Labio- Post- Palato-

Bilabial Alveolar Velar Dental Alveolar Palatal Glottal

dental Alveolar Alveolar

Voiceless
Group A p t k f θ s ʃ ʈʃ

Voiced h
Group B b d ɠ v ð z ʒ ɗʒ

Voiced
m n
Group C ŋ r j
w l
 ENDINGS

/S/
Ejemplo: lip-lips --> /lɪps/
voiceless+voiceless

/z/
Plural forms voiced+voiced
Ejemplo: leg-legs -->/legz/

Terminación en
Ejemplos:
/s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʈʃ, dʒ/ + /ɪz/
glasses --> /glɑ:sɪz/
(we add another syllable:
witches --> /wɪʈʃɪz/
/ɪz/)

/s/ Ejemplo: it hurts

voiceless+voiceless /hɜ:ts/

S 3rd person singular

/z/ Ejemplo: she moves

voiced+voiced /mu:vz/

Same rules: Ejemplo:

Genitive case voiceless+voiceless my cat's tail --> /kæts/
voiced+voiced John's face --> /dʒɒnz/

Ejemplos:
Contracted form "is" She is - She has (she's)
and "has"
/ʃɪz/
 Ejemplo:
voiceless+voiceless pick - picked
/pɪk/ -/pɪkt/

ending in vowel or Ejemplo:

Past Forms
voiced Phone - Phoned
(in regular verbs) + voiced /fəʊn/ - /fəʊnd/

Ending in /t/ or /d/ + Ejemplo:

/id/ mind - minded
(we add another syllable: /ɪd/ /maɪnd/ - /maɪndɪd/
 ALLOPHONES

ALLOPHONES

VOWEL ALLOPHONES CONSONANT ALLOPHONES

FULLY LONG HALF LONG Aspiration and

Unaspiration
[:] [·]

Devoicing
Final prominent
- Final prominent syllables closed by a
syllables voiceless consonant

Ejemplo: old --> - Non-prominent syllables

Types of Release
/ə:ʊld/
- Prominent syllables followd by another
enjoy --> /ɪndʒɔ:ɪ/ syllable in the word

Ejemplo: /'hɒlɪde·ɪz/ Place of Articulation

Aspiration  /p,t,k/ + vowel (in a prominent syllable)  Ejemplo: /ɪm'pʰɔ:tənt/

Unaspiration  “s” + /p,t,k/ + vowel (in a prominent syllable)  Ejemplo: /s'peʃl/ (no se marca con nada)

Devoicing 

DEVOICING [ ̥ ]
Group Formula Example
B Group A + Group B = b̥ Cook burgers  /kʊk b̥ɜ:gəz/
Group B + Group A = b̥ Good people  /gʊd̥ pi:pl/
Pause + Group B = b̥ (pause) That place  /ð̥æt pleɪs/
Group + Pause = b̥ In those places. (pause)  / ɪn ðəʊz pleɪsɪz/
C /p,t,k/ + /l,w,r,j/ = c̥ Place  /pl̥eɪs/

Types of release 

Types of Release [‿]

Type Formula Example
Oral release (unmarked) /p,t,k/ + vowel Cat  /kæt/
/p,t,k/ + semi-consonants /w,j/ Quite  / kwaɪt/
Non- audible release [‿] Plosive + plosive Good girl!  /gʊd ͜gɜ:l/
Plosive/affricate Good job!  /gʊd ͜dʒɒb/
Nasal release [‿] Plosive+ /m,n/ At night  /ət ͜naɪt/
Lateral release [‿] /t,d/ + /l/ Metal /met͜l/
Medal  /med͜l/
Place of Articulation 
Type
Dentalization [ ̪ ]
Labiodentalization [ɱ]
Post-alveolar articulation [ ̠ ]
Velarization of /l/ [ ̴ ]
Syllabicity [ ̩ ]
Place of Articulation
Formula Example
/l,t,n,d/ + /θ, ð/ = [ l ̪, t̪, n̪ , d̪ ] In the…  /ɪn̪ ðə/
(Alveolars + dentals) se dentaliza el
sonido de las alveolares.
/m,n/ + /f,v/ = [ɱ] Invite  /ɪɱvaɪt/
(Nasals + fricatives)
/l, t, n, d/ + /r/ = [ ̠ ] Country  /kʌn̠ tr̠ ɪ/ (en este caso, las dos anteriores
a la /r/ son alveolares, por eso se marcan ambas)
Dry /d̠ raɪ/
Clear /l/: Before vowels or /j/ Little  /lɪtɫ/
Dark /l/: Before Consonants, pauses or /w/ Little.  /lɪtɫ/
Unstressed syllables with weak vowels. Important  /ɪm'pɔ:tn̩ t/
Certain  /'sɜ:tn̩ /