Nursing Research 1

Prelim Reviewer

Transcribed by: Tricia Razen Kaye M. Alolino

Components of Research o The context of the problem and its

historical background
1. Title of the Study
o Authoritative viewpoint on the
2. Chapter 1
problem
a. Introduction
o The researcher’s interest in working
b. Statement of the Problem
on the problem
c. Hypothesis
o The purpose of the study
d. Purpose of the Study
e. Assumptions THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
f. Definition of Terms
A framework is simply the structure of the idea or
g. Significance of the Study
concept and how it is put together.
h. Scope and Definition
3. Theoretical Framework • It is a conceptual underpinnings of a study or
4. Chapter 2 (Review of the Related Literature) an essay that is in the form of an argument.
5. Chapter 3 (Methodology and Design) • It supports the rationale for developing the
6. Chapter 4 (Analysis and Findings) research question.
7. Chapter 5 (Summary, Conclusions and • Theoretical framework – when the variables
Recommendations) have been studied before and have been
TITLE OF THE STUDY found to be related to one another.
• It is a collection of interrelated concepts, that
• Gives a general idea of what the research is all exist in the literature, a ready-made map for
about the study but may or may not be well worked
• Must be clearly stated, concise, and should be out.
limited to at most 15 words if possible. • A theoretical framework guides the
• Variables of the study are reflected in the explanation or an essay that interrelates the
title, particularly the relationship among concepts or theories involved in the
variables and the proposed target population. phenomenon.
• A conceptual framework is a structure of
Examples:
concepts grouped together as a map for the
“Knowledge, Attitude, and Medication study.
Compliance of Hypertensive Patients” • It refers to the explanation of the variables of
the study based on literature and research.
“Job Satisfaction and Performance Among ICU
Nurses on Quality Care”

INTRODUCTION

• Presents a brief discussion of the rationale

and background of the problem or subject of
inquiry.
• Serves as a springboard for the statement of
the problem
• Should stimulate the interest of the reader
and set the stage for the presentation of the
study
• The introduction part includes the following:

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Independent Variables Dependent variables Declarative Form: The relationship between the
dependency levels of post-operative renal patients
Respondent’s Profile and their rate of recovery.

• Age • Consists of various components:

• Gender
a. The Major Problem
Academic ✓ a.k.a. the general problem statement
Performance ✓ The main issue to be answered
Knowledge on Nursing ✓ The goal of the study
core Competency of Nursing
Standards in online b. The Minor Problem
learning in terms of: Students
✓ Problems implicitly contained in the
• Client major problem
Assessment ✓ Broken down for purposes of analysis
• Client Care ✓ Serves as the guide to data collection
• Safety The researcher must ensure that:
• Professionalism
• Variables in the study are clearly identified
and stated.
Patricia Benner’s Stages of Clinical Competence • Must always be grammatically correct.
• Findings are expressed in data obtained
through direct or indirect inquiry and
observation.
• Scope or coverage is well defined.
• Sampling must be representative enough.
• Limitations and manageability are ensured.
• Variables are factual and hypothesis can be
supported and tested.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM *What is the error in this Statement of the problem?
• refers to the question that the research seeks 1. What is the Universal Phenomenon of Nursing
to answer. and Its Impact on the Current Modalities of
• must be clearly stated. Care?
• must be expressed in precise terms, identify o The problem is broad and elicits
its key components, the population, and the general findings. Specific information
major variables of the study which need to be is needed for solutions.
subjected to empirical testing. 2. Is love so important in life?
• typically broken down into the main or major o Shallow and unimportant inquiries
problem and the specific or sub-problem that 3. The sorrowful journey of nurses in the care of
will be worked out in response to the inquiry. terminally ill patients.
• may be stated in various ways as follows: o The problem is stated rhetorically.
Elicits emotional reactions which
a. Interrogative Form diminishes scientific intent of the
b. Declarative Form inquiry.
4. Is medical practice related to nursing
Examples: practice?
Interrogative Form: What is the relationship between o Question is not testable and cannot
the dependency levels of post-operative renal be answered through scientific
patients and their rate of recovery? investigation.

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PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
• The researcher should state the reason or
reasons for undertaking the study and leave
no doubt in the readers’ minds regarding the
true intent of the study.
• The statement of purpose should describe the
intent of the inquiry and the rationale for it.
• It should reflect both the main problem it
wants to address as well as the corollary
issues.
• It, therefore, presents the rationale or
justification of its inquiry.
• The goals of the study are expressed in a
broad statement of purpose. The goals of the
study will identify, describe or explain a
situation, predict a solution to a situation or
control a situation to produce positive
outcomes in practice.
• The specific objectives of the study are
expressed in a statement that pinpoints the
main concern or intent of the inquiry.
Objectives must be well - defined, measurable
and logical.
➢ S Specific
➢ M Measurable
➢ A Attainable
➢ R Realistic
➢ T Time bounded
➢ E Evidence-based
➢ R Rewarding
HYPOTHESIS AND ASSUMPTIONS
Hypothesis -an uncertain explanation regarding a
phenomenon or event. Widely used as a basis for
conducting tests and the results of the tests
determine the acceptance or rejection of the
hypothesis.
Assumption -a kind of belief that is considered to be
true. May or may not be verified or investigated.
-In research, assumption denotes the existence of the
relationship between the variables.
Providing Methodology
Hypothesis
• Various experiments can lead to various
results.
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• Can be proved or rejected depending upon
the method used by the scientists.
• The higher time the students spend on their
studies, the better they achieve tests and
score better marks.
Assumption
• General assumptions may or may not require
any methods for verification or acceptance.
• Research assumptions are generally proved by
forming hypothesis based on them.
• There is a correlation between the time
period to study and marks attained.
A null hypothesis is a statement, in which there is no
relationship between two variables. (H0)
An alternative hypothesis is a statement in which
there is some statistical significance between two
measured phenomena. (H1)
Example:
Is there a significant relationship between the level of
implementation and the awareness of the respondents on
infection control?
H0: There is no significant relationship between the
level of implementation and the awareness of the
respondents on infection control.
H1: There is a significant relationship between the
level of implementation and the awareness of the
respondents on infection control.
Alternative hypothesis (non-directional vs directional)
Is there a significant relationship between the level of
implementation and the awareness of the respondents on
infection control?
Non-directional: There is a significant relationship between the
level of implementation and the awareness of the respondents on
infection control.
Directional: Respondents that have higher awareness of infection
control would have significantly higher implementation of
infection control.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• The researcher should cite the importance,
responsiveness, or relevance of the expected
outcomes of the investigation and its
probable effects on a nursing theory or
practice.
• It also emphasizes the significant contribution
of the proposed research study to its target
 population, to the different sectors of nursing
education and nursing service, to society, and
its implications for future researchers in
nursing.
• Benefits gained from its results or findings are
the following:
a. Development of new theories and
concepts
b. Building up of expertise and
technologies
c. Formulation of guides to policy -
making and decision making
d. Opening new areas for possible study
e. Enhancement of nursing care
f. Improvement of nursing service and
nursing education
g. Strengthen research - based
intervention h. Personal and societal
benefits.
Who are the beneficiaries of the study?
• Nursing profession (as a whole)
• Staff nurses and hospital administration
• Philippine nurses association
• Community/Public
• Liceo de Cagayan University College of
Nursing (Students and Faculty)
• Commission on Higher Education
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
• Scope
✓ The context of the study in terms of
subject, concepts, specific characteristics
of the phenomenon, treatment, sampling
and time frame.
✓ The who, what, when where, how and
why of the study shall the be clarified and
specifically stated.
• Delimitations
✓ Sets the parameter of the study by
accepting what should be included and
rejecting what should be excluded.
• Specific Constraints
✓ Scope or coverage
✓ Expected Manageability of the Problem
➢ In experimental studies
➢ internal & external constraints may
affect validity & reliability of findings
& should also be taken into account
✓ Limitation of the Study
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➢ Study maybe limited by anticipated
shortfalls and specific constraints such
as foreseen weaknesses in
methodology & design, the exclusion
of certain sectors of the populations,
the inaccessibility of the data,
statistical treatment and analysis and
failure to get a representative
sampling must be clearly stated
DEFININTION OF TERMS
1. Conceptual Definitions -definitions that are
universally understood.
2. Operational Definition -researchers’ own definition
of the term as used in the study. concrete &
measurable based on observable characteristics of
what is being defined within the context of the
phenomenon being investigated.
a. Denotative Definitions (define in terms of
what the concept or what it represent)
b. Connotative Definitions (according to
implication or associations)
3. Lexical Definitions --definitions from Authoritative
Sources
• facilitates a better understanding of the study by
explaining the meaning of terms or variables as they
are used in the study
Reasons for defining the variables:
1. guide and direct the researcher in quantifying and
qualifying the variables
2. ensure clarity of the meaning of the variables and
minimize the readers’ misconceptions
3. direct the reader into the meaning of the word
according to the researcher’s own interpretation and
analysis of variables