Scmilit CM4

MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
LITERACY
Source: https://international.binus.ac.id/communications/2020/12/19/media-literacy-and-digital-literacy-the-required-skills-in-the-digital-age/
1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 1

WHAT WILL
YOU LEARN?
This module has been

designed to help you:
 define key concepts of

media and
information sources;
 demonstrate
understanding of
differences between
the sources of media
and information; and
 evaluate media and
information sources
according to the
RAVAT checklist.
MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
SOURCES

Dear Learner, WHAT’S INSIDE
THIS
Welcome to Media and Information Literacy! MODULE?
This course, perhaps more than any other, is of crucial

 Media and Information
importance, ever since the pandemic forced us to shift to
almost fully virtual lives. But pandemic or not, literacy in Sources
using media and information is still a valuable skill as it can
Indigenous
help you discern between truth and mistruth, a difference
which could change a life, especially yours. Library
Internet
Among other things, this course will help you do the
Others
following:
 Demonstrate responsible and ethical use of media and RAVAT Checklist
information
 Produce media and information content adhering to
standard codes and conventions
 Utilize different platforms of Information and
Communications Technology as appropriate and more
effective communication tools
 Participate actively and tactfully in online discussions,
forums, and publications
 Analyze current media and information issues and
developments with a view to improving them in the
context of one’s involvement in the community and the
country at large
 Create media and information content that reflect one’s
engagement with the community and the society
 Evaluate current media and information content and
produce one’s own output reflecting ethical and
intellectual rigor in your work
 Demonstrate awareness of how media codes and
conventions vary among cultures and responds to such
appropriately
 Utilize knowledge of the media habits of people, their
lifestyles, and preferences to improve upon them in one’s
life
 Use media, information, and technology literacy to
empower oneself and others
In other words, this course will help you become smarter

users of media.
Let’s learn together!

FOCUS
QUESTIONS
 What are the different

sources of
information?
Media and
 Why is it necessary to
differentiate between
Information
the sources of
information?
 How do we evaluate
Sources
media and information
sources?
Information is already processed data. Meaning, somewhere
along the way an interpretation has already been made by the
reader and then shared to others. Sometimes, this is where
misunderstandings start, because different people have
different interpretations of information coming from just one
source. For example, journalists who cover a similar event
may write different articles about it, depending on the angle
they choose to write about. If you’re familiar with journalistic
practices, this is a legitimate course of action and not at all an
alibi for ‘bias’ as some would say. This is part of the editorial
process determined by journalistic values.
In an earlier CM, we have already discussed the types of

media that are available to us. Throughout the years, media
has expanded its influence in delivering varied information to
the public. This information is available to us in many
different forms: published books, articles in newspapers and
magazines, print ads, commercial ads on TV, etc.
However, just as the same app will look and work differently
in different platforms, media and information sources too are
not the same and not created equal. That is why information
is one step ahead of data: it is data already processed and
refined. Thus, for us to effectively locate, evaluate, and
incorporate this wide variety of information to our
knowledge base, we must understand what these information
sources are.

KEY POINT
Indigenous Even if information sources are

available globally, they can become
more valuable lessons locally. Social
Media technology and similar platforms
can be a tool for collecting, storing,
preserving, and even repurposing
indigenous knowledge systems in a
As we explore the formal sources of media and
time of rapidly accelerating change.
information, we need to understand that the ecosystem of
information and related materials will not be complete
without indigenous media and information sources.
The term indigenous knowledge implies a connection to

place and to indigenous or first/aboriginal people. It is
local knowledge and is defined by Warren (1991) as the
knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society.
Most often it is not written down. It is the information base
for society, which facilitates communication and decision-
making. Indigenous information systems are dynamic and
are continually influenced by internal creativity and
experimentation as well as by contact with external systems
(Flavier et al., 1995).
Indigenous knowledge today can be in any form of media

that is created and controlled by the community for the
community and about the community. This is because print,
broadcast, and new media still cannot reach some rural
areas, although they have a wide reach. Indigenous media
and information then aim to develop and produce
culturally appropriate information in the languages
understood by the community. These are channels for
change, education, and development because of its direct
access to local channels. They are also highly credible
because they are near the source and are seldom circulated
for profit.
Some notable examples from around the world include

Tambuli Radio Network in the Philippines, the Deadly
Mob aboriginal organization of Alice Springs, Australia,
and the Koahnic Broadcast Corporation in Alaska. These
are content about indigenous peoples that may be
distributed through dominant forms of media or through
forms of communication unique to their group.

Through these local channels or forms, culture is preserved,
handed down, and adapted.
Examples of indigenous media include folk or traditional

media, gatherings and social organizations, direct observation,
records (written, carved, or oral), and oral instruction.
According to the International Institute for Rural

Reconstruction (IIRR) toolkit for documenting indigenous
knowledge (IK), here are some considerations when it comes
to sources of information about IK:
 Community members, especially elders, are the best
sources of IK. But, since IK is unevenly distributed in
communities, it is important to find out who knows
what to tap the right sources. Otherwise, data will not
truly reflect IK in the community. For example, the
women who are in charge of home gardening, and not
anyone else, should be the ones asked about them. It is
their field of expertise.
 Folklore, songs, poetry, and theater can reveal a great
deal about people’s values, history, and practices. These
are often not written down and therefore, need to be
recorded.
 Although IK is mostly transmitted by word of mouth,
some indigenous forms of recordkeeping exist. These
include community records like writings, paintings,
and carvings. Records can also consist of trees planted
as boundaries, notched poles, and many other forms.
 People working with communities such as
extensionists, can be valuable sources of IK.
It is important that we acknowledge the valuable resource we

have in indigenous knowledge and channel it through
indigenous media and information. After all, before the
development of cities and metropolises, the indigenous
person/people (IPs) and the lumads were here first and thus
have access to ancient practices that still work and are perhaps
better than ours because it is less destructive to the
environment. Ignoring indigenous media and information can
only result in development and education programs that are
irrelevant and ineffective.
How can “indigenized” media

technologies promote an open
and dynamic understanding of
culture in “the digital age”?

LEARNING ACTIVITY
Here is a video of a Yakan elder (ca. 2010 in Zamboanga

City) demonstrating the making of mamâ, an areca nut and
betel leaf concoction.
Your task is to look for a similar IK item in your locality or

from your elders. Look up a video of it in Youtube and
answer the questions below that apply to that video:
1. How is the type of information helpful to the

community?
2. In what ways does passing on this information help
the community?
3. How did the IP know that the information they pass
on is true?
4. What difficulties did the IP face in passing on this
information to others?
5. What are the other pieces of information about this
subject that are available in popular media? Paste
the URL of the articles, videos, websites you find.

KEY POINT
Libraries, whether physical or

digital, are still one of the best
Library
and most reliable sources of
information.
Books have been familiar to us for a long time. Usually, a huge
number of books from general to specific subjects is arranged
in a room which today we call a library. All literary, musical,
artistic, or reference materials (books, manuscripts, recordings,
or films) are kept but not for sale.
Libraries, either physical or digital, are often classified into

four groups:
o academic libraries that serves colleges and universities,
o public libraries that serve cities and towns of all types,
o school libraries that serve students from Kindergarten
to Grade 12, and
o special libraries that are in special environments such as
hospitals, corporations, museums, military, private
businesses, and the government.
Due to the wealth of information in a library, it is important to

know the following skills in accessing information:
the access tool to use
how the information being accessed may be classified
the depth of detail required (some libraries provide

only an abstract of the topic)
more detailed information might require membership

or some conformity to the set rules of the
source (e.g. database)
Libraries of published books are often considered highly

reliable, accurate, and valuable. This is because ISSN or ISBN
registration ensures that standards were followed in
producing these materials. Books and documents from
dominant sources are also often peer reviewed. Hence,
secondary information coming from libraries are the closest
we could get to accuracy and reliability if we happen to not
have any access to primary information in the form of
indigenous knowledge and other firsthand data from experts.

LEARNING ACTIVITY
And since we were just talking about firsthand and secondhand

information, let’s make use of the digital libraries that we have.
Here is a list of Open Educational Resources (OERs) which can

help you with information you want to look for, be it graphic or
verbal. Particularly helpful are Google Scholar and Internet
Archives.
Now, go back to the IK item you chose for LA 1. I’m sure you were
able to find other articles and videos related to it on major search
engines. But for this one, look them up on Google Scholar and
Internet Archives and see what your search yields.
Write a paragraph of about 200 words synthesizing the results of

your search. Use the APA format for citing your sources.
If there happens to be no search results, write a 100-word

justification of why this must be so.

KEY POINT
The Internet can be both a

good and bad place. As
media and information
Internet
literate individuals, we have
to maximize our skills to
The Internet is a global computer network providing a variety
discern what’s good and
of information and communication facilities, consisting of
what’s not.
interconnected networks using standardized communication
protocols. Common search engines used for surfing
information are Google, Yahoo and Bing.
Information found on the internet may be quite varied in form

and content. Book copies, published articles and journals,
blogs, recorded videos, etc., can all be found using the internet.
Thus, it is more difficult to determine its reliability and
accuracy. Accessing information on the internet is easy, but it
requires more discipline to check and validate. Factual and
fictitious data are often merged. It is our duty then as smart
users of media to always validate our source.
Here is a checklist to help us determine the reliability of

information found in the internet:
Author. The author’s willingness to be identified is a

good indication of reliability.
Date of publication or update. While the information

may be true, it may not be reliable if it is
outdated and may have lost relevance.
Citations. Reliable authors have the discipline of

citing sources of their information.
Domain or owner of the site or page. The domains

.edu and .gov are reserved for academic institutions
and the government, respectively. Information from
such sites are presented with caution and are usually
well-grounded. Site owners may have an agenda that
affects how information is presented
Site design and writing style. Credible sources take

time to make their information accessible and easy to
comprehend.

Also, in determining whether information is accurate, run it by this
checklist:
Look for facts.
Cross-reference with other sources to check for consistency.
Determine the reason for writing and publishing the

information. Check if the author is objective or leaning heavily
on a certain point of view.
Check for advertising. Advertisers may use related information

to market their product.
Too often we suffer from information overload from the sheer glut of
data available. Scammers, trolls, and other purveyors of fake news
are getting very clever with misinformation dissemination.
Therefore, we must also empower ourselves so that even without
Wonder Woman’s golden lasso of truth, we can decide what to
believe and what to reject as mere pish-posh.

LEARNING ACTIVITY
Given the media and information sources, complete the matrix below
by examining their differences according to some criteria when
looking at information sources.
Accuracy Reliability Availability
1. Indigenous
knowledge
2. Library
3. Internet
Great job! You were able to understand the differences and uses of
the three media and information sources. Now, carefully answer the
following questions.
1. Which of these media and information sources are used

effectively in your community? How?
2. What are the challenges encountered in using these media

and information sources? What do you think we can do
towards addressing these challenges?

KEY POINT
RAVAT In exercising information

literacy, we have to go
beyond the ILESPT stages
and use the RAVAT checklist
Checklist for credibility.
And since we already know the various media and information

sources we have, it’s time to determine how credible they are.
Here is RAVAT, another mnemonic to help us discern what’s

good and what’s not.
Reliability
Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and
evaluated. Others refer to the trustworthiness of the source in
evaluating the reliability of information.
Accuracy
It is the closeness of the report to the actual data.
Measurement of accuracy varies, depending on the type of
information being evaluated. Forecasts are said to be accurate
if the report is like the actual data. Financial information is
considered accurate if the values are correct, properly
classified, and presented.
Value
Information is said to be of value if it aids the user in making
or improving decisions. The value of the information may
also depend on the need of the user.
Authority of source
Much of the information we gather daily do not come from a
primary source but are passed on through secondary sources
such as writers, reporters, and the like. Sources with an
established expertise on the subject matter are considered as
having sound authority on the subject.

Timeliness
Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary
based on the time it was produced or acquired. While a
piece of information may have been found accurate,
reliable, and valuable during the time it was produced, it
may become irrelevant and inaccurate with the passing of
time (thus making it less valuable). Other information may
be timeless, proven to be the same in reliability, accuracy,
and value throughout history.
To recap, here are the questions you need to ask for each
criterion:
Now there has also been the rise of alternative media and
information as counterpoint to mainstream and mass media.
Independent media, as some call it, include social media,
blogs, and flash mob performances. These alternative forms
provide greater freedom and power to ordinary individuals
and are a quicker way of distributing information. The
downside is that a lot of the information being passed around
is biased and inaccurate. Nevertheless, credible alternative
media sites are actually good ways of looking at “the other
side” of mainstream, the side not often looked at, advocating
marginalized groups that are usually taken for granted by
There may be other ways to corporate and government-controlled media outlets.
determine the reliability and
accuracy of information. It is Remember, while it may be difficult to fully determine the
also possible that certain reliability, accuracy, value, and timeliness of any information,
information may not exhibit the as well as the authority of the source, literacy in media and
characteristics in the checklist information benefits from the development of these skills.
but are deemed reliable and
accurate.

LEARNING ACTIVITY
Let us now try the RAVAT checklist for ourselves.

Here are links from two news articles covering
similar news. Choose one article and use the
selection criteria to answer the guide questions that
follow.
TOPIC:
RELIABILITY
ACCURACY
VALUE
AUTHORITY
TIMELINESS

LEARNING OUTPUT
To further sharpen your media and information literacy skills,

let us go back to the two articles in LA 4. This time, however,
look for an alternative media source where a similar article
may be found. Here is one from Bulatlat.com. If you can find
other sources, that would be better. Again, use the RAVAT
checklist to verify and compare the sources.
Afterwards, answer the following questions.
1. Having now read the three articles, two from

mainstream and one from media, or if you look at it
another way, one with a pro-military angle and two with
pro-lumad inclinations, what is your synthesis of the
event? What do you think really happened?
2. How do you choose from the wide variety of

information made available by different sources? How
do you decide which to believe?
For more information on IK

sources, click this link:
http://collections.infocollections.or
g/ukedu/en/d/Jii03re/
Practice makes for

proficiency!

What are the different sources of
information?
Information can come from both firsthand/primary and
secondhand/secondary sources. Indigenous knowledge
is a good source of firsthand information while the library
and internet are for secondhand information.
Why is it necessary to differentiate

between sources of information?
Information should not be taken at face value. Knowing
its source and the differences between sources helps us
discern which piece of information is credible and worth
sharing to others. Your purpose in using the information
will also determine which source you will likely look at.
Accuracy
Alternative media
How do we evaluate media and
Authority
information sources?
Firsthand information
We run them by the RAVAT checklist for reliability,
accuracy, value, authority, and timeliness. That way, we Indigenous media
can discern if the information is relevant or not.
Information
Internet
Library
Reliability
Secondhand information
Timeliness
Value

MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
LITERATE INDIVIDUAL

WHAT’S INSIDE
THIS
MODULE?
 Media and Information Literate

Individual
 Media Literacy and Its Impact
 Implication of Media and
Information

MEDIA LITERACY AND ITS IMPACT
“Media and Information Literacy recognizes the primary role of media in everyday
lives. It lies at the core of freedom of expression and information- since it empowers
citizens to understand the functions of media and other information providers to
critically evaluate their content, and to make informed decisions as users and
producers of information and media content.” (UNESCO)
With the flooding information that technology offers, weighing the validity, accuracy,
and reliability become a burden to an individual who doesn’t know how to use it.
Who are media literate individuals? From the framework of Aufderheide (1992 as
cited in Koltay, 2011): A media literate person can decode, evaluate, analyze and
produce both print and electronic media. Emphases in media literacy training range
widely, including informed citizenship, aesthetic appreciation and expression, social
advocacy, self-esteem, and consumer competence. In other words, media literate
individual cannot only use media platforms but, able to analyze and evaluate
information that was taken from it.
Being able to evaluate media information leads an individual to explore the use of
technologies in various fields such as businesses, commerce, and communications.
The use of technologies in promoting these economic aspects creates an impact on
media users and most especially to society.
The components of Media and Information Literate to an Individual are the following:
a. Improved quality of life PERSONAL/EDUCATIONAL

 Doing research have become very convenient
 Communication has been made easier
 Information has become widely accessible GPS (GLOBAL
POSITIONING SYSYTEM)- space-based satellite navigation
system that provides location and time information in all-
weather condition.
b. Greater political participation  Media serve the people by informing public about subject they
need or they want
 Informing the public of the political affairs in the country
Encourage the public to take more active role in the government
c. Better economic opportunities  Influx of media offerings has led to the creation of more jobs in
the media.
 New jobs like social media managers or multimedia specialists
have been created
d. Improvement learning environment  Source of information
 Made learning a choice
 Social Learning Environment
 Equips learners with the tools necessary to collaborate and
participate with teachers and peers both inside the classroom
and beyond the walls of the school.
e. More cohesive social unit  Social technologies are changing the way we collaborate and
communicate with each other.
 Media may play a hand towards holistic development of the
society.

LEARNING ACTIVITY
Cerebral Chart
Directions: Using the chart below, list down the impact of media on individual and society.
LEARNING ACTIVITY
Directions: Answer the following concisely.
1. Define media and information literate individual.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Enumerate the benefits media can offer to an individual and to the society.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

IMPLICATION OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION
Media and information literate individuals have the ability to find, evaluate, and use reliable information,
and communicate it through various formats and media. Such literacy is important for learning, making
sound decisions and solving problems.
The following are some of its effects on the individual and society:
Personal
 It improves the quality of life.

 Communication has been made easier.
 Information has become widely accessible.
 Conducting research has become more convenient
 Long-distance communication between family members have become possible through video calls or
instant messaging.
 It provides entertainment through various cable channels and internet access.
Political
 It generates greater political participation.

 In the fields of public service, the media and the government have a longstanding relationship.
 Media keep the public and even the government informed on what is happening in the country, helping
both sectors make political decisions.
 Through media reports of government activities and issues, the public are informed of the political
affairs in the country and are further encouraged to take a more active role in the government.
Economic
 It promotes economic opportunities.

 The new media have made it possible for ordinary individuals to offer their materials for consumption,
whether free or paid.
 YouTube, a free video host, is also an advertising medium. Advertisers pay to display their ads with the
videos. YouTube then pays video contributors if their videos get enough views or if their channels have a
high subscriber rate.
 It creates new job opportunities. For example, new positions like social media managers or multimedia
specialists are now in demand. Likewise, programmers for various platforms can easily find projects or
permanent jobs. More specialized jobs lead to higher pay and therefore result in a better economy.
Educational
 Media and information literacy improves learning environment through different interactive media
platforms.
 Reinvention of learning modalities makes knowledge accessible to more people.
 Information can be easily accessed and assessed, thus, making studying convenient for students.
 Learning resources can be easily improvised and customized to suit the aptitudes of different types of
learners.

Social
 Media and information-literate individuals form groups that are said to be more cohesive units than
those formed by people who are not, creating a bond that does not only have relational implications but
also create social impact.
 People are being connected in ways that were possible before.
 Media and information literate people would rarely, if ever, fall victim to fake news and consequently
react to it in a way that would destroy social relationship.
 It allows people to develop camaraderie and interaction.
 Different social networks sites like Facebook and Instagram can be used to build support groups
engaging in different advocacies.
Professional
 It builds professional networks.

 Looking and applying for a job becomes easy by checking different websites.
 Job hunting becomes convenient for applicants who can share their personal profiles and other
credentials to prospected companies.
 An individual can conveniently work from home through the use of different media.

LEARNING ACTIVITY
Directions: You have long been taught that technology has contributed to society in meaningful ways for the
common good. Engage yourself in answering the following questions.
1. What is a media and information-literate individual?
2. How does a media and information literate individual
contribute to improve the quality of life in terms of:
a. Educational
b. Economic
c. Personal
d. Professional
e. Political
f. Social
3. Identify some disadvantages of media and information in
terms of:
a. Economic
b. Personal
c. Professional
d. Political
e. Social

LEARNING ACTIVITY
Directions: You are asked to use social media as platform to encourage people to plant trees as a means to fight
climate change. Write a post on your social media account to support this campaign.

References
Budka, P. (2019). Indigenous Media Technologies in "The Digital Age". Philbu's Blog. Retrieved
from
http://www.philbu.net/blog/tag/indigenousmedia/?fbclid=IwAR0vQiVAJ1Cfg0hwtofXuD
rAs1dbHBXEdXjMER6Rb-x-IvgBZW1uZmDLCgQ
Commission on Higher Education. (2016.) Media and Information Literacy: Teaching Guide for
Senior High School. Quezon City.
Oxillo, M. (July 30, 2017). Media and Information Sources- Media and Information (MIL).
Retrieved from _https://www.slideshare.net/markjhonoxillo/media-and-information-
sources-78382012
Schuler and Alvarez. (n.d.). Indigenous Media. Retrieved from

http://publicsphereproject.org/node/254#:~:text=Some%20notable%20examples%20fro
m%20around,Koahnic%20Broadcast%20Corporation%20in%20Alaska.https://www.slide
share.net/markjhonoxillo/media-and-information-sources-78382012
Yuvienco, Joel C. (2017). Media and Information Literacy: Being a B.E.S.T Digital Citizen for
Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc.
CONTRIBUTORS
Alvaro P. Baya
Charito P. Fajardo
Justine Danielle R. Gabuni
Lennette S. Lantajo
Renelyn O. Manacho
Ms. Julienne Maui C. Mangawan

Scmilit CM4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Scmilit CM4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MEDIA AND

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 1

This module has been

 define key concepts of

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 2

This course, perhaps more than any other, is of crucial

In other words, this course will help you become smarter

Let’s learn together!

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 3

 What are the different

In an earlier CM, we have already discussed the types of

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 4

Indigenous Even if information sources are

The term indigenous knowledge implies a connection to

Indigenous knowledge today can be in any form of media

Some notable examples from around the world include

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 5

Examples of indigenous media include folk or traditional

According to the International Institute for Rural

It is important that we acknowledge the valuable resource we

How can “indigenized” media

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 6

Here is a video of a Yakan elder (ca. 2010 in Zamboanga

Your task is to look for a similar IK item in your locality or

1. How is the type of information helpful to the

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 7

Libraries, whether physical or

Libraries, either physical or digital, are often classified into

Due to the wealth of information in a library, it is important to

the access tool to use

how the information being accessed may be classified

the depth of detail required (some libraries provide

more detailed information might require membership

Libraries of published books are often considered highly

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 8

And since we were just talking about firsthand and secondhand

Here is a list of Open Educational Resources (OERs) which can

Write a paragraph of about 200 words synthesizing the results of

If there happens to be no search results, write a 100-word

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 9

The Internet can be both a

Information found on the internet may be quite varied in form

Here is a checklist to help us determine the reliability of

Author. The author’s willingness to be identified is a

Date of publication or update. While the information

Citations. Reliable authors have the discipline of

Domain or owner of the site or page. The domains

Site design and writing style. Credible sources take

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 10

Look for facts.

Cross-reference with other sources to check for consistency.

Determine the reason for writing and publishing the

Check for advertising. Advertisers may use related information

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 11

Accuracy Reliability Availability

1. Which of these media and information sources are used

2. What are the challenges encountered in using these media

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 12

RAVAT In exercising information

Checklist for credibility.

And since we already know the various media and information

Here is RAVAT, another mnemonic to help us discern what’s

1st Term AY 2023-2024 Media and Information Literacy Page | 13