co») United States )OIS7835A1 cz) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2020/0187835 AI CHOL et al. (43) Pub, Date: Jun. 18, 2020 (64) APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR Publication Classification GI) mec. S 5 AGI S/S (2006.01) (71) Applet SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO, rae conn z AGIB S100 (2006.01) AGI S021 (2006.01) (72) aveators: Ka Ram CHOI, Hwaseongssi (KR): Sang Kon BAE, Seongnam-si (KR): So Yo Keun YOON, Seoul (KR) LEE, Dacjoon (KR); Se (73). Assignee: SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., Suwon-si (KR) (21) Appl. No 16506,656 (2) Filed; Jul. 9, 2019 G0) Foreign Application Priority Data Dee. 13,2018 (KR) 10-2018.0160017, 1 i 1 i 1 ' i 1 1 i 1 1 i 1 1 i 1 i 1 1 i 1 ot a. AGIB $/14832 (2013.01); AGTB SM2416 (2013.01), A61B 5/1435 (2013.01); AGIB Sm2125 (2013.01), AGI S/681 (2013.01): AGIB 5/7278 (201301) on ABSTRACT An apparatus for estimating blood glucose using a photop. ledhysmography (PPG) signal is provided, The apparatus for cstimating Blond ghicose includes: a pulse wave sensor configured to obtain a pulse wave signal from an objet: and 1 processor configured to obtain atleast two points from a ‘waveform of the pulse wave signal, ext urehased fon time values of the obianed at least to points, and to testimate blood glucose based on the extracted feature _ _ 0 150 120 | 130. I 140 PROCESSOR ourpur, =e INTERFACE STORAGE PULSE WAVE COMMUNE 1 TexteRnaL SeRSUe RON, ft] PBEM ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'Patent Application Publication Jun. 18,2020 Sheet 1 of 11 US 2020/0187835 AI FIG. 1A PULSE WAVE SENSOR PROCESSOR eePatent Application Publication Jun, 18, 2020 Sheet 2 of 11 US 2020/0187835 A1 FIG. 1B PULSE WAVE SENSOR OUTPUT INTERFACE Ports t stnPatent Application Publication Jun. 18,2020 Sheet 3 of 11 US 2020/0187835 AI AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE FIG. 2A 12) 13) TIME TIME,Patent Application Publication Jun. 18,2020 Sheet 4 of 11 US 2020/0187835 AI FIG. 2B Rieke RRR RRI|RRARR3: eee 1 A. pRvUS 2020/0187835 A1 Jun. 18, 2020 Sheet 5 of 11 Patent Application Publication (09dd xeul uu (09dd ---— xeut (0Ddd XSQNI WIL OO6r SBF «OOBF OSL 0S9F oor o00z- 0 0002 o00r 0009 0008 ! 1 a d L 4 aqaLrlany O¢ ‘DIAPatent Application Publication Jun. 18,2020 Sheet 6 of 11 US 2020/0187835 AI FIG. 3 START MEASURE PULSE WAVE 310 SIGNAL FROM OBJECT ; [OBTAIN TWO OR MORE POINTS] _ 309 FROM PULSE WAVE SIGNAL : EXTRACT FEATURE BASED ON| TIME INFORMATION OF | F~ 330 TWO OR MORE POINTS ESTIMATE BLOOD GLUCOSE. | _ 349 USING EXTRACTED FEATURE OUTPUT BLOOD GLUCOSE 350 ESTIMATION RESULTUS 2020/0187835 AI Jun. 18, 2020 Sheet 7 of 11 Patent Application Publication SSAIOVd WANIVIGO, NOLLVINAOINI YOSNAS WSTIOSV.LAN AAV AS 1dPatent Application Publication Jun. 18,2020 Sheet 8 of 11 US 2020/0187835 AI FIG. 5A 10:00 AM JO MEASURE BLOOD, GLUCOSE > ENTER FOOD INTAKE, 5 INFORMATION 52 TYPE OF FOOD AMOUNT OF FOOD INTAKE!Patent Application Publication Jun. 18,2020 Sheet 9 of 11 US 2020/0187835 AI FIG. 5B 10:00 AM BLOOD GLUCOSE, CALIBRATION cnPatent Application Publication Jun. 18,2020 Sheet 10 of 11 US 2020/0187835 AI FIG. SC 10:00 AM BLOOD GLUCOSE, CALIBRATION p52 ENTER BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELPatent Application Publication Jun. 18,2020 Sheet 11 of 11 US 2020/0187835 AI FIG. 6 NGS FRom onreer INFORMATION OF U USING METABOLI 612 EXIRACI FEATURE FROM PULSE WAVE SIGNAL 613 FIRST BLOOD ESTIMATE SECOND BLOOD “ALUE BASED ON GLUCOSE VALUE BASED ON TURE METABOLISM INFORMATION ESTIMATE FINAL, BLOOD. JCOSE VALUE BASED ON FIRST BLOOD GLUCOSE: VALUE AND SECOND BLOOD GLUCOSE VALUE a 0: IMATION RESULT ENDUS 20200187835 Al APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ESTIMATING BLOOD GLUCOSE. (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 10001] This application claims priority trom Korean Pat- ‘ent Application No, 10-2018-0160017, filed on Dee. 13, 2018, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosure of which i herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. BACKGROUND, 1. Field 10002] Apparatuses and methods consistent with example ‘embodiments relate generally to an apparatus and a method for extimating blood glucose, and more particutaely 0 toch- nology for aom-invasively estimating blood glucose using pulse wave signal 2. Description of the Related Art [0003] Diabetes is chronic disease that causes various ‘complications and can be dificult to cur, such tat people With diabetes are advised to regularly check their blood ghicose to prevent complications. In patiular, when insulin is administered to contro blood ulucose, the blood plucose levels have to be closely monitored to avoid hypoglycemia and control insulin dosage. An invasive method of finger pricking is yenerally sed to measure blood plucose levels, However, while the invasive method may. provide high reliability in messurement, it may cause pain and inconve- hienoe as well as an increased risk of disease infections Recently, research has been conducted to provide a method ‘of non-invasively messuring, blood glucose by using a spectrometer Without blood sampling. SUMMARY [0004] One or more example embodiments provide an ‘apparatus and a method for accurately estimating blood licose in # non-invasive manner [0005] In an aspect of an example embodiment, there is Provided an appamtus for estimating blood glucose, the pparats including: a pulke wave sensor configured to ‘obtain a pulse wave signal from an object; anda processor ‘configured to obtain atleast two pots from a wavefonn of the pulse wave signal, to extract a feature based on time values of the obtained at least two points, and t estimate blood ghicose based on the extracted feture 10006) The pulse wave sensor may include: atleast one light source configured to emit lig of at least one wave- Fengit onto the object; and atleast one detector configured to detect the light of at least one wavelength scattered oF reflected from the object. [0007] The at least one wavelength may include at least ‘one ofa red wavelength, a green wavelength, a be wave= length, andl an ifaee wavelength, [0008] ‘The processor may obtain « first pont in a systolic interval of the pulse wave signal, and a Second point in @ diastolic interval of the pulse wave signal [0009] The processor may extract, asthe feature, at east ‘oncofa difference between a time value of the fst point nd a time value ofthe second point, and atime difference ratio Jun. 18, 2020 ‘obtained by dividing the difference by the time value ofthe first point or the time value of the second point [0010] The processor may obtain a component of pulse ‘Waveform forming the waveform ofthe pulse wave signal, tnd may obtain the first point and the second point based on the obtained component of the pulse waveform, [O11] |The processor may detect a focal minimum point from a waveform ofa diflerenial signal, obtained by pes- forming diferentition on the pulse wave signal, and may obiain at least one of time value and signal strength of the detected focal minimum point as the component of the pulse waveform, [0012] The feature may futher include at least one of pulse rate variability, heat rate variability, hear rate, pulse rc, arterial stiles blood pressure, perfusion index, and pulsatile volume, [0013] The processor may estimate the blood glucose by ‘applying a blood glucose estimation model to the extracted {ature [0014] In adkiton, the apparatus for estimating blood tghucose may furher include an ontput interface configured {o provide a processing result of the processor (0 a user [0015] In another aspect ofan example embodiment, there Js provided a method of estimating blood glucose, the method including: obtaining a pulse wave signal ftom an object: obtaining at least tWo points fom the pulse wave sianal; exacting a feature based on time values of the obiained at least two points; and estimating blood ulueose based onthe extracted fete, [0016] The obtaining of the at least two points may finchide obisining a fist point in systolic interval of the pulse wave signal, and a sevond point in a diastole interval ff the ple wave signa [0017] The extracting of he feature may include extrac ng, s the feature, atleast one of a difference berween atime value ofthe fist point and atime value ofthe second point, and a time difference ratio obtained by dividing the diffe. tence by the time value ofthe frst point or the time value of the second poi [0018] The obtaining of the at least two points may inchide obtaining a component of a pulse waveform fori ‘waveform ofthe pulse wave signal, and obtaining the fist point and the second point based on the obtained component Df the pulse waveform, {0019} The obiaining of the at least two points may Include detecting a local mininam point fom 8 Waveform bof a differential sigaal, obtained by performing differeaia. tion on the pulse wave signal, and obtaining atleast ane of ‘time value and a signal strength of the detected local ‘inimum point as the component of the pulse waveform. [0020] In yet another aspect of sn example embodiment, there is provide an apparatus for estimating blood glucose, the apparatus including: a pulse wave sensor configured to obtain a pulse wave signal from an object; 2 metabolism ‘information obtainer configured to obtain metabolism infor: mation of a user: and a processor configured to estimate a first blood glucose value hased on a feature extracted from the pulse wave signa, to estimate @ second blood glucose value based on the metabolism information, and to estimate final blood glucose value hased on the fist bloed glucose value and the second blond glucose valve, [0021] The processor may extract the feature based on time values ofthe atleast two points of a waveform of the pulse wave signalUS 20200187835 Al [0022] The processor may obtain «first pont ina systolic inerval of the waveform of the polse wave signal, and a second point ia @ diastole interval of the wavelontt of the pulse wave signal: and may extract, asthe feature, at least ‘one of a difference between a time value ofthe fist pot ud ‘time value of the second point, and time difference ratio ‘obtained by dividing the difference by the time value ofthe First point or the time value of the second point, 10023] The processor may obtain a component of a pulse Waveform forming the waveform ofthe pulse wave sigaal, ‘and may obtsin the fst point and the second point based on the obiained component of the pulse waveform. 10024] The metabolism information obiainee may obsain the metabolism information based on atleast one of sensor information, received from at lest one of the pulse wave sensor fod intake sensor, and blood glucose sensor, and User input information. [0025] ‘The metabolism information obtainer may obtain the metabolism information by applying atleast one of the sensor information and the user input information 1 a metabolism model [0026] The metabolism information may include at least ‘one of a blood glicase change rate over time, a blood tlucose variation, and a probability ora frequency of stages ‘of blood glucose change stages 10027] The processor may estimate the second blood glt- ‘cose value based on a calibration blood glucose value ‘obiained by a blood glucose sensor, and the metabolism information 10028] The processor may estimate the final blood glucose value by applying a blood glucose estimation model to the first blood glucose value and the second blood ghicose value 10029] The blood xlucose estimation model may be pre= defined based on at least one of weighted. summation, Kalman Filter, regression, apd Artificial Intelligence 0030] In sill another general aspect, there is provided ‘method of estimating blood glucose, the method inching: ‘obtaining @ pulse wave signal from an object obtaining retabolism information ofa user, extracting a feature from the pulse Wave signal estimating a first blood glucose value hased on the extracted feature; estimating a second blood hvcose value based an the metabolism infarmation; and ‘estimating a final blood glucose value based on the fist blood glucose value and the second blood glucose value “The exteacting ofthe feature may inchude: obtain- ing firs point ina systolic interval of the waveform of the pulse wave signal, and a second point in a diastole interval ‘of the waveform ofthe pulse wave signal: and extracting, 38, the feature, at least one ofa difference betweea atime Value ‘ofthe first point and a time value ofthe second point, and atime dlference ratio obtained by dividing the diflerence by the time value of the first pot or the time value of the second pont. [0032] The obtaining ofthe metabolism information may inchide obtaining the metabolism information based on. at least one of sensor information, received from at last one of the pulse wave sensor, a food intake sensor, aad a blood hucose sensor, and user iaput information, [0033] The obtaining ofthe metabolism information may Include obtaining the metabolism information by applying at Teast one of the sensor information and the user input information to @ metabolism model Jun. 18, 2020 [0034] ‘The estimating of the final blood glucose value ‘may’ include estimating the final Blood hucase value by ‘applying a blood glucose estimation model to the fist bloc ihicose vale and the second blood glucose valve BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING: [0035] ‘The above andor other aspects will be more sppar- eat by describing certain example embodiments wih reer- tence (othe accompanying drawings, in which: [0036] FIGS. 14 and 1B are block diagrams illustrating an ppantus for estimating blood glucose according i example embodiments; [0037] FIGS. 24, 2B, and 2C are diagrams explaining examples of extracting Teaturs for estimating blood glue [0038] FIG. 3 is @ Nowchart illustrating @ method of estimating blood givcose according to an example embod sent [0039] FG. 4 isa block diagram illustrating an apparatus for estimating blood glucose according to another example embodiments [0040] FIG. SA a diapram ilustating an example of an interface for obtaining metabolism information [0041] FIGS. $B and SC are diagrams illustrating examples of an interface for obtaining @ calibration blood lucose value; and [0042] FIG. 6 is @ Nowchar illustrating «method of tstmting blood glucose according to another embodiment DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0043] Dewils of example embodiments are included in the following detailed description and drawings. Aspects of ‘example embodiments will he more clearly derstood from the following embodiments described in detail with refer- ence tothe accompanying drawings. Throughout the draw- ings and the detailed description, unless otherwise described, the sime drawing reference numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements, features, and [0044] Iti be understood that, although the tems fet, second, tc. may be sed hersin to describe various cle ‘ments, these elements should not be limited by these terms ‘These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another Any references to singular may include plural unless expressly stated otherwise. In addition, unless explic- ily described © the contrary, an expression such as “come prising” or “including” will be tnderstood to imply the Inclusion of slated elements but aot the exchision of a bother elements. Also, the tems, such as part or “module” ec. should be understood a unit that performs atleast one hunetion of operation and that may be embodied as hard- ‘ware, software, ora combination thereof, [0045] Expressions such as “at least one of" when pre coding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements ‘and do not modify the individval elements of the list. For ‘example, the expression, “at last one ofa b, and "should be understood as including ony a, ony b, only c, both a and », both a and c, both b aad ¢, all of a, b, and e, oF any Variations of the aforementioned examples. [0046] FIGS. 14.and 1B are block diagrams illustrating an Apparatus for estimating blood glucose according 1 exampleUS 20200187835 Al ‘embodiments. FIGS, 24 to 2C are diagrams explaining ‘examples of extracting fetures for estimating Blaod gh [0047] _ blood glucose estimating apparatus 1002 shown in FIG. 1A and a blood glucose estimating apparats 100 shown in FIG. 1B aecording to example embodiments may be embedded in an elecionie device, suchas a smartphone, 8 tablet personal computer (PC), a deskiop computer, Taptop compute, and the lke, oF in a medical device of a specialized medical institation. Alternatively the blood gli- ‘cose estimating apparatuses 100a and 100 may be man factured as an independent device, sch as.a wearable device inchidinga wristwateh-type wearable device, a bracelettype ‘wearable device, a wrsiband-type wearable deviee, a ring lype wearble device, a plases-iype weanble device, a hheadband-iype wearable device, and the like, which may be wom on an objec [0048] Referring to FIGS. 14 and 1B, the blood glucose ‘estimating apparatuses 100 and 1006 include a pulse wave seasor 110 and a processor 120. [0049] The pulse wave sensor 110 may measure @ pulse wave signa, ineloding a photoplethysmogrephy (PPG) sig- nal, Irom an object. The pulse wave sensor 110 may include: 4 light source which emits light onto the object; and a detector which deeets sattered or reflected light when light, ‘emitted by the light source, is seatered or reflected from a body tissue ofthe abject such asthe surface of skin or blood vessels 10050) ‘The light source may emit light of one oF more dlifferont wavelengths onto the object. For example, differnt ‘wavelengths may include blue wavelength, 2 green wave- Fength, a red wavelength, an infrared wavelength, and the like, but are not limited thereto. The light source may include atleast one ofa light emitting diode (LED), a Taser diode (LD), a uorescent body, and the like, but is not limited thereto, One or more light sources may be positioned ‘different distances from the detector [0051] Te detector may include one or more pixels which ‘sect light, scatored of reflected from body tissves of the ‘object, and convert the detected light into an electric sipna The one o more pixels may inckude a photodiode, a photo transistor (PTH), am image sensor (et, CMOS image sen- sor), and the like, but are not limited thereto, [0052] The processor 120 may receive a pulse wave signal from the pulse wave sensor 10, and may extract features for esinatng lod gos hd on he eve pase wave signal 10053] For example, the processor 120 may obtain 0 oF more points from waveform of the pulse wave signal, and ray extract features for estimating blood glucose based on amplitude information andor time information of the ‘obtained two or more points. In this ese, the processor 120, ‘may’ oblain a point om each of a systole interval and diastolic interval ofthe waveform ofthe pulse wave signal. For example, the processor 120 may oblain a peak of the systolic interval anda peak ofthe diastolic interval as points for extracting features Here, the systolic interval may refer ‘o an interval from a starting point ofthe pulse wave signal tw adierotic notch (DN) point, and the diastole interval may refer toan interval ater the dicotc notch point ofthe pulse wave signal, 10054] Referring © FIG. 2A, the upper diagram illustates ‘pulse wave signal measured by the pulse wave seasor 110, Af illsirated in FIG. 24, a waveform of the pulse wave Jun. 18, 2020 signal may be composed ofa plurality of pulse waveforms 21, 22, and 23. Generally, the pulse wave signal is a superpesition of @ propagation wave 21, stating from the heart toward the distal end portions ofthe body, and relee= tion waves 22 and 23 reflected from the distal end portions ‘ora branching point of the blood vessel and retiming back therefrom, [0058] The processor 120 may obtain two oF more points based on components af pulse waveforms forming the pale wave signal, time andor amplitude (or signal strength) values. For example, among the pulse waveforms forming the pulse wave signal, the processor 120 may obtain a fist point PL based on a component of the ist pulse waveform 21 which s associated with a propagation wave appearing in the systolic interval before DN. Further, ofthe pulse wave- orms 22 and 23 appearing inthe distolic interval after DN, the processor 120 may obtain a second point P2 based om component of the second pulse waveform 22 having the highest amplitude among the pulse waveforms forming the pulse wave signal [0056] The bottom diggram of FIG. 2A illustrates a wave- orm ofa differential signal obtained by performing second ‘order dilleretition ona pulse wave sigaal, Referring to the bottom diagram of FIG. 2A, the processor 120 may perform second order dilleentistion on pulse wave signa and may Dbiain components of pulse waveforms, forming the pulse wave signal, based on the waveform of the second enler tiferential signal. For example, the processor 120. may detect Jocal minimum points fom the waveform of the sscond order dilferontial signal, and may obtain components of constituent pulse wavetorms based on the detected local ‘minimum points L1, [2, and 13. In this ease, the local ‘minimum point refers to a point at which a downward convex shape is formed, in an interval of a second onder ferential signal which is observed to be decreased and thon is increased again past specific point. [0087] For example, the processor 120 may obtain a pulse ‘wave signal point Pl, corresponding to first local minimum point F1 of the second order differential signal, 8 the fist point associated with the first pulse waveform, and may Dbiain a pulse wave signal point P2, corresponding t0 second local minimum point L2 ofthe second order differ- ental signal, as the second point associate withthe secon pulse waveform, [0088] As described above, the processor 120 may extract Teatures for estimating blood glucose based on atime value 71 of the fist point PI and atime value 12 of the second point P2, which are obtained from the pulse wave signal For example, the processor 120 may extract, as the feature, a diference (T2-T1) between the time value TY ofthe fist point PL and the time value T2 of the second point D2 ‘Alternatively the processor 120 may extract as the feature, ‘time diference ratio (T2=T1)T1 obtained by dividing the diference (T2-T1) between the time value TH of the fst point PL and the time value T2of the second point P2 by the {ime value TI of the first point PL, or a percentage of the time difference ratio, However, determination of the features fn example embodiments are not limited thereto {0059} In another example, the processor 120 may extract Various other types o information as Features fo estimating blood pressure. For example, the processor 120 may further obiain, as the features, pulse rate variability, hear rate variability, heart rate, pulse rate, arterial stifiess, blood pressure, perfusion index, pulsatile volume, and the likeUS 20200187835 Al the features are not limited thereto, and the processor 120 may extract various features base on various bio-signals obtained fom a user wing various sensors ‘mounted in the blood glucose estimating apparatuses 1002 ‘and 100 of in an external deview. 10060] ‘The processor 120 may obtain features for estimat- ing blood glucose by combining the obttined information items. For example, referring t0 FIGS. 2B and 2C, the processor 120 may estimate pulse rate variability (PRV) by analyzing NN intervals TH and T2 of the pulse wave signal ‘of multiple wavelengths 2, A, i, andy measured from a [0061] Upon obisining the features for estimating blood lucose based on the pulse wave signal, the processor 120 may estimate Blood glacose by applying predefined blood lucose estimating model. In this case, the blood plucose ‘estimating model may be defined as @ linean'non-linear mathematical fonetion which indicates a comeation haween the obtained feature value and a blood ghicose value. The following Pgustion 1 is an example of simple Finear function, but i not Kime thereto. 10062] Herein, x, denotes the obiained feature value, y, denotes blood ghicose valve to be obiained, and aand bare values pre-celculated through preprocessing. 10063] Referring © FIG. 1B, the blood glucose estimating apparatus 1005 seeording 10 an example embodiment inchides an output interface 130, 8 storage 140, and a ‘communication interface 150, 10064] The output interface 130 may’ output a processing result ofthe processor 120 to a user. For example, the ouput interface 130 may visually output an estimated blood glu- ‘cose Value by using a display module (ez a display device. Altematively, the oust interface 10 may output the valve in a non-visual manner through voice, vibrations, tactile seasation, and the like by using a speaker module (eg. a speaker), a haptic module eg. vibration motor), aud the like, The output interface 130 may divide a display area into ‘ho or more areas according ta setting, in which the ouput imerface 130 may output a pulse wave signal graph, 2 blood hucose estimation result and the like, which ure used for ‘estimating blood glucose, ina fist area: andl may output 3 blood ghicose estimation history in the form of graphs and the like in a second arca. In this ease, when an estimated blood ghicose value falls outside a normal range, the output interface 130 may output waraing information in various ‘manners, such as highlighting an abnormal valle ire and the like, displaying the abnormal value slong with 2 normal range, oulputting voice Waning message, adjusting @ vibration intensity, and the ike [0065] The processor 120 may generate various health- related information items based on the blood glicose ext Imation rest, and may output the genersted information through the output interface 130, For example, in response to blood glucose estimation result being lower than a predetermined threshold (e.g, 70 mL), the processor 120 may disgnose hypoglyeemia, and may peovide healthre- lated information including an action to be made by a user, ‘ora change in dosage of medication «© be taken by a wsee 10066] In addition, the processor 120 may generate vari- ‘ous health indices by tracking blood ghueose estimation results during a predetermined period of time stored in the Jun. 18, 2020 storage 140, and may provide the health indices to a user {rough the outpot interface 130 [0067] For example, the processor 120 may generate 2 stiwss score indicating a blood glucose score or a blood hicose metaholism Tevel. For example, the procestor 120 may calculate a hypoglycemiahypergiycemia frequency andor a stress frequency by dividing a numberof times of hypoglycemiahbyperglyeemia and/or a number of times of siness daring a predetermined period of time by a total ‘umber of data, Further, the processor 120 may ealeulate a Period of hypoplyeemianhypenglycemia andior a stress Period by dividing a time of hypoglycemiahhyperglycemia andor stress time during a predetermined period of time by total data time. In another example, along with er sepa- rately from the ealeulation, the processor 120 may generate ‘analysis information associated with @ maximum glucose value and a minimum glucose value in a day during predetermined period of time, andor infomation on a change in blood glucose and physiological responses, and the like. However, the information is merely an example, and the processor 120 may generate various other health indices, {0068} In this eas, the output interface 130 may output a blood glucose score anor a sires score ithe ist area oF the display, and may output the analysis information asso- ciated with a maximum glicose value and a miniowm slucose value ina day during a predetermined period of time in the second area ofthe display. Altomatively, the output interface 130 may output blood glicose score ora ress Score in the fist aroa of the display, and may output {information on a change in blood glucose and physiological responses in the second area of the displ. However, this is ‘merely exemplary, and the output interface 130 may output ‘one information item in the entire area of the display. In addition, while outputting two information items in each fares ofthe display, when a wer selects any one information item, the output interface 130 may output the selected information in the entire area ofthe display by enlarging the information [0069] The storage 140 may stone a processing result of the processor 120, Further, the storage 140 may store varios {ypes of reference information required for estimating blood cose. For example, the reference ‘infomation may ‘include user characteristic information such as a user's age, ‘ex, health condition, and the Fike: Ta addition, the reference information may include a reference blood glucose value, a blood glucose estimation model «blood glicose estimation inerval, andthe lke, but isnot limited thereto [0070] In tis ease, the storage 140 may include atleast, fone storage medium of Hash memory type memory, hard disk ype memory, a multimedia card mico type memory, card type memory (eg.,an SD memory, an XD memory, se.) Random Access Memory (RAM), a State Random Access Memory (SRAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM), an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM), ‘magnetic memory, a magnetic disk, and an optical disk, fn the like, but is not limited thereto [0071] The communication interface 150 may commoni- cate with an exteral device 160 using wire! andor witeless ‘ommtiication techniques under the control ofthe proces- sor 120, to ansmit and receive various data, For example, the communication interface 150 may transmit a blood slucose estimation result tothe external device 160, Further,US 20200187835 Al the communication interfce 150 may receive various types of reference infomation required for estimating blood ghi- ‘ose fom the extemal device 160. For example, the com tnication interface 150 may rcecive a referee hood tlucose valve and the like trom an extemal device foe measuring Blood ghicose which is an invanivelinimally invasiveoninvasive device In this case, examples ofthe extemal device 160 may include an exiemal device for temuring blood ghicose which is an invanivelminimally invasivenoninvasve device, and an information process: ing device such as a smartphone, @ tablet PC, a desktop ‘computer laptop computer, and the ike 10072] In this case, examples ofthe communication tech- nigues may include Bluetooth communication, Bluetooth [Low Energy (BLE) commoncation, Neat Field Comman- cation (NEC), WLAN communication, Zigbee communica ton, Infrared Data Association (DA) communication, Wi Fi Dive (WFD) communication, UtsWideband (UWB) ‘communication, Ante communication, WIFT conimunica- tion, Radio Frequency Ieatiieaion (RFID) eommunica- tion 3G communication, 4G communication, 5 comms- nication, and the Tike. However, this is merely exemplary ‘td i no intended oe Hit. 0073] FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating » method of ‘estimating blood gcose seeding 10 an example embod tment. The blood glicoseestiating method of FIG. 3 may be performed bythe blood gloss estimating apparaties 10 and 1008 according wo embodiments of FIGS. 14 and 1B, which will be biel describe below in order w avoid redundancy. [0074] In wesponse to a request for estimating blod glv- ‘cose, the Blood ghicos estimating apparais may siestre pulse wave signal from an object 310. In this ease, the rogues for esting blood glucose may be received rom 2 ther of an exnial device, of muy Be generated at Predetermined load ahcoseextination intra, The hood lose estimating appara may include: one or nore ight Sources which emit light onto an abject to measure» pulse wave signal including @ PPG signal; and detector Which ‘tet light scattered or reflected fom the object. 10075} Thebood glucose estimating appara may obtsin {wo oF more points from the pulse wave sigial to extract feature for estimating blood glucose in 320, Tor example, the blood glucose estimating apparatus may oblain «peak of the systole interval and a pesk of te dastoli intel as, points fr extueting features, For example, the bod ahve ‘ose estimating appara may obtain the peak of the sy toc terval and the pak ofthe dzstoie interval based on ‘components of puke waveforms forming the puke wave Sigal In this eae, the Dood gluowe estimating apparatus may dict loc minimum points fom « second order Alecia signal, obtained by pearing second order ‘ferentiation on the pulse wave signal, and many obtain time value and aa amplitude value of each loca minimum points components of cach pulse waveform. In othce two, the blow glsoseeximating apparatus may obtain, ‘4 point ofthe systole interval, apse wave sgl pot ‘coruponding toa fist pulse wavelom component soc sted with propagation Wave ofthe second order diferent Signal, ie, comesponding to time value of fist local tunimum point Likewise, the blod cose estimating ‘pparatus may cbs, asa poin of the diastole interval, pulse wave signal pit corespoading to sccoad pulse ‘waveform generally biving the highest amplitde among the Jun. 18, 2020 pulse waveform components associated with a reflection ‘ave, je, comesponding to time vale ofa second local ‘anima point {0076} Subsequently, the blood glucose estimating appa rats may exit fetes based on time information andor “split information obiined at Wo or more points of the pulse wave signal in 330. For example, the Blood glucose Estimating apparanis may’extact, ste fear, difference beeen & time valve obtained in the dssole interval and atime value obtained in the systolic imerval In another xampla, the blood glucose esting. apport may enact, 38 the feature atime difference ratio obtained by tividing the diflerene between the time vale of the dia Stoic interval and the time valu of the systole interval by the time valu ofthe systole inteval, ora percenaye ofthe time diference aio. However, te estar are not init thereto, and the blood glucose estimating apparatis may fiir obtain information such as pulse rate variability, haart rate variability heart rat, pulse rat, aril sites, ood pressure, perfusion index pulsatile volume, and the ike and may combine the obtitelinformaton items to obtain anew feature [007] Next upon exacting she furs, he blood aa cose estimating apparatus may estimate blood glucose by Spplyina a blood ghicose estimation model in 340. The boo lucose estimation model my be a lner/nonlinar fiption which indicates 8 comelation hetween Tete ‘ale and blood glucose vale, but snot anit thereto [0078]. "The blood aluose estimating apparatus may out Puta blood glucose estimation result and may provice the Fest © a user in 380. For example, the blond plocose estimating epparatus may output the Blood glucose estima thon result by various vou methods sing a visual ouput deve sucha display and th ike. Alternatively the blood aluose estimating apparatus may output the bived plucose tsxtimation result By non-visasl methods thoush. voice, tactile sensation, vibrations, and the ike using a speaker tndor a haptic module. Furie the blo glucose stmt ‘ng eppaats may determine a users heath condition based on the extimat blood glucose value, and may provide a ‘waming oa response ation based on the determination. (0079) FIG. 4 is block digram illstating an apparatus for estimating blod ghicose second to another embod ment. FIG. 5A isa diagram illastating an example of an Jnteriae for obtaining metabolism infomation. FIGS. SB and SC are dram illustrating examples of an itrlace for ‘baining a calbrtion blood glocse vate {0080} Referring to FIG. 4, the blood glvcose exiting Spparatus 400 according. to. an_exammple embodiment includes pis wave sensor 410, a metabolism information obainer 420, and a processor 430; and depending on an embodiment, may further nehnde an ouput interlace 480, a Storage 480, and communication interface 460, {0081} The pulse wave sensor 410 may measure pulse ‘wave signal ffom an objec, and may inlude one oF more Fight sources whichemit ight ono the objec, anda detector which detects light seattered or eflctd from the objet {0082}. The metabolism information oblainee 420, may collet factors Which affect blood gheose for example, food Juke information including consumed food, an amount of food intake, atime of food stake, and stv information Jncluding atime of insulin ijction, exer, sleep, and the Tike, and ay obtain metabolism information based on the collected information. The food intake information andUS 20200187835 Al sectivity information are merely examples, such that the information isnot limited thereto. [0083] For example, as illustrated in FIG. $A, the metabo- lism information obisiner 420 may output an interfsee for receiving input of food intake information from a user on a display $2 of an electronic device 50 in which the blood phucose estimating. apparatus 400 is mounted, and may ‘obiin food intake information input by a user Further the tetaholism information obtainer 420 may output an intr face for collecting 2 user's activity information, and may receive the activity information fom a user. 0084] In another example, the metabolism information ‘obiainer 420 may obtain food intake information using 3 food intake sensor. In this case, the food intake sensor is & seasor whieh generates food intake sensor information by Fecognizing food intake by a user, and may he mounted in the blood glucose estimating apparatus 400 or may. be manufactured asa separate hardware device to be attached ‘or wora on a body part [0085] For example, the food intake sensor 120 may inchide » sensor whichis wor on a users ea to recognize the sound made by a user when consuming food; 2 gy70 sensor Which is worn on a user's wrist 10 recognize the ‘motion of the arms: a seasor which recognizes the motion of the chest oF respiration; sensor for eapturing an image of food consumed by a User; a piezoelectric Sensor which recognizes a swallowing action ofa user ara motion of the ruses in user's throat Inaddition, the food intake sensor 120 may include camera module which obtains image information associated with food intake by a user, and the like, However, the food intake sensor 120 is not Timited thereto, [0086] Upon receiving the food intake sensor information, such as the sound of food intake the captured image of food, the recognized swallowing action information, the recog- rized motion information ofthe arms an the Fike, from the food intake sensor 120, the mctabolisa information obtainer 420 may analyze the received food intake sensor informa tion, to obtain food intake information sueh asthe types and amounts of food consumed by a user, andor a food intake 10087] In snother example, the metaboliss information ‘obiainer 420 may obtain a slope change by analyzing ‘continuous Blood glucose measurements reeeived from an invasive andor minimally invasive or non-invasive blood glucose sensor, and may obtain food intake information based on the obtained slope change. For example, in the ease ‘where a slope of blood glicose levels suddenly changes in the continnous blood glncose measuremienis over a pred termined period of time, the metabolism information ‘obtainer 420 may detemnine # point, at which the slope suddenly changes, asa time of food intake ofa user. Furter, the metabolism information obiainer 420 may estimate the types of food or an amount of food intake according to change in blood glucose by using a model which is a Predefined for cach user and represents a comclation between a blood glucose change and food information 0088] | However, the metabolism information obtainer 420 is not limited to these examples, and may recognize food iimake information andor aetivity information by using slope change of the features of the pulse wave signal measured by the pulse wave sensor 410, oF by combining information items obtained by various methods described above. Jun. 18, 2020 {0089} Upon obtaining the food intake information andlor activity information as described above, the metabolism information oblainer 420 may obtain metabolism informa tion by using a predefined a state space metabolism model In this case, the metabolism information may include blood glucose variation, a blood glucose change mite over ‘ime, anda probability or frequency of blood glucose change sages, but isnot limited thereto [0090] For example, she metabolism information obtainer 4420 may obtain a blood glucose variation ara blood glucose change rate overtime by applying a physiological metabo- lism model scsording to transfer of substance, which is related to blood glucose, between body organs. For example, the metabolism model may be defined by formulating, as lincar or non-linear equation, blood glucose metabolism according to transfer of a substance between body organs (ea, stomach, intestine, ee.). The metabolism model may be personalized by modeling various factors, associated with absorption of a substance in the body, distribution of substance, metabolism by organs such as liver and stomach, exeretion, and the like, for each user. However, the metabo- lism model i not imited therete, and may be predefined in the form of a blood glucose database which represents correlation between metabolism model infomation items such as food intake information andor aetvity information, blood glocose confidence interval overtime, a probability ‘¢ fequency of blood glucose change stages, and the like. [0091] Once the pulse wave sensor 410 measures pulse wave signal, the processor 430, may oblain features for estimating blood glveose from the pulse wave signal. For example, as described above, the processor 430 may obtain, as the feature, a dillerence between atime value at a peak point ofthe systolic interval anda ime value at peak point Of the diastolic interval, or a time difference ratio oblained. by diving the difference bythe time value atthe peak point ofthe systolic iterval. In this ease, the processor 430 my ‘detect local minimum points from a sccond order differentia! signal, which is obtained by performing second order dif Terentiation om the pulse wave signal, and may obtain the peak point ofthe systolic interval and the peak point of the Siastolie interval based on components of each constituent pulse waveform forming the pulse wave signal. However, the features are merely examples, and various other features may also be objained. [0092] Upon obtaining the features from the pulse wave Signal, the processor 430 may obtain a first estimated blood talucose value by applying a first blond glucose estimation model. For example, the fst blood glucose estimating ‘model may be defines as a linear function which represents ‘correlation between 2 feature value and a blood ulucose Valea represented by the above Equation 1, but is not limited thereto. [0093] Further, ove the metabotism information obtainer 4420 obtains metabolism information, the processor 430 may ‘obtain a second estimated blood glucose value by applying ‘second blood glucose estimation model. The second blood glucose estimation model may be defined as a linear or fhoninear function by using the metabolism information ‘and a calibration blood glucose value, In this ease, the Calibration Blond glicose vale may refer toa blood glucose. value measured by using an invasive and/or minimally invasive apparatus for measuring blood glucose at a cali bration time, eg, at & time of an empty stomach. TheUS 20200187835 Al following Equation 2 is an example of a simple finear ‘equation, but isnot limited there. pan 10004] Here, y= denotes the second estimated blood glu- ‘ose valve abiited based on the metabolism information; X; denotes metabolism information, eg. a blood glucose ‘ciation at a measurement time compared a calibration Time; and & and ft denote coetiients predefined through preprocessing. In this case, may be a calibration blood {glucose value messured by using an invasive/minimally invasive apparatus for measuring blood glucose at a cli bration time, eg. ata time of an empty stomaeh, 10095] Upon estimating the first estimated blood glncose value obtained using the pulse wave signal, and the second ‘estimated blood ghicose value obtained using the metabo- lism information, the processor 430 may estimate final blood glucose value based onthe first blood glucose value, the second blood ghicose value, and a final blood glucose ‘estimation mode. The final blood glucose estimation model may be predefined based on Weighed summation, Kalman Filter, gression, Arificil Intelligence, and the like. Por ‘example, the processor 430 may estimate a final blood lucose value by using a final blood glucose estimation model defined based on weighted summation as represented by the following Equation 3 segieiys (equation 5 [0096] Herein, y, and y, denote the frst blood glucose Value and the second blood glucose value respectively: denotes te final blood glocose vale; and and «, denote ‘weighted values applied tothe frst blood glucose value and the second blood glucose valve respectively, in which the Weighted valies applied to the bod glucose values may be fined differently for cach user. Por example, in the esse ‘where a blood glucose value ebtained by using pulse wave signal of a specific user is relatively more accurate than & blood glucose value oblaied by using metabolism informa tion, i, fs eloser fo an aetval blood glucose value which is measured invasively, a weighted valve to be applied to the fist blood glucose value may be set 1 higher value than ‘a weighted value to be applied tothe second blood glucose Walt forthe user. [0097] In addition, dhe final Blood glucose estimation ‘model may he defined by further considering a calibration blood glucose value which is measured ata calibration ime, 1s represented by the following Equation 4. However, the final blood glucose estimation model isnot limited thereto, ‘and may be defined as various other modified models, [Baton 2) Peytasony te qaton 4) 10098] Herein, y,.y.,and y, denote the frst blood glucose value; the second Blood glucose value, and the ealibration blood glucose value, respectively: y denotes the final blood lucose value; and «, 0, and «denote weighted values applied to the first blood glucose value, the second blood hicose value, and the calibration blood glucose value, respectively, 10009] Further, the processor 430 may determine whether 'o calibrate a blood glucose estimation model hased on blood glucose estimation result, Fo example, upon estimat- ing the inal blood glucose valve, the processor 430 may check a calibration condition, and in response to the final blood ghicose value satisfying the calibration conition, the processor 430° may calibrate a blood glucose estimation Jun. 18, 2020 ‘model. For example, the calibration condition may be defined as being satisfied in various eases, such a a ease ‘where a total number of times the estimated blood glucose values falling outside normal range during » predetermined period of time i greater than or equal to a tresbold value, ‘ease where a number of times the estimated blood glucose values continuously falling outside a normal range i greater than oF equal 10 a threshold value, oF a ease where the tstimated blond glucose values deviate fom a normal range by more than a predetermined threshold value. [0100] Referring to FIG. SB, ia response wo the calibration condition being satisfied, the processor 430 may control the ‘communication interface 460 tobe connected toa external blood glucose measuring device 88, and may contol an output interface 440 to output on a display $2 visual infor ‘ation $3 indicating that connection (othe blood glucose ‘measuring device 8 has heen made. In this case, the visual information may include a visual objet, such as an image of the blood glucose measuring device 8S, andor a measured blood glucose value [0101] Referring to FIG. $C, inthe case where connection ‘oan extemal blood glucose measuring deviee is impossible, or in response fo a user's request, the processor 430 ‘output an interface for receiving a calibration blood xlueose value directly from 2 user on the display 52 of an electronic Aevice $0, [0102] Upon receiving input ofthe calibration blood glu ose value as deseribed above, the processor 430-may calibrate a blood glucose estimation model based on the input calibration blood glucose value. [0103] Inaddition, as described above, the output interface 440 may output a processing result ofthe processor 430 and various types of information obtained by the pulse wave sensor 410 or the metabolism information obtainer 420 by Various visual oF nonevisal methods. Further, the output interface 440 may ouput an interface for receiving food intake information or a calibration blood glucose vale from ‘user. In the case where the eommunieationinteriace 460 is fonnected fo the external device 470, the output interface 4440 may output & connection state, information received from the extemal device 470, and the like [0104] The storage 480 may store various infomation suet as the pulse wave signal measured by the pulse wave Sensor 410, the food intake information, activity informa tion, and metabolism information obtained by the metabo- lism information obtainer 420, andor a processing result of the processor 430. Further, the storage 480 may store various types of reference information to be used for estimating blood glucose, ea first blood glucose estimation model, second blood glucose estimation model, and a third blood tghtcose estimation model. In addition, the storage 480 may Sore a calibration ood ghicose vale o a user's personal information. However, the storage 480 is nt limited thereto, ‘nd may store various other types of information, [0105] The communication interface 460 may communi- fate with various external devices, including an external blood glucose measuring device, by using communication techniques to transmit and receive various types of infor mation. For example, the communication interface 460 may ‘cansmit a blood glucose estimation result of the processor 430 to a user's information processing device, eg, a desk- {op computer ora laptop computer, Which has a relatively high computing performance, for tse in monitoring com: prehensive health management ofa user. Atematively, the