Exp-3

Multiplexer

AIM-

To demonstrate a basic Multiplexer system, and become familiar with different types of multiplexer
and demultiplexer

**Components Needed:**

1. Breadboard

2. 4-input AND gate (for building the 4x1 multiplexer)

3. 4 NOT gates

4. 4 LEDs (for representing data inputs)

5. 1 LED (for representing the output)

6. 5 resistors

7. Wires for connections

8. Power supply (e.g., a 5V DC power source)

**Experiment Steps:**

1. **Build the 4x1 Multiplexer:**

- Place the 4-input AND gate on the breadboard.

- Connect each of the four data input LEDs to the inputs of the AND gate (IN0, IN1, IN2, IN3).

- Connect the output of the AND gate to the output LED.

2. **Connect Data Inputs:**

 - Connect each of the four data input LEDs to the inputs of separate NOT gates (one NOT gate for
each input).

- Connect the outputs of the NOT gates to the inputs of the AND gate.

3. **Set Control Inputs:**

- In a 4x1 multiplexer, there are two control inputs (often labeled as "S0" and "S1") that determine
which data input gets selected. You can use manual switches (e.g., DIP switches) or push-button
switches for this.

- Connect control input S0 to the inputs of NOT gates for IN0 and IN2.

- Connect control input S1 to the inputs of NOT gates for IN1 and IN3.

4. **Connect Power Supply:**

- Connect the power supply to the VCC and GND rails on the breadboard.

5. **Testing:**

- Experiment with different combinations of control input values (S0 and S1) to select different data
inputs.

- Observe that when you change the control input values, the output LED displays the data from
the selected input.

6. **Observations:**

- The 4x1 multiplexer selects one of the four input lines based on the values of the control inputs
(S0 and S1). The selected data input is then presented at the output.

7. **Experiment Variations:**

- You can expand this experiment by using larger multiplexers (e.g., 8-to-1 or 16-to-1) or by
cascading multiple 4x1 multiplexers together.

- You can integrate this into more complex digital circuits or use it as a component in digital logic
design projects.

This experiment with a 4x1 multiplexer illustrates the concept of data selection and routing in digital
circuits. It's a fundamental building block in digital electronics and can be used in various
applications, such as data multiplexing, signal routing, and more.
 Exp-4
De-Multiplexer

AIM-

To demonstrate a basic Demultiplexer system, and become familiar with different types of
multiplexer and demultiplexer

**Components Needed:**

1. Breadboard

2. 4-output AND gate (for building the 1x4 demultiplexer)

3. 4 NOT gates

4. 1 input switch (e.g., a manual toggle switch)

5. 1 input LED (for representing the data input)

6. 4 output LEDs (for representing the output lines)

7. 5 resistors

8. Wires for connections

9. Power supply (e.g., a 5V DC power source)

**Experiment Steps:**

1. **Build the 1x4 Demultiplexer:**

- Place the 4-output AND gate on the breadboard.

 - Connect the input switch to the control input of the AND gate. This control input is usually labeled
"S" or "Select."

- Connect the input LED to the data input of the AND gate.

- Connect the four output LEDs to the AND gate's outputs (OUT0, OUT1, OUT2, OUT3).

2. **Connect Control Input:**

- Connect the input switch to one of the NOT gates.

- Connect the output of the NOT gate to the control input of the AND gate.

3. **Connect Power Supply:**

- Connect the power supply to the VCC and GND rails on the breadboard.

4. **Testing:**

- When you toggle the input switch to different positions, observe which output LED lights up.

- Depending on the position of the input switch, one of the four output LEDs should illuminate,
indicating that the input data is being forwarded to the corresponding output line.

5. **Observations:**

- The 1x4 demultiplexer takes a single input and routes it to one of the four output lines based on
the position of the control input switch.

- This experiment demonstrates how data can be selectively distributed to multiple output lines
using a demultiplexer.

6. **Experiment Variations:**

- You can expand this experiment by using larger demultiplexers (e.g., 1x8 or 1x16) or by cascading
multiple 1x4 demultiplexers together.

- You can integrate this into more complex digital circuits or use it as a component in digital logic
design projects.

This experiment with a 1x4 demultiplexer illustrates the concept of data demultiplexing in digital
circuits. It's a fundamental building block in digital electronics and can be used in various
applications, such as data distribution, signal routing, and more.
 Exp-5
4-Bit Comparator

A 4-bit comparator is a digital circuit that compares two 4-bit binary numbers and determines their
relationship (greater than, equal to, or less than). You can experiment with a 4-bit comparator using
basic electronic components and logic gates. Here's a simplified experiment to build a 4-bit binary
comparator:

**Components Needed:**

1. Breadboard

2. 4 XOR gates (for comparing individual bits)

3. 4 AND gates (for checking if all bits are equal)

4. 4 NOT gates (for inverting input bits)

5. 4 LEDs (for representing the output)

6. 8 input switches (for setting the 4-bit binary numbers)

7. Wires for connections

8. Power supply (e.g., a 5V DC power source)

**Experiment Steps:**

1. **Build the 4-bit Comparator:**

 - Place the 4 XOR gates, 4 AND gates, and 4 NOT gates on the breadboard.

2. **Connect Input Switches:**

- Connect the 8 input switches (4 for each binary number) to the XOR gates.

- Connect two switches to each XOR gate, representing the corresponding bits of the two 4-bit
binary numbers.

3. **Connect NOT Gates:**

- Connect the NOT gates to the unused inputs of the XOR gates (invert one set of inputs).

- Connect each NOT gate to one of the input switches.

4. **Connect AND Gates:**

- Connect the outputs of the XOR gates to the AND gates.

- Connect each XOR gate to one AND gate.

5. **Connect Output LEDs:**

- Connect the outputs of the AND gates to the LEDs.

- Connect each AND gate to one LED.

6. **Set Binary Numbers:**

- Set the input switches to represent two 4-bit binary numbers that you want to compare.

7. **Testing:**

- Observe the LED outputs to determine the relationship between the two binary numbers:

- If all the LEDs are OFF, it indicates that the two binary numbers are equal.

- If any of the LEDs are ON, it indicates that the two binary numbers are not equal.

8. **Observations:**

- The 4-bit comparator circuit compares the two 4-bit binary numbers and provides an output
indicating whether they are equal or not.

9. **Experiment Variations:**
 - You can expand this experiment by creating more complex comparators, such as 8-bit or 16-bit
comparators.

- You can also incorporate additional logic to compare numbers for greater than or less than
relationships.

This basic experiment with a 4-bit comparator introduces the concept of comparing binary numbers
using digital logic gates. It's a fundamental building block in digital electronics and can be used in
various applications, such as in microcontrollers, arithmetic units, and more.