọc kỹ để hiểu các ý chính.

Chiến lược làm dạng bài Matching Sentence Endings

● Bước 1: Đọc các câu và sentence endings được cho, chú ý những từ khóa khó thay đổi và từ
khóa chứa nội dung chính.
● Bước 2: Dựa vào các từ khóa khó thay đổi, khoanh vùng vị trí của thông tin trong bài đọc.
● Bước 3: Đối với những câu hỏi không có từ khóa khó thay đổi, đọc lướt để tìm thông tin có liên
quan.
● Bước 4: Đọc kỹ những phần chứa thông tin liên quan để nắm được ý nghĩa chính xác và nối
câu hỏi với các Sentence Endings phù hợp.

Ví dụ minh họa cách xử lý dạng bài Matching Sentence Endings

Bài đọc:

Animal migration, however it is defined, is far more than just the movement of animals. It can loosely
be described as travel that takes place at regular intervals - often in an annual cycle - that may involve
many members of a species, and is rewarded only after a long journey. It suggests inherited instinct.
The biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five characteristics that apply, in varying degrees and
combinations, to all migrations. They are prolonged movements that carry animals outside familiar
habitats; they tend to be linear, not zigzaggy; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation
(such as overfeeding) and arrival; they demand special allocations of energy. And one more: migrating
animals maintain an intense attentiveness to the greater mission, which keeps them undistracted by
temptations and undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals aside.
An arctic tern, on its 20.000 km flight from the extreme south of South America to the Arctic circle, will
take no notice of a nice smelly herring offered from a bird- watcher’s boat along the way. While local
gulls will dive voraciously for such handouts, the tern flies on Why? The arctic tern resists distraction
because it is driven at that moment by an instinctive sense of something we humans find admirable:
larger purpose. In other words, it is determined to reach its destination. The bird senses that it can eat,
rest and mate later. Right now it is totally focused on the journey; its undivided intent is arrival.
Reaching some gravelly coastline in the Arctic, upon which other arctic terns have converged, will
serve its larger purpose as shaped by evolution: finding a place, a time, and a set of circumstances in
which it can successfully hatch and rear offspring.

11
Câu hỏi
Questions 19-22

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, below.

Write the correct letter, A-G. in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet
10 According to Dingle, migratory routes are likely to
11 To prepare for migration, animals are likely to
12 During migration, animals are unlikely to
13 Arctic terns illustrate migrating animals' ability to

A be discouraged by difficulties.
B travel on open land where they can look out for predators.
C eat more than they need for immediate purposes.
D be repeated daily.
E ignore distractions.
F be governed by the availability of water.
G follow a straight line.

Các bước làm bài:

Bước 1: Đọc các câu hỏi của đề và gạch chân những từ khóa quan trọng

Bước 2: Dựa vào các từ khóa khó thay đổi, khoanh vùng vị trí của thông tin trong bài đọc
Bước 3: Đối với những câu hỏi không có từ khóa khó thay đổi, đọc lướt để tìm thông tin có liên quan.
Bước 4: Đọc kỹ những phần chứa thông tin liên quan để nắm được ý nghĩa chính xác

12
Bước 5: Chọn Sentence Ending phù hợp với các câu hỏi
Câu hỏi
10 According to Dingle,
migratory routes are likely to
11 To prepare for migration,
animals are likely to
13
Thông tin bài đọc Sentence endings
Hugh Dingle has identified five G follow a straight line.
characteristics that apply, in
varying degrees and
combinations, to all migrations.
They are prolonged
movements that carry animals
outside familiar habitats; they
tend to be linear, not zigzaggy
they involve special behaviours C eat more than they need for
concerning preparation (such immediate purposes.
as overfeeding)
Luyện tập

Luyện tập 1:
Great Migrations
Animal migration, however it is defined, is far more than just the movement of animals. It can loosely
be described as travel that takes place at regular intervals – often in an annual cycle – that may
involve many members of a species, and is rewarded only after a long journey. It suggests inherited
instinct. The biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five characteristics that apply, in varying degrees and
combinations, to all migrations. They are prolonged movements that carry animals outside familiar
habitats; they tend to be linear, not zigzaggy; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation
(such as overfeeding) and arrival; they demand special allocations of energy. And one more: migrating
animals maintain an intense attentiveness to the greater mission, which keeps them undistracted by
temptations and undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals aside.

An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from the extreme south of South America to the Arctic circle, will
take no notice of a nice smelly herring offered from a bird-watcher’s boat along the way. While local
gulls will dive voraciously for such handouts, the tern flies on. Why? The arctic tern resists distraction
because it is driven at that moment by an instinctive sense of something we humans find admirable:
larger purpose. In other words, it is determined to reach its destination. The bird senses that it can eat,
rest and mate later. Right now it is totally focused on the journey; its undivided intent is arrival.
Reaching some gravelly coastline in the Arctic, upon which other arctic terns have converged, will
serve its larger purpose as shaped by evolution: finding a place, a time, and a set of circumstances in
which it can successfully hatch and rear offspring.

But migration is a complex issue, and biologists define it differently, depending in part on what sorts
of animals they study. Joe! Berger, of the University of Montana, who works on the American
pronghorn and other large terrestrial mammals, prefers what he calls a simple, practical definition
suited to his beasts: ‘movements from a seasonal home area away to another home area and back
again’. Generally the reason for such seasonal back-and-forth movement is to seek resources that
aren’t available within a single area year-round.

But daily vertical movements by zooplankton in the ocean – upward by night to seek food, downward
by day to escape predators – can also be considered migration. So can the movement of aphids
when, having depleted the young leaves on one food plant, their offspring then fly onward to a
different host plant, with no one aphid ever returning to where it started.

Dingle is an evolutionary biologist who studies insects. His definition is more intricate than Berger’s,
citing those five features that distinguish migration from other forms of movement. They allow for the
fact that, for example, aphids will become sensitive to blue light (from the sky) when it’s time for

14
takeoff on their big journey, and sensitive to yellow light (reflected from tender young leaves) when it’s
appropriate to land. Birds will fatten themselves with heavy feeding in advance of a long migrational
flight. The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon
of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide
researchers towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.

Human behaviour, however, is having a detrimental impact on animal migration. The pronghorn, which
resembles an antelope, though they are unrelated, is the fastest land mammal of the New World. One
population, which spends the summer in the mountainous Grand Teton National Park of the western
USA, follows a narrow route from its summer range in the mountains, across a river, and down onto
the plains. Here they wait out the frozen months, feeding mainly on sagebrush blown clear of snow.
These pronghorn are notable for the invariance of their migration route and the severity of its
constriction at three bottlenecks. If they can’t pass through each of the three during their spring
migration, they can’t reach their bounty of summer grazing; if they can’t pass through again in autumn,
escaping south onto those windblown plains, they are likely to die trying to overwinter in the deep
snow. Pronghorn, dependent on distance vision and speed to keep safe from predators, traverse high,
open shoulders of land, where they can see and run. At one of the bottlenecks, forested hills rise to
form a V, leaving a corridor of open ground only about 150 metres wide, filled with private homes.
Increasing development is leading toward a crisis for the pronghorn, threatening to choke off their
passageway.

Conservation scientists, along with some biologists and land managers within the USA’s National Park
Service and other agencies, are now working to preserve migrational behaviours, not just species and
habitats. A National Forest has recognised the path of the pronghorn, much of which passes across
its land, as a protected migration corridor. But neither the Forest Service nor the Park Service can
control what happens on private land at a bottleneck. And with certain other migrating species, the
challenge is complicated further – by vastly greater distances traversed, more jurisdictions, more
borders, more dangers along the way. We will require wisdom and resoluteness to ensure that
migrating species can continue their journeying a while longer.
(Cambridge IELTS Practice Test 11)

15
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage2?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 Local gulls and migrating arctic terns behave in the same way when offered food.
2 Experts’ definitions of migration tend to vary according to their area of study.
3 Very few experts agree that the movement of aphids can be considered migration.
4 Aphids’ journeys are affected by changes in the light that they perceive.
5 Dingles aim is to distinguish between the migratory behaviours of different species.

Questions 6-9

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.
6 According to Dingle, migratory routes are likely to
7 To prepare for migration, animals are likely to
8 During migration, animals are unlikely to
9 Arctic terns illustrate migrating animals’ ability to

A be discouraged by difficulties.
B travel on open land where they can look out for predators.
C eat more than they need for immediate purposes.
D be repeated daily.
E ignore distractions.
F be governed by the availability of water.
G follow a straight line.

Questions 10-13

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

The migration of pronghorns

Pronghorns rely on their eyesight and 10……………. to avoid predators. One particular population’s
summer habitat is a national park, and their winter home is on the 11……………… where they go to avoid
the danger presented by the snow at that time of year. However, their route between these two areas
contains three 12……………… One problem is the construction of new homes in a narrow 13……………… of
land on the pronghorns’ route.

16
Luyện tập 2:

The Desolenator: producing clean water

A Travelling around Thailand in the 1990s, William Janssen was impressed with the basic rooftop
solar heating systems that were on many homes, where energy from the sun was absorbed by a plate
and then used to heat water for domestic use. Two decades later Janssen developed that basic idea
he saw in Southeast Asia into a portable device that uses the power from the sun to purify water.

B The Desolenator operates as a mobile desalination unit that can take water from different places,
such as the sea, rivers, boreholes and rain, and purify it for human consumption. It is particularly
valuable in regions where natural groundwater reserves have been polluted, or where seawater is the
only water source available.
Janssen saw that there was a need for a sustainable way to clean water is both the developing and
the developed countries when he moved to the United Arab Emirates and saw large-scale water
processing. ‘I was confronted with the enormous carbon footprint that the Gulf nations have because
of all of the desalination that they do,’ he says.

C The Desolenator can produce 15 litres of drinking water per day, enough to sustain a family for
cooking and drinking. Its main selling point is that unlike standard desalination techniques, it doesn’t
require a generated power supply: just sunlight. It measures 120 cm by 90 cm, and it easy to
transport, thanks to its two wheels. Water enters through a pipe, and flows as a thin film between a
sheet of double glazing and the surface of a solar panel, where it is heated by the sun. the warm water
flows into a small boiler (heated by a solar-powered battery) where it is converted to steam. When the
steam cools, it becomes distilled water. The device has a very simple filter to trap particles, and this
can easily be shaken to remove them. There are two tubes for liquid coming out: one for the waste –
salt from seawater, fluoride, etc. – and another for the distilled water. The performance of the unit is
shown on an LCD screen and transmitted to the company which provides servicing when necessary.

D A recent analysis found that at least two-thirds of the world’s population lives with severe water
scarcity for at least a month every year. Janssen says that be 2030 half of the world’s population will
be living with water stress – where the demand exceeds the supply over a certain period of time. ‘It is
really important that a sustainable solution is brought to the market that is able to help these people,’
he says. Many countries ‘don’t have the money for desalination plants, which are very expensive to
build. They don’t have the money to operate them, they are very maintenance intensive, and they don’t
have the money to buy the diesel to run the desalination plants, so it is a really bad situation.’

E The device is aimed at a wide variety of users – from homeowners in the developing world who do
not have a constant supply of water to people living off the grid in rural parts of the US. The first

17
commercial versions of the Desolenator are expected to be in operation in India early next year, after
field tests are carried out. The market for the self-sufficient devices in developing countries is twofold
– those who cannot afford the money for the device outright and pay through microfinance, and
middle-income homes that can lease their own equipment. ‘People in India don’t pay for a fridge
outright; they pay for it over six months. They would put the Desolenator on their roof and hook it up to
their municipal supply and they would get very reliable drinking water on a daily basis,’ Janssen says.
In the developed world, it is aimed at niche markets where tap water is unavailable – for camping, on
boats, or for the military, for instance.

F Prices will vary according to where it is bought. In the developing world, the price will depend on
what deal aid organisations can negotiate. In developed countries, it is likely to come in at $1,000
(£685) a unit, said Janssen. ‘We are a venture with a social mission. We are aware that the product we
have envisioned is mainly finding application in the developing world and humanitarian sector and
that this is the way we will proceed. We do realise, though, that to be a viable company there is a
bottom line to keep in mind,’ he says.

G The company itself is based at Imperial College London, although Janssen, its chief executive, still
lives in the UAE. It has raised £340,000 in funding so far. Within two years, he says, the company aims
to be selling 1,000 units a month, mainly in the humanitarian field. They are expected to be sold in
areas such as Australia, northern Chile, Peru, Texas and California.
(Cambridge IELTS Practice Test 15)

Questions 1-7

Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-H

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

18
List of Headings

i Getting the finance for production

ii An unexpected benefit
iii From initial inspiration to new product
iv The range of potential customers for the device
v What makes the device different from alternatives
vi Cleaning water from a range of sources
vii Overcoming production difficulties
viii Profit not the primary goal
ix A warm welcome for the device
x The number of people affected by water shortages

1 Section A
2 Section B
3 Section C
4 Section D
5 Section E
6 Section F
7 Section G

Questions 8-13

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

How the Desolenator works

The energy required to operate the Desolenator comes from sunlight. The device can be used in
different locations, as it has 8………………… . Water is fed into a pipe, and a 9………………….. of water flows
over a solar panel. The water then enters a boiler, where it turns into steam. Any particles in the water
are caught in a 10………………… . The purified water comes out through one tube, and all types of
11………………… come out through another. A screen displays the 12………………… of the device, and
transmits the information to the company so that they know when the Desolenator requires
13…………………. .

19
Luyện tập 3:

The Step Pyramid of Djoser

A
The pyramids are the most famous monuments of ancient Egypt and still hold enormous interest for
people in the present day. These grand, impressive tributes to the memory of the Egyptian kings have
become linked with the country even though other cultures, such as the Chinese and Mayan, also built
pyramids. The evolution of the pyramid form has been written and argued about for centuries.
However, there is no question that, as far as Egypt is concerned, it began with one monument to one
king designed by one brilliant architect: the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara.

B
Djoser was the first king of the Third Dynasty of Egypt and the first to build in stone. Prior to Djoser’s
reign, tombs were rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick, which covered underground
passages where the deceased person was buried. For reasons which remain unclear, Djoser’s main
official, whose name was Imhotep, conceived of building a taller, more impressive tomb for his king by
stacking stone slabs on top of one another, progressively making them smaller, to form the shape
now known as the Step Pyramid. Djoser is thought to have reigned for 19 years, but some historians
and scholars attribute a much longer time for his rule, owing to the number and size of the
monuments he built.

C
The Step Pyramid has been thoroughly examined and investigated over the last century, and it is now
known that the building process went through many different stages. Historian Marc Van de Mieroop
comments on this, writing ‘Much experimentation was involved, which is especially clear in the
construction of the pyramid in the center of the complex. It had several plans … before it became the
first Step Pyramid in history, piling six levels on top of one another … The weight of the enormous
mass was a challenge for the builders, who placed the stones at an inward incline in order to prevent
the monument breaking up.’

D
When finally completed, the Step Pyramid rose 62 meters high and was the tallest structure of its
time. The complex in which it was built was the size of a city in ancient Egypt and included a temple,
courtyards, shrines, and living quarters for the priests. It covered a region of 16 hectares and was
surrounded by a wall 10.5 meters high. The wall had 13 false doors cut into it with only one true
entrance cut into the south-east corner; the entire wall was then ringed by a trench 750 meters long
and 40 meters wide. The false doors and the trench were incorporated into the complex to discourage
unwanted visitors. If someone wished to enter, he or she would have needed to know in advance how
to find the location of the true opening in the wall. Djoser was so proud of his accomplishment that he

20
broke the tradition of having only his own name on the monument and had Imhotep’s name carved on
it as well.

E
The burial chamber of the tomb, where the king’s body was laid to rest, was dug beneath the base of
the pyramid, surrounded by a vast maze of long tunnels that had rooms off them to discourage
robbers. One of the most mysterious discoveries found inside the pyramid was a large number of
stone vessels. Over 40,000 of these vessels, of various forms and shapes, were discovered in
storerooms off the pyramid’s underground passages. They are inscribed with the names of rulers
from the First and Second Dynasties of Egypt and made from different kinds of stone. There is no
agreement among scholars and archaeologists on why the vessels were placed in the tomb of Djoser
or what they were supposed to represent. The archaeologist Jean-Philippe Lauer, who excavated most
of the pyramid and complex, believes they were originally stored and then give a ‘proper burial’ by
Djoser in his pyramid to honor his predecessors. There are other historians, however, who claim the
vessels were dumped into the shafts as yet another attempt to prevent grave robbers from getting to
the king’s burial chamber.

F
Unfortunately, all of the precautions and intricate design of the underground network did not prevent
ancient robbers from finding a way in. Djoser’s grave goods, and even his body, were stolen at some
point in the past and all archaeologists found were a small number of his valuables overlooked by the
thieves. There was enough left throughout the pyramid and its complex, however, to astonish and
amaze the archaeologists who excavated it.

G
Egyptologist Miroslav Verner writes, ‘Few monuments hold a place in human history as significant as
that of the Step Pyramid in Saqqara … It can be said without exaggeration that this pyramid complex
constitutes a milestone in the evolution of monumental stone architecture in Egypt and in the world as
a whole.’ The Step Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in architecture and became the archetype
which all the other great pyramid builders of Egypt would follow.

21
Questions 1-7

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i The areas and artefacts within the pyramid itself

ii A difficult task for those involved
iii A king who saved his people
iv A single certainty among other less definite facts
v An overview of the external buildings and areas
vi A pyramid design that others copied
vii An idea for changing the design of burial structures
viii An incredible experience despite the few remains
ix The answers to some unexpected questions

1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph G

Questions 8-11

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.

The Step Pyramid of Djoser

The complex that includes the Step Pyramid and its surroundings is considered to be as big as an
Egyptian 8 ………………….. of the past. The area outside the pyramid included accommodation that was
occupied by 9 ………………….., along with many other buildings and features.
A wall ran around the outside of the complex and a number of false entrances were built into this. In
addition, a long 10 ………………….. encircled the wall. As a result, any visitors who had not been invited
were cleverly prevented from entering the pyramid grounds unless they knew the 11 ………………….. of
the real entrance.

22