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Guided Revision Notes (Student's Copy) Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry
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Class: _______________________
Date: _______________________
Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry

Recall
• The graph of a linear function y = mx + c is a straight line with gradient m and y-intercept c.
• The gradient, m, of a line is defined as the ratio of the vertical change to the horizontal change.
y1 − y2
Given the coordinates of two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) on a line, the gradient of the line is
x1 − x2
y2 − y1
or .
x2 − x1
• Given the coordinates of the end points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) of a line segment, the length of the line
segment is (x1 − x2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2 units.
• Given the gradient m of a line and the coordinates of one point (x1, y1) on the line, we can find its
y − y1
equation. If (x, y) is a general point on the line, then m = ⇒ y − y1 = m(x − x1).
x − x1
• Area of parallelogram = base × height

= bh
h
1 a
• Area of trapezium = × sum of parallel sides × height
2
1
= (a + b)h
2
h
• The sum of the squares of the perpendicular sides of any

right-angled triangle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.
c
b
a2 + b2 = c2
© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-1

7.1 Parallel Lines
A. Concepts
• An angle of inclination, θ, of a line is the angle the line makes with the positive direction of
the x-axis.
• The gradient, m, of a line is given by m = tan θ, where θ is the angle the line makes with the
positive direction of the x-axis.
Textbook Activity 7A: Explore the relationship between m and θ
• The lines y = m1x + c1 and y = m2x + c2 are parallel if and only if m1 = m2.
Textbook Activity 7B: Explore gradients of parallel lines

Textbook Activity 7C: Find the equation of a line parallel to a given line

B. Textbook Activities
Textbook Activity 7A_______________________________________________________________

[Explore the relationship between m and θ]
(i) On graph paper, draw the graph of each of the following using the same scale on both axes.
1
(a) y = x (b) y = 1 (c) y = x+5
4
1
(d) y = −x −5 (b) y = 2x − 3 (c) y = − x
2
(ii) For each line in part (i), measure the angle of inclination θ.
(iii) For each angle θ, find its corresponding value of tan θ. Compare the value of tan θ with the
gradient of the line. What do you observe?
(iv) As θ increases from 0° to 90°, the line gets steeper and steeper, until it becomes vertical.
What is the value of tan θ when this happens? What is the gradient of the line x = 2?
Answer Space



Textbook Activity 7B_______________________________________________________________

[Explore gradients of parallel lines]
(i) Compare the gradients of the equations given below. What do you observe?
(a) y = 2x (b) y = 2x + 1 (c) y = 2x − 5
(ii) Use a graphing software to draw, on the same diagram, the lines with equations given in part (i).
By measuring the angles the lines make with the positive direction of the x-axis, determine if the
lines are parallel.
(iii) What do you think is the relationship between the gradients of parallel lines?
Answer Space

Textbook Activity 7C_______________________________________________________________

[Find the equation of a line parallel to a given line]
A line l is parallel to another line with equation y = 2 – 3x.

(i) Discuss how you can obtain the gradient of line l.
(ii) Given that line l passes through the point (1, 2), explain how you can find the equation of the
line. Then determine the equation of the line.
Answer Space

C. Textbook Examples
Textbook Example 1________________________________________________________________

[angle of inclination]
Find the acute angle that the line segment joining A(1, –4) and B(5, 4) makes with the positive
direction of the x-axis.
Solution
Let the acute angle be θ.

−4 − 4 y1 − y2
Gradient of line segment AB = m=
1− 5 x1 − x2
=2
Hence tan θ = 2
θ = tan–1 2
≈ 63.4°
The line segment makes an angle of 63.4° with the positive
Textbook Try 1-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find the acute angle that the line segment joining P(–2, –3) and Q(4, 6) makes with the positive
Answer Space


[parallel line segments]
Determine whether the lines AB and CD are parallel. Give reasons to support your answer.
(a) A(0, 1), B(–4, 3), C(3, 0), D(5, –1)
(b) A(–3, –1), B(–4, 0), C(2, –3), D(1, –4)
Solution
1− 3
(a) Gradient of AB =
0 − (−4)
1
= –
2
0 − (−1)
Gradient of CD =
3− 5
1
= –
2
Since the gradients of AB and CD are equal, AB and CD are parallel.
−1− 0
(b) Gradient of AB =
−3− (−4)
= –1
−3− (−4)
Gradient of CD =
2 −1
=1
Since the gradients of AB and CD are not equal,
AB and CD are not parallel.
Textbook Try 2-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Determine whether the lines AB and CD are parallel. Give reasons to support your answer.
(a) A(–2, 0), B(3, 5), C(0, 1), D(–3, 4)
(b) A(7, –2), B(4, 4), C(0, 8), D(2, 4)
Answer Space


[collinear points]
Collinear points are points which lie on the same straight line. Show that the points P(2, k + 2),
Q(–2, k – 2) and R(3, k + 3) are collinear.
Solution
(k + 2) − (k − 2) y1 − y2
Gradient of PQ = =1 m=
2 − (−2) x1 − x2
(k − 2) − (k + 3)
Gradient of QR = =1
−2 − 3
Since the gradients are equal and Q is a common point, the three points lie on the same straight line,
that is, P, Q and R are collinear.
Textbook Try 3-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Use two different methods to show that the points P(4, 12) Q(0, 2) and R(–2, –3) are collinear. Which
method is easier? Why?
Answer Space

D. Additional Examples
Additional Example 1_______________________________________________________________

[equations of parallel lines]
Find the equation of the line l which passes through the point (2, 3) and is parallel to the line
4x + 2y − 1 = 0.
Solution
4x + 2y − 1 = 0
1
y = –2x +
2
Since line l is parallel to this line, the gradient of line l is −2.
Equation of line l is
y − 3 = −2(x − 2)
y = −2x + 7
Additional Try 1-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find the equation of the line l which passes through the point (−1, 2) and is parallel to the line
x − 2y + 4 = 0.
Answer Space


[collinear points]
The points P(k, 2), Q(3, 6 + k) and R(−5, k) lie on the same straight line. Find the value of k.
Solution
2 − (6 + k) y1 − y2
Gradient of PQ = m=
k −3 x1 − x2
−4 − k
=
k −3
6+ k − k y1 − y2
Gradient of QR = m=
3− (−5) x1 − x2
3
=
4
Since P, Q and R lie on the same straight line,
−4 − k 3
=
k −3 4
4(–4 – k) = 3(k – 3)
–16 – 4k = 3k – 9
7k = –7
k = –1
Additional Try 2-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The points P(k, −2), Q(−3, 4) and R(1, −1 − k) lie on the same straight line. Find the value of k.
Answer Space

E. Homework
Textbook Exercise 7.1
Set 1:
Q1 angle of inclination
Q2 parallel line segments
Q3 equations of parallel lines
Q4 collinear points
Q5 length of line segment
Set 2:
Q10 show points formed a parallelogram
Q12 show three points are collinear
Q13 collinear points
Q15 collinear points
Q16 rectangle, coordinates of vertex
Challenging Practice:
Q17 reflection

Name: _______________________ ( )
Class: _______________________
Date: _______________________

7.2 Perpendicular Lines
A. Concepts
1
• The lines y = m1x + c1 and y = m2x + c2 are perpendicular if and only if m1m2 = −1 or m1 = – .
m
1 1
For example, the lines y = 2x + 1 and y = – x – 5 are perpendicular as 2 × (– ) = –1.
2 2
Textbook Activity 7D: Explore the relationship between the gradients of two perpendicular lines

Textbook Activity 7D_______________________________________________________________

[Explore the relationship between the gradients of two perpendicular lines]
(i) Find the product of the gradients of each pair of equations.

(a) y = x + 5 and y – 4x = 6
(b) y + 3x – 1 = 0 and 3y = x
(c) y = 5x and 2y – 3 = 5x
(d) x + 2y = 5 and 2x – y – 3 = 0
(e) 5y + 3x = –5 and 3y – 5x = 12
(ii) Which pair of equations gives –1 as the product of their gradients?
(iii) Using a graphing software, plot the graphs for all pairs of equations obtained in part (ii).
Which pair of lines are perpendicular to each other?
(iv) Using the results in parts (ii) and (iii), what do you think is the relationship between the
gradients of two lines that are perpendicular to each other?
Answer Space



[equations of perpendicular lines, point of intersection of two lines, length of line segment]
1
(i) Find the equation of the line through P(2, 3) and perpendicular to the line y – x = 1.
2
(ii) Given that the two lines intersect at the point F, find the coordinates of F.
1
(iii) Hence find the shortest distance from P to the line y – x = 1.
2
Solution
1 1
(i) y – x = 1 ⇒ y = x + 1
2 2
1 1
The gradient of the line y = x + 1 is .
2 2
The gradient of the line through P(2, 3) and perpendicular
1 1
to y = x + 1 is –2. m1 = −
2 m2
Hence the equation of the line is y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) is P(2, 3)
y – 3 = –2(x – 2)
y = –2x + 7
1 12 2
(ii) x + 1 = –2x + 7 ⇒ x = = 2
2 5 5
12 1 12 11 1
When x = , y = ( ) + 1 = = 2
5 2 5 5 5
2 1
The coordinates of F are (2 , 2 ). The point F is called the foot of the perpendicular from
5 5
1
P(2, 3) to the line y – x = 1.
2
1 12 11
(iii) The shortest distance from P to the line y – x = 1 is the distance from P(2, 3) to F( , ).
2 5 5
1
PF is perpendicular to y – x = 1.
2
12 2 11
Shortest distance = (2 −
5
) + (3− )2
5
Distance = ( x1 − x2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2
4
=
5
4 5
= ×
5 5
2 5
= units
5
2 5
The shortest distance from P to the line is units.
5

Textbook Try 4-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) Find the equation of the line through A(–2, 4) and perpendicular to the line 3x + y – 1 = 0.
(ii) Given that the two lines intersect at the point N, find the coordinates of N.
(iii) Hence find the shortest distance from A to the line 3x + y – 1 = 0.
Answer Space


[trapezium, equations of parallel and perpendicular lines, coordinates of vertex, area]
The diagram shows a trapezium ABCD in which AB is parallel

to DC. The point A lies on the y-axis. The points B and D
are (6, 15) and (2, –3) respectively. The sides AB and DC are
perpendicular to BC. Given that the equation of DC is
y – 2x + 7 = 0, find
(i) the equation of AB,
(ii) the equation of BC,
(iii) the coordinates of A and of C,
(iv) the area of the trapezium.
Solution
(i) y – 2x + 7 = 0 ⇒ y = 2x – 7
Gradient of DC = 2
Since AB // DC, the gradient of AB is 2. m1 = m2
The equation of AB is
y – 15 = 2(x – 6) y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) is B(6, 15)
y = 2x + 3
(ii) Since BC is perpendicular to DC and AB,

1 1
the gradient of BC is – . m1 = −
2 m2
The equation of BC is
1
y – 15 = – (x – 6) y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) is B(6, 15)
2
1
y = – x + 18
2
(iii) At A, the x-coordinate is 0.

y = 2(0) + 3 = 3
The coordinates of A are (0, 3).
1
2x – 7 = – x + 18
2
x = 10
When x =10, y = 2(10) – 7
= 13
The coordinates of C are (10, 13).

(iv) Method 1
1
Area of trapezium ABCD = × (AB + DC) × BC
2
Length of AB = (0 − 6)2 + (3− 15)2
= 180 units
Length of DC = (2 − 10)2 + (−3− 13)2
= 320 units
Length of BC = (6 − 10)2 + (15 − 13)2
= 20 units
1
Area of trapezium ABCD = × ( 180 + 320 ) × 20 180 = 36 × 5 = 36 5 = 6 5
2
1
= × (6 5 + 8 5 ) × 2 5 320 = 64 × 5 = 64 5 = 8 5
2
1
= × 14 5 × 2 5
2
= 70 units2
Method 2
Area of trapezium
= Area of rectangle – Area of four triangles
1 1 1 1
= 10 × 18 – [ (6 × 12) + (4 × 2) + (8 × 16) + (2 × 6)]
2 2 2 2
= 180 – 110
= 70 units2

Textbook Try 5-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The diagram shows a parallelogram PQRS.

(i) Given that P(0, p) is a point on the line 2x – y = –1,
find the value of p.
(ii) R is the point where the line x + 2y = 12 meets the x-axis.
Find the coordinates of R.
(iii) Using the properties of a parallelogram, find the equation
of PS and of RS.
(iv) Find the coordinates of S.
Answer Space


[rectangle, equations of parallel and perpendicular lines, coordinates of vertex, area]
The diagram shows the rectangle PQRS in which P is the

point (–1, 2). The equation of QR is x + 3y – 25 = 0.
(i) Find the equation of PS.
(ii) Find the equation of PQ.
(iii) Find the coordinates of Q.
(iv) Given that the area of PQRS is 80 units2, find the
coordinates of R and of S.
Solution
(i) x + 3y – 25 = 0
1 25
y=– x+
3 3
1
Gradient of QR = –
3
1
Since PS // QR, the gradient of PS is – . m1 = m2
3
The equation of PS is
1
y – 2 = – [x – (–1)] y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) is P(–1, 2)
3
1 5
y=– x+
3 3
1
(ii) Since PQ ⊥ QR, the gradient of PQ is 3. m1 = −
m2
The equation of PQ is
y – 2 = 3[x – (–1)] y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) is P(–1, 2)
y = 3x + 5
1 25
(iii) 3x + 5 = – x +
3 3
x=1
When x =1, y = 3(1) + 5
=8
The coordinates of Q are (1, 8).
(iv) PQ = (−1− 1)2 + (2 − 8)2 Length = ( x1 − x2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2

= 40
= 2 10 units 40 = 4 ×10 = 4 10 = 2 10
Area of PQRS = PQ × QR
2 10 × QR = 80
40 10
QR = ×
10 10
= 4 10 units

Let the coordinates of R be (a, b).

Length of QR = (a − 1)2 + (b − 8)2
(a − 1)2 + (b − 8)2 = 4 10
(a – 1)2 + (b – 8)2 = 160 (1) (4 10 )2 = 16(10) =160
b−8
Gradient of QR =
a −1
b−8 1
=–
a −1 3
1
b – 8 = – (a – 1) (2)
3
Substitute (2) into (1).
1
(a – 1)2 + [– (a – 1)]2 = 160
3
10
(a – 1)2 = 160
9
(a – 1)2 = 144
a – 1 = ±12
a = –11 or a = 13
Since a > 0, a = 13.
1
From (2), b = – (13 – 1) + 8
3
=4
The coordinates of R are (13, 4).
Let the coordinates of S be (c, d).
Let the points U and T be such that rPQU
and rSRT are right-angled triangles.
Now rPQU and rSRT are congruent.
ST = PU
13 − c = 1 − (−1)
c = 11
RT = QU
4−d=8−2
d = −2
The coordinates of S are (11, −2).

Textbook Try 6-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the diagram, the line joining P(–1, 1) and Q(3, 5) is perpendicular

to the line through R(4, –1) at the point F. Find
(i) the equation of PQ,
(ii) the equation of FR,
(iii) the coordinates of F,
(iv) the ratio PF : FQ.
Answer Space


[equations of perpendicular lines]
Given that the lines 3x + y – 3 = 0 and 3y – kx – 19 = 0 are perpendicular, find the value of the
constant k.
Solution
3x + y – 3 = 0
y = –3x + 3
3y – kx – 19 = 0
1 19
y = kx +
3 3
1 1
Since the lines are perpendicular, –3 × ( k) = – 1 m1 = −
3 m2
k=1
Additional Try 3-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Given that the lines kx + y + 5 = 0 and x + 2y – 10 = 0 are perpendicular, find the value of the
constant k.
Answer Space


[foot of perpendicular, length of line segment]
y
P(5, 3)
•
x
O
F y=− x
(i) Find the coordinates of the point F, the foot of the perpendicular from the point P(5, 3) to the line
1
y = – x.
2
1
(ii) Hence find the perpendicular distance from P to the line y = – x.
2
Solution
1 1
(i) Gradient of the perpendicular from P to the line y = – x is 2. m1 = −
2 m2
Equation of this perpendicular line is
y – 3 = 2(x – 5) y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) is P(5, 3)
y = 2x – 7
1
2x – 7 = – x
2
5
x=7
2
x = 2.8
When x = 2.8, y = 2(2.8) – 7
= –1.4
The coordinates of F are (2.8, –1.4).
(ii) Perpendicular distance = (5 − 2.8)2 + [3− (−1.4)]2 Distance = ( x1 − x2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2

≈ 4.92 units

Additional Try 4-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
y
P(−4, 5)
•
y= x
x
O
F
(i) Find the coordinates of the point F, the foot of the perpendicular from the point P(−4, 5) to the
1
line y = x.
2
1
(ii) Hence find the perpendicular distance from P to the line y = x.
2
Answer Space

E. Homework
Set 1:
Q1 equations of perpendicular lines
Q6 perpendicular line segments
Q7 foot of perpendicular
Q8 show points formed a right-angled triangle
Set 2:
Q9 foot of perpendicular, length of line segment, reflection
Q10 triangle, foot of perpendicular, equations of perpendicular lines
Q11 equations of perpendicular lines, length of line segment
Q12 rectangle, equations of parallel and perpendicular lines
Q13 show points formed a right-angled isosceles triangle
Q14 show points formed a rhombus
explain why figure is not a square

Name: _______________________ ( )
Class: _______________________
Date: _______________________

7.3 Midpoint of a Line Segment
A. Concepts
• The midpoint of a line segment is the point on the line segment that divides the line segment into
two equal parts.
E.g. M is the midpoint of AB.
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
• Given two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), the midpoint of AB is ( , ).
2 2
E.g. Midpoint of line segment joining (2, 4) and (6, −2)
2 + 6 4 + (−2)
=[ , ]
2 2
= (4, 1)
Textbook Activity 7E: Explore the midpoint formula
• If ABCD is a parallelogram, then the midpoint of diagonal AC is the midpoint of diagonal BD. In
other words, the diagonals bisect each other.
• The perpendicular bisector of a line segment AB is the line that bisects AB, and is perpendicular to
AB.
E.g. Line l is the perpendicular bisector of AB as AM = MB.
• Given the coordinates of A and of B, we need to find the midpoint of AB and the gradient of the
perpendicular to AB in order to find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB.
Textbook Activity 7F: Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of a line segment

Textbook Activity 7E_______________________________________________________________

[Explore the midpoint formula]
(i) Draw a vertical line joining (1, 2) and (1, 6). Determine the midpoint of this line.
(ii) Draw a horizontal line joining (1, 2) and (6, 2). Determine the midpoint of this line.
(iii) In the diagram, M(x, y) is the midpoint of the line segment joining A(h, k) and B(p, q).
AD and MC are horizontal lines. MD and BC are vertical lines.
(a) Show that triangles ADM and MCB are congruent.
(b) By equating the lengths of sides of triangles ADM
and MCB, express the x-coordinate of M in terms
of h and p and the y-coordinate of M in terms of k
and q.
(c) Use your results in part (iii)(b) to determine the
midpoints of the vertical line drawn in part (i) and
of the horizontal line drawn in part (ii). Do you get
the same result in each case?
Answer Space


Textbook Activity 7F_______________________________________________________________

[Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of a line segment]
(i) Given the points P(1, 3) and Q(5, 7), find the gradient and the midpoint M of the line
segment PQ.
(ii) Using the property of the gradients of perpendicular lines, find the gradient of the perpendicular
bisector of PQ.
(iii) Identify a point that lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line PQ.
(iv) Discuss how you can determine the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line PQ.
Find this equation.
Answer Space


[triangle, midpoint, length of line segment, parallel line segments]
The diagram shows a triangle PQR with vertices at P(–4, 9),

Q(8, 1) and R(6, 11). M and N are the midpoints of PR and
QR respectively.
(i) Find the coordinates of M and of N.
(ii) Show that PQ = 2MN.
(iii) Is MN parallel to PQ? Explain.
Solution
−4 + 6 9 + 11 ⎛ x + x y + y2 ⎞
(a) The coordinates of M are ( , ) = (1, 10). Midpoint = ⎜ 1 2 , 1
2 2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
8 + 6 1+ 11
The coordinates of N are ( , ) = (7, 6).
2 2
(ii) Length of PQ = (−4 − 8)2 + (9 − 1)2

= 208
= 4 13 units 208 = 16 ×13 = 16 13 = 4 13
2 2
Length of MN = (1− 7) + (10 − 6)
= 52
= 2 13 units 52 = 4 ×13 = 4 13 = 2 13
Hence PQ = 2MN.
10 − 6
(iii) Gradient of MN =
1− 7
2
=–
3
9 −1
Gradient of PQ =
−4 − 8
2
=–
3
Since MN and PQ have the same gradient, MN is parallel to PQ.

Textbook Try 7-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The diagram shows a triangle ABC with vertices at A(4, 2),

B(1, 5) and C(5, 6). The points X, Y and Z are the midpoints
of AB, BC and AC respectively.
(i) Find the coordinates of X, Y and Z.
(ii) Show that AC = 2XY.
(iii) Is AB = 2YZ? Is BC = 2XZ? How would you verify these?
Answer Space


[intersection of line and curve, midpoint]
(i) The line y = x – 2 intersects the curve y2 = x + 10 at the points A and B. Find the coordinates of
M, the midpoint of AB.
(ii) D is the point (4, –4) such that it is the midpoint of CM. Find the coordinates of C.
Solution
(i) y = x – 2 (1)
y2 = x + 10 (2)
Substitute (1) into (2).
(x – 2)2 = x + 10
x2 – 5x – 6 = 0
(x – 6)(x + 1) = 0
x = 6 or x = –1
When x = 6, y = 6 – 2
=4
When x = –1, y = –1 – 2
= –3
Hence the points of intersection are (6, 4) and (–1, −3).
6 + (−1) 4 + (−3) 5 1 1 1
The coordinates of the midpoint, M, are ( , ) = ( , ) = (2 , ).
2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) Let the coordinates of C be (a, b).

5 1
a+ b+
2=4 and 2 = –4
2 2
1 1
a=5 and b = –8
2 2
1 1
The coordinates of C are (5 , –8 ).
2 2

Textbook Try 8-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) The line y = x + 1 intersects the curve y = x2 + 2x – 1 at the points A and B. Find the coordinates
of M, the midpoint of AB.
(ii) D is the point (2, 0) such that it is the midpoint of CM. Find the coordinates of C.
Answer Space


[triangle, midpoint, ratio of lengths of line segments]
The diagram shows a triangle with vertices at A(6, 7),

B(2, 1) and C(–4, 5). L and M are the midpoints of AB
and BC respectively. The line through L and M meets
the x-axis at the point N. Find
(i) the coordinates of L and M,
(ii) the ratio LM : MN.
Solution
6 + 2 7 +1 ⎛ x + x y + y2 ⎞
(i) The coordinates of L are ( , ) = (4, 4). Midpoint = ⎜ 1 2 , 1
2 2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
2 + (−4) 1+ 5
The coordinates of M are ( , ) = (–1, 3).
2 2
(ii) Let the points P and Q be such that rLMP and rMNQ are right-angled triangles.
Since rLMP and rMNQ are similar,
LM LP
=
MN MQ
4−3
=
3− 0
1
=
3
The ratio LM : MN is 1 : 3.

Textbook Try 9-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The diagram shows a triangle with vertices at A(6, 9), B(–2, 3) and
C(4, –5). M and P are the midpoints of AB and AC respectively.
The line through M and P meets the x-axis at the point Q. Find
(i) the coordinates of M and P,
(ii) the ratio MP : PQ.
Answer Space

Textbook Example 10_______________________________________________________________

[parallelogram, rhombus, midpoint, coordinates of vertex]
The diagram shows a parallelogram ABCD in which the

vertices are at the points A(6, −4), B(8, 6), C(–2, 4) and
D(p, q).
(i) Given that the point M is the midpoint of AC,
find the coordinates of M.
(ii) Hence find the coordinates of D.
(iii) Show that ABCD is a rhombus.
Solution
6 + (−2) −4 + 4
(i) Since M is the midpoint of AC, the coordinates of M are ( , ) = (2, 0).
2 2
(ii) Since ABCD is a parallelogram, M is also the midpoint of BD.

8+ p 6+q
=2 and =0
2 2
p = –4 and q = –6
The coordinates of D are (–4, –6).
(iii) AB = (6 − 8)2 + (−4 − 6)2

= 104 units
BC = [8 − (−2)]2 + (6 − 4)2
= 104 units
Since AB = BC, the parallelogram is a rhombus.

Textbook Try 10-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The diagram shows a parallelogram PQRS in which P is (0, 6), Q is (2, 1),
R is (7, 3) and S is (a, b).
(i) Given that the point M is the midpoint of PR, find the coordinates of M.
(ii) Hence find the coordinates of S.
(iii) Show that PQRS is a square.
Answer Space


(triangle, perpendicular bisector of line segment, area)
The line 5x + 7y = 35 intersects the x-axis at the point A and the y-axis at the point B.
(i) Find the coordinates of A and of B.
The perpendicular bisector of AB intersects the line y = 2x at the point C.
(ii) Find the coordinates of C.
(iii) Find the area of the triangle ACB.
Solution
(i) 5x + 7y = 35
On the x-axis, y = 0.
5x + 7(0) = 35
x=7
The coordinates of A are (7, 0).
On the y-axis, x = 0.
5(0) + 7y = 35
y=5
The coordinates of B are (0, 5).
0−5 5
(ii) Gradient of AB = =–
7−0 7
7 1
Gradient of perpendicular bisector of AB = m1 = −
5 m2
7+0 0+5 1 1
Midpoint of AB = ( , ) = (3 , 2 )
2 2 2 2
The equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB is
5 7 7 ⎛7 5⎞
y– = (x – ) y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) is ⎜ , ⎟
2 5 2 ⎝2 2⎠
7 12
y= x–
5 5
7 12
x – = 2x
5 5
x = –4
When x = –4, y = 2(–4) = –8
The coordinates of C are (–4, –8).
(iii) Let the midpoint of AB be M.

1
Area of rACB = × AB × CM
2
AB = (7 − 0)2 + (0 − 5)2 = 74 units
7 5 333
CM = (−4 − )2 + (−8 − )2 = units
2 2 2
1 333
Area of rACB = × 74 ×
2 2
1 3 37
= × 2 37 × 333 = 9 × 37 = 9 37 = 3 37
2 2
1
= 55 units2
2

Textbook Try 11-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The line 5x + 4y = 20 intersects the x-axis at the point P and the y-axis at the point Q.
(i) Find the coordinates of P and of Q.
The perpendicular bisector of PQ intersects the line y = x at the point R.

(ii) Find the coordinates of R.
(iii) By transforming the quadrilateral into another quadrilateral of equal area, find the area of the
quadrilateral OPRQ, where O is the origin.
Answer Space


[perpendicular bisector of line segment]
The coordinates of the points A and B are (1, 2) and (4, 5) respectively. Find the equation of the
perpendicular bisector of AB.
Solution
2−5
Gradient of AB =
1− 4
=1
1
Gradient of perpendicular bisector of AB = −1 m1 = −
m2
1+ 4 2 + 5
Midpoint of AB = ( , )
2 2
= (2.5, 3.5)
Equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB is
y − 3.5 = −1(x − 2.5) y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) is (2.5, 3.5)
y = −x + 6
Additional Try 5-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The coordinates of the points A and B are (2, 1) and (–2, 5) respectively. Find the equation of the
perpendicular bisector of AB.
Answer Space

E. Homework
Set 1:
Q1 midpoint
Q2 midpoint
Q3 point equidistant from two points
Q4 point equidistant from two points
Q5 midpoint, equations of parallel lines
Q6 perpendicular bisector of line segment
Set 2:
Q11 show triangle is isosceles, midpoint, area
Q12 triangle, midpoint, ratio of lengths of line segments
Q13 square, show given point is a vertex of the square, coordinates of vertex, area
Q14 parallelogram, coordinates of vertex, point equidistant from two points
Q15 perpendicular bisector of line segment, point equidistant from two points
Q16 perpendicular bisector of line segment, point equidistant from two points, area
Q19 triangle, show two line segments are perpendicular, ratio of areas
Set 3:
Q8 rhombus, coordinates of vertex, midpoint
Q9 parallelogram, coordinates of vertex
Q10 rectangle, coordinates of vertex
Q17 right-angled triangle, rectangle, perpendicular line segments, coordinates of vertex
Q18 right-angled triangle, square, perpendicular line segments,
perpendicular bisector of line segment, explain why triangle is isosceles,
coordinates of vertex, area
Q20 midpoint
Q21 perpendicular bisector of line segment,
show points on perpendicular bisector are equidistant from endpoints
Q22 rhombus, show diagonals are perpendicular bisectors of each other
Q23 show quadrilateral is a parallelogram
Q24 square, coordinates of vertex
Q25 square, midpoint, coordinates of vertex

Name: _______________________ ( )
Class: _______________________
Date: _______________________

7.4 Areas of Triangles and Quadrilaterals
A. Concepts
• Area of rABC
= Area of rectangle APQR – (Area of rAPC + Area of rBQC + Area of rBRA)
1
= (x2 – x1)(y3 – y1) – [(x3 – x1)(y3 – y1) + (x2 – x3)(y3 – y2) + (x2 – x1)(y2 – y1)]
2
1
= x 2y 3 – x 2y 1 – x 1y 3 + x 1y 1 – [(x3y3 − x3y1 − x1y3 + x1y1) + (x2y3 − x2y2 − x3y3 + x3y2) +
2
(x2y2 − x2y1 − x1y2 + x1y1)]
1
= (x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1 – x2y1 – x3y2 – x1y3)
2
1
= [(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1) – (x2y1 + x3y2 + x1y3)]
2
1 x1 x2 x3 x1
=
2 y1 y2 y3 y1
Textbook Activity 7G: Find the area of a triangle given its vertices
• The formula for the area of a quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) and
D(x4, y4) may be obtained by applying the same technique used to derive the formula for the area
of a triangle.
Area of quadrilateral ABCD
1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
=
2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y1
1
= (x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y1 – x2y1 – x3y2 – x4y3 – x1y4)
2

Textbook Activity 7G_______________________________________________________________

[Find the area of a triangle given its vertices]
Consider the triangle ABC shown. It is ‘framed’ by the

rectangle FDEC whose sides are parallel to the
coordinate axes. Find the area of
(i) rectangle FDEC, (ii) triangle AFC,
(iii) triangle ADB, (iv) triangle BEC,
(v) triangle ABC.
Answer Space


[triangle, coordinates of vertex]
A(4, 2), B(–2, 5) and C(1, k) are the vertices of a triangle. Given that the area of the triangle is
10.5 units2, find the possible values of k.
Solution
There are two possible triangles.

1 4 1 −2 4
If C is above AB, area of triangle ABC = In anticlockwise direction: A, C, B A
2 2 k 5 2
1
[(4k + 5 – 4) – (2 – 2k + 20)] = 10.5
2
6k – 21 = 21
k=7
1 4 −2 1 4
If C is below AB, area of triangle ABC = In anticlockwise direction: A, B, C A
2 2 5 k 2
1
[(20 – 2k + 2) – (–4 + 5 + 4k)] = 10.5
2
21 – 6k = 21
k=0
Hence k = 0 or k = 7.
Textbook Try 12-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A(5, 7), B(k, 1)and O(0, 0) are the vertices of a triangle. Given that the area of the triangle is
11.5 units2, find the possible values of k.
Answer Space


[rhombus, coordinates of vertex, area]
The diagram shows a rhombus ABCD. The point A is (2, 1)

and the point D lies on the y-axis. The equation of CD is
y = 2x + 2 and the equation of BC is x + 2y = 9.
(i) Find the coordinates of D.
(ii) Find the coordinates of C.
(iii) Find the coordinates of B.
(iv) Hence find the area of the rhombus.
Solution
(i) y = 2x + 2
The y-intercept of CD is 2.
Hence the coordinates of D are (0, 2).
(ii) y = 2x + 2
x + 2y = 9
x + 2(2x + 2) = 9
x=1
When x = 1, y = 2(1) + 2
=4
The coordinates of C are (1, 4).
2 + 1 1+ 4 3 5
(iii) Coordinates of the midpoint of AC = ( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2
Let the coordinates of B be (p, q).
Since midpoint of BD = midpoint of AC,
p+0 3 q+2 5
= and =
2 2 2 2
p=3 and q=3
The coordinates of B are (3, 3).
1 2 3 1 0 2
(iv) Area of rhombus ABCD = In anticlockwise direction: A, B, C, D, A
2 1 3 4 2 1
1
= [(6 + 12 + 2 + 0) – (3 + 3 + 0 + 4)]
2
= 5 units2

Textbook Try 13-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The diagram shows a kite ABCD. The point A is (3, 3) and the
point D lies on the x-axis.
(i) Given that the line 9x + 2y = 13 meets the line 8x + 9y = 26
at the point C, find the coordinates of C.
(ii) Find the coordinates of D.
(iii) Find the coordinates of B.
(iv) Hence find the area of the kite.
Answer Space


[quadrilateral, triangle, equation of line, point of intersection of two lines, ratio of lengths of line
segments, area]
The diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD with vertices at

A(1, 4), B(8, –3), C(7, –5) and D(–2, –4). The point P lies
on the line AB such that DP is perpendicular to AB. The
lines DP and AC intersect at the point Q.
(i) Find the equation of AC.
(ii) Find the coordinates of Q.
(iii) Find the ratio of QC to AC.
(iv) Find the area of the triangle ADC. Hence find the area
of the triangle QDC.
Solution
4 − (−5) 3
(i) Gradient of AC = =–
1− 7 2
The equation of AC is
3
y – 4 = – (x – 1) y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) is A(1, 4)
2
3 11
y=– x+
2 2
4 − (−3)
(ii) Gradient of AB = = –1
1− 8
1
Since DP ⊥ AB, gradient of DP = 1. m1 = −
m2
The equation of DP is
y – (–4) = (1)[x – (–2)] y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) is D(–2, –4)
y=x–2
3 11
– x+ =x–2
2 2
x=3
When x = 3, y = 3 – 2 = 1
The coordinates of Q are (3, 1).
QC (3− 7)2 + [1− (−5)]2

(iii) =
AC (1− 7)2 + [4 − (−5)]2
52
=
117
2 13
=
3 13
2
=
3
The ratio of QC to AC is 2 : 3.
1 1 −2 7 1
(iv) Area of triangle ADC = In anticlockwise direction: A, D, C, A
2 4 −4 −5 4

1
= [(–4 + 10 + 28) − (–8 – 28 – 5)]
2
= 37.5 units2
rADC and rQDC have a common height.
1
Area of rQDC = × QC × height
2
1 2
= × AC × height QA : AC = 2 : 3
2 3
2
= × Area of rADC
3
2
= × 37.5
3
= 25 units2
Textbook Try 14-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The diagram shows a trapezium PQRS in which PQ is parallel to

SR and PS is perpendicular to PQ and SR. The coordinates of the
points P, Q and R are (–2, –8), (4, –2) and (2, 4) respectively. Find
(i) the equation of RS,
(ii) the equation of PS,
(iii) the coordinates of the point S,
(iv) the area of the trapezium PQRS.
Answer Space


[kite, area]
1
A quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(2 , 0), B(0, 3), C(5, 8) and D(6, 1). Find the area of ABCD.
3
Solution
7
1 0 6 5 0
Area of ABCD = 3 In anticlockwise direction: B, A, D, C, B
2 y
3 0 1 8 3
C(5, 8)
1 7
= [(0 + + 48 + 15) − (7 + 0 + 5 + 0)]
2 3
2
= 26 units2
3 B(0, 3)
D(6, 1)
x
O
A(2 , 0)
Additional Try 6-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(4.5, 0), B(1, 2), C(0, 9) and D(5, 4). Find the area of ABCD.
Answer Space

E. Homework
Set 1:
Q1 triangle, area
Q2 quadrilateral, area
Q3 triangle, area
Q4 pentagon, area
Q5 quadrilateral, area
Q6 area
Q7 collinear points, area
Q8 triangle, coordinates of vertex
Q9 rhombus, coordinates of vertex, area
Set 2:
Q10 kite, equation of diagonal, coordinates of vertex, area
Q11 rectangle, coordinates of vertex, area
Q12 triangle, area, lengths of sides, trigonometry
Q13 triangle, coordinates of vertex, height
Q14 quadrilateral, coordinates of vertex, perpendicular line segments,
perpendicular bisector of line segment, equations of parallel lines, area
Q15 trapezium, parallelogram, equations of parallel lines, perpendicular line segments,
coordinates of vertex, area
Q16 quadrilateral, rectangle, area, coordinates of vertex

Chapter 7 Summary
Parallel and perpendicular lines
• The lines y = m1x + c1 and y = m2x + c2 are parallel if and only if m1 = m2.
1
• The lines y = m1x + c1 and y = m2x + c2 are perpendicular if and only if m1m2 = −1 or m1 = – .
m2
Midpoint of a line segment
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
The midpoint, M, of AB is ( , ).
2 2
Areas of triangles and quadrilaterals
• Area of triangle ABC

1 x1 x2 x3 x1
=
2 y1 y2 y3 y1
1
= (x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1 – x2y1 – x3y2 – x1y3)
2
where the points must be taken in an anticlockwise direction.
• Area quadrilateral ABCD

1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
=
2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y1
1
= (x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y1 – x2y1 – x3y2 – x4y3 – x1y4)
2
where the points must be taken in an anticlockwise direction.
Textbook Revision Exercise 7

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Guided Revision Notes (Student's Copy) Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry

Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry

• Area of parallelogram = base × height

• The sum of the squares of the perpendicular sides of any

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-1

7.1 Parallel Lines

Textbook Activity 7A: Explore the relationship between m and θ

Textbook Activity 7B: Explore gradients of parallel lines

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-2

Textbook Activity 7A_______________________________________________________________

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-3

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-4

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-5

Textbook Activity 7B_______________________________________________________________

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-6

Textbook Activity 7C_______________________________________________________________

A line l is parallel to another line with equation y = 2 – 3x.

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-7

Textbook Example 1________________________________________________________________

Let the acute angle be θ.

Textbook Try 1-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-8

Textbook Example 2________________________________________________________________

Textbook Try 2-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-9

Textbook Example 3________________________________________________________________

Textbook Try 3-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-10

Additional Example 1_______________________________________________________________

Additional Try 1-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-11

Additional Example 2_______________________________________________________________

Additional Try 2-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-12

Textbook Exercise 7.1

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-13

Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-14

Textbook Activity 7D_______________________________________________________________

(i) Find the product of the gradients of each pair of equations.

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-15

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-16

Textbook Example 4________________________________________________________________

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-17

Textbook Try 4-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-18

Textbook Example 5________________________________________________________________

The diagram shows a trapezium ABCD in which AB is parallel

(ii) Since BC is perpendicular to DC and AB,

(iii) At A, the x-coordinate is 0.

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-19

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-20

Textbook Try 5-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The diagram shows a parallelogram PQRS.

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-21

Textbook Example 6________________________________________________________________

The diagram shows the rectangle PQRS in which P is the

(iv) PQ = (−1− 1)2 + (2 − 8)2 Length = ( x1 − x2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-22

Let the coordinates of R be (a, b).

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd N7-23

Textbook Try 6-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In the diagram, the line joining P(–1, 1) and Q(3, 5) is perpendicular