Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 135

_ _ _ _ _ _ invisible to the unaided eye, ultraviolet light can be detected

in a number of ways.
(A) Although is
(B)Despite
(C) Even though it
(D) Although

The best answer completes a reduced adverb clause. In choice (A), the adverb clause
lacks a subject and is not a correct reduction because it contains a verb. In choice
(B), despite cannot be used with an adjective (only with a noun phrase or pronoun).
(C) does not supply a verb for the adverb clause and is not a correct reduction
because it contains a subject.
Because _ _ _ _ _ _ , alabaster can be easily carved.
(A) is soft
(B) softness
(C) of its softness
(D) of soft

Choice (A) lacks a subject in the adverb clause. Choice (B), a noun, could only be
used with because of In (D), because of is followed by an adjective; to be correct,
it must be followed by a noun phrase or pronoun. ...

Exercise 21

Focus: Completing structure problems involving adverb clauses, reduced adverb clauses, and related
prepositional expressions. (Note: Two or three items do not focus on one of these structures. These
items are marked in the answer key with an asterisk.)
Directions: Choose the one option-CA), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentences,
and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.
1. Small sailboats can easily capsize _ _ _ _ _ _ they are not handled carefully.
_ _ (A) but
_ _ (B) which
~ (C) if
_ _ CD) so
2. they are tropical birds, parrots can live in temperate or even cold climates.
_ _ (A) Despite
_ _ (B) Even though
___ CC) Nevertheless
_ _ (D) But
3. added to a liquid, antifreeze lowers the freezing temperature of that liquid.
_ _ (A) That
_ _ (B) Asis
._ _ (C) It is
_ _ (D) When
136 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

4. advertising is so widespread in the United States, it has had an enormous effect

on American life.
_ _ (A) Why
___ (B) The reason
___ (C) On account of
___ (D) Since
5. towards shore, its shape is changed by its collision with the shallow sea bottom.
___ CA) During a wave rolls
___ (B) As a wave rolls
_ _ _ (C) A wave rolls
___ (D) A wave's rolling
6. are increasingly linked over long distances by electronic communications, but
many of them still prefer face-to-face encounters.
___ CA) Although people
_ _ (B) Despite people
_ _ (C) Today people
___ CD) The fact that people
7. together in one place, they form a community.
_ _ CA) When people who live
_ _ (B) When people living
_ _ _ (C) Whenever people live
___ CD) Whenever living people
8. managed by an independent governor and board of directors, the Bank of Canada
is owned by the Canadian government.
_ _ (A) And yet
_ _ (B) In spite of it
_ _ (C) Although
_ _ (D) It is

9. pieces of rope are of different thickness, the weaver's knot can be used to join
them.
_ _ (A) Two of
_ _ (B) What two
_ _ (C) Two such
_ _ CD) If two
10. , the seeds of the Kentucky coffee plant are poisonous.
___ (A) Until they have been cooked
_ _ (B) Cooking them
___ (C) They have been cooked
_ _ (D) Cooked until
11. Natural silk is still highly prized _______ similar artificial fabrics.
_ _ CA) although is available
___ (8) despite there are available
_ _ _ (C) in spite of the availability of
___ (D) even though an availability of
12. Cattle ranches are found almost _ _ _ _ _ _ in Utah.
___ CA) wherever
_ _ CB) everywhere
_ _ CC) overall
___ (D) somewhere
 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 137

13. through a prism, a beam of white light breaks into all the colors of the rainbow.
___ (A) When shines
_ _ (B) It shines
_ _ _ (C) It is shone
___ (D) When shone
14. most people think of freezing as a relatively modern method of food preservation,
it is actually one of the oldest.
_ _ (A) Even
_ _ (B) As though
_ _ _ (C) However
_ _ (D) Even though
15. large bodies of water never freeze solid is that the sheet of ice on the surface
protects the water below it from the cold air.
___ (A) Because
_ _ (B) Why do
___ (C) The reason that
___ (D) For the reason
16. granted by the Patent Office, it becomes the inventor's property and he or she
can keep it, sell it, or license it to someone else.
___ (A) Once a patent is
_ _ _ (B) When a patent
___ (C) A patent, once
___ (D) A patent, whenever it
17. Owls can hunt in total darkness _ _ _ _ _ _ their remarkably keen sense of smell.
___ (A) since
___ (B) because of
_ _ _ (C) the result
_ _ (D) that
[ H. most bamboo blooms every year, there are some species that flower only two or
three times a century.
___ (A) Whenever
_ _ (B) That
_ _ (C) While
___ (D) However