Philo Module 1 Edited

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
Philo-Module-1 - Module
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person (STI College)
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|29869709
Senior High School
Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
The Meaning and Process of
Philosophy

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Senior High School

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: The Meaning and Process of Philosophy
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.
Published by the Department of Education

Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V
Ronelo Al K. Firmo, PhD, CESO V
Librada M. Rubio, PhD
Development Team of the Module

Writers: George T. Britos
Content Editors: Angelica M. Burayag, PhD
Erwin C. Pagtalunan
Reviewers: Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD
Sergio B. Gonzales
Language Editor: Ann Christian A. Francisco
Illustration/ Layout Editor: Bryan Balintec
Illustrator: Richard V. Gonzales
Layout Artist: Erickson N. Glodo
Management Team: Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V
Librada M. Rubio, PhD
Angelica M. Burayag, PhD
Ma. Editha R. Caparas, PhD
Nestor P. Nuesca, EdD
Marie Ann C. Ligsay, PhD
Jayne M. Garcia, EdD
Beverly T. Mangulabnan, PhD
Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD
Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Region III
Office Address: Matalino St., D.M. Government Center, Maimpis, City of San Fernando
Telefax: (045) 598-8580 to 89
E-mail Address: region3@deped.gov.ph

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
Senior High School
Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
The Meaning and Process of
Philosophy

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to Introduction of Philosophy of the Human

Person Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The
Meaning and Process of Philosophy!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed

and reviewed by educators both from public and private
institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to
12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
ii

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
For the learner:
Welcome to the Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on The Meaning and Process of Philosophy!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
iii

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it
iv

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the principles of Philosophy. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Meaning, Characteristics and Branches of Philosophy
• Lesson 2 – The Distinction between Holistic perspective and Partial point of view.
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. discuss the meaning, characteristics and branches of philosophy;
2. distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view;
3. reflect why people philosophize; and
4. discuss the importance of philosophy in their lives.

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
What I Know
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is the study that uses human reason to investigate the
ultimate causes, reasons, and principles that governs all things?
a) Anthropology
b) Economics
c) Philosophy
d) Psychology
2. Who among the following pioneered the various field of knowledge such as
history, astronomy, mathematics, medicine and even physics?
a) Americans
b) Greeks
c) Moslems
d) Russians
3. Philosophy is derived from two Greek words: philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom).
Which of the following is the common meaning of Philosophy?
a) Love of Truth
b) Love of Wisdom
c) Lover of Truth
d) Lover of Wisdom
4. Which of the following reasons why people philosophize according to Plato?

a) Doubt
b) Experience
c) Sense of wonder
d) Limitations and Possibilities of the Human Person
5. Rene Descartes is another renowned philosopher in his time. He also

explained that there is a particular reason that drives an individual to engage
himself in philosophizing. Which of the following is his reason?
a) The experience of death
b) The experience of doubt
c) Particular human experiences
d) Limitations and possibilities in life

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
6. Karl Jaspers argued that philosophy provides people to understand adverse

or challenging conditions. He believed that man is always confronted with
experiences which challenge his ideas and frameworks. According to him,
which of the following drives people to philosophize?
a) Death
b) Doubt
c) Wonder
d) Limiting situations/limiting experiences
7. It is a way of thinking that is accompanied by people’s beliefs and views.

a) Ideals
b) Opinion
c) Framework
d) Personal view
8. Greg is very good in the art of correct thinking. He uses syllogisms to validate
his reasoning. What philosophy is this?
a) Logic
b) Ethics
c) Aesthetics
d) Epistemology
9. Lucas is in thought on how he can deepen his knowledge in philosophizing,

which among the choices can best help him develop his philosophizing?
a) Dream
b) Dialogue
c) Reflection
d) Problem Solving
10. Which of the following statements could be a reason why philosophy is hard
to define?
a) Philosophy is specific.
b) Philosophy is reflective.
c) Philosophy includes standards and thoughts.
d) Philosophy changes historically in respect to its content and character.
11. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about philosophy?

a) Philosophy is bias.
b) Philosophy is a reflective activity.
c) Philosophy is an examination of knowledge
d) Philosophy is distinct area of knowledge with its own goals and concern
12. What do we call the activity that requires a person to examine his/her
thoughts?
a) Analysis
b) Meditation
c) Reasoning
d) Reflection

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
13. It is a perspective that is characterized as inclusive when trying to understand

a particular problem or situation.
a) Bias
b) Claim
c) Opinion
d) Holistic perspective
14. It is a way of looking at things using particular and specifics of a given situation.
a) Bias
b) Claim
c) Opinion
d) Partial Thinking
15. The following statements describe philosophy, except:

a) Philosophy contributes to self-development.
b) Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical thinking
c) Philosophy does not improve problem-solving and decision making.
d) Philosophy helps us to be a good communicator who can present himself
clearly

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
Lesson The Meaning,

Characteristics and
1 Branches of Philosophy
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:
1. discuss the meaning of philosophy

2. identify the branches of philosophy; and
3. appreciate the significance of the characteristics of philosophy.
What’s In
Hi there! Welcome to our new lesson on Philosophy. Before

dwelling to the new lesson, let us try to analyze the
following questions.
Choose one question below and explain what kind of

question it is.
Ex. What does it mean to be beautiful? (The question is about

beauty therefore it is a question about aesthetics or art.)
1. What is knowledge?
2. How do we know?
3. What is good?
4. What is freedom?
5. What is beauty?
6. Does God exist?
7. Can we prove the existence of God?
8. What is good life?
9. What is man? Who is man?
In the given questions:

a. What is the role of philosophy?
b. Based on your responses, what kind of questions are they?
c. Do you think philosophy has a practical significance in your life?
d. Do you have questions in life which bring you uneasiness?

lOMoARcPSD|29869709

Facilitator will instruct the students to answer the given
questions before proceeding to the new lesson!
What’s New
What is Philosophy? What is the connection of Philosophy to human experience?

What is the significance of Philosophy with the existence of everything around us?
What does Philosophy say about one’s personal experiences? Is Philosophy still
significant in the event of post-modernism and globalization?
Doing Philosophy is not something new to every individual. Philosophizing is innate

to everyone. It is giving birth to knowledge and wisdom using the things around us
and the things we experience.
Who and what is a philosopher? A philosopher is a lover of wisdom. He/she puts

meaning to what is out there, is open to changes and discovery. He/she does not
stop knowing, wondering and asking questions, hungers for truth, meaning and of
sense. He/she goes beyond and experiences transcendence. A philosopher possesses
a beautiful mind.

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
What is It
ACTIVITY 1
What words come to your mind when you hear the word Philosophy? Copy the
graphic organizer and write the words in the blank circles.
Philosophy
A. Definition:
1. The word Philosophy comes from the two Greek words philos (love) and Sophia
(Wisdom), (Abella 2016). Thus, Philosophy is the love of wisdom. This is the
most common and simplest definition of Philosophy. Philosophy may also be
defined as a science of thinking that deals with the study of processes
governing thoughts and conduct, (Garcia 2016).
2. Philosophy is the study that uses the human reason to investigate the ultimate
causes, reasons, and principles which governs all things. (Abella 2016)

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
B. Characteristics:
- Just as there are many ways at looking at things, like, experiences, situations,
problems, Philosophy can also be seen and treated in different ways.
Philosophy can be seen as a framework, as an examination of knowledge and
as a discipline. (Abella 2016)
PHILOSOPHY
FRAMEWORK DISCIPLINE
EXAMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE
Whenever a person encounters a problem, situation or a question life, he or she often

goes back to his or her framework in order to make sense of the problem. A
framework is defined as a way of thinking about the world and is composed of views
and beliefs of a person. (Abella 2016). Philosophy then as a framework could lead the
person to come up with something that may pave the way for solutions or answer.
The framework of Philosophy aids the personal framework of the person.
Philosophy can also be treated as an examination of a particular area of knowledge.
This means that the principles of philosophy can be used as an examination of other
disciplines or areas of knowledge. In the long run, other areas of specialization may
benefit from the very nature of philosophy, (Abella 2016).
Lastly, Philosophy in itself is a distinct area of knowledge. It has its own goals,
concerns and ways of doing things, (Abella 2016). Definitely, philosophy is a
discipline in itself.
Let us ponder:
Based on the characteristics of philosophy, would it be
possible for any person to engage in philosophical
discussion? Why or Why not?
(Abella 2016)

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
Logic
o a branch of philosophy that deals with the
nature of thinking and reasoning using
empirical support and information which are
reliable, valid and objective.
o it is the science of correct thinking.
Two Types of Logic

a. Deductive Reasoning – from a general truth to specific truth, from universal
truth to particular.
b. Inductive Reasoning – from a specific truth to general truth, particular to
universal.
Epistemology
o a branch of Philosophy that concerns with the definition of knowledge and
related concepts such as the sources and criteria of knowledge.
Two Contending Schools of Thought

a. Rational school – the main source of knowledge is deductive reasoning based
on self-evident principles or actions.
b. Empirical school – the source of knowledge is sense-perception.
Ethics
o it comes from the Greek word “ethos” which means character.
o it is the science of correct doing.
o it is the study of what is right and what is wrong in human behavior in the
pursuit of beauty and goodness of life.
Metaphysics
o it comes from the Greek words “meta” which means beyond and “physikon”
which means nature.
o it is branch of philosophy which is concerned with the nature of ultimate
reality.
Aesthetics
o it is derived from the Greek word “aesthetikos” which means one who is
perceptive of things through his sensations, feelings and intuitions.
o it is concerned with the essence of perception of beauty and ugliness.
Political Philosophy
o it refers to a body of knowledge that looks up on the society, politics and the
people that makes it whole.
o it is believed that society is inseparable to politics.

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
General Questions in Philosophy
Philosophy is concerned with the deepest and widest questions in life.
A. Epistemology –Theory of Knowledge

• What is knowledge?
• Can we know?
• What is to know?
• How can we know?
B. Ethics – Moral Philosophy

• What is freedom?
• Do we have free will?
• What is human act?
• Are our actions already determined?
C. Philosophy of Art – Aesthetics

• What is beauty?
• What does it mean to be beautiful?
D. Philosophy of Religion
• Does God exist?
• Can we prove the existence of God?
• What reasons are there to believe in God?
E. Rational Psychology/Philosophy of Man/ Philosophical Anthropology

• What is the essence and meaning of life?
• Does life make sense?
• What is good life?
• What is happiness?
• What is man? Who is man?
• Is man only his body, or man is his soul
Philosophy is reflective and reflections arise from our

experiences. Man is rich with experiences both good and
evil. These experiences are the starting point of wonder
and awe. Reason leads to reflection and that’s what
makes us human. We are capable of becoming aware of
our consciousness and daily activities. Man, by essence
is reflective. However, people nowadays have less time to
think and reflect on their experiences. Man is simply now
becoming a contradiction of his own. (Garcia 2016)
10

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
What’s More
ACTIVITY 2
Give examples of scientific and philosophical questions.
Philosophical questions Scientific questions
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
AYN RAND:
- “Philosophy studies the fundamental nature of existence, of man, and of man’s
relationship to existence. As against the special science, which deals only with
particular aspect, philosophy deals with those aspects of the universe which
pertain to everything that exists. In the realm of cognition, the special sciences
are the trees but philosophy is the soil which makes the forest possible.”
11

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
What I Have Learned
1. The word Philosophy comes from two Geek words philos (love) and Sophia
(wisdom).
2. Philosophy is the study that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate
causes, reasons and principles which governs all things.
3. Philosophy is a distinct area of knowledge with its own goals, concerns and
ways of doing things.
4. Philosophy is divided into several branches namely: Aesthetics, Logic,
Epistemology, Ethics, Metaphysics and Political Philosophy.
5. Philosophy can be seen as a framework, as an examination of knowledge and
as a discipline.
6. Philosophy is concerned with the deepest and widest questions in life.
What I Can Do
Answer the questions in the table below.
How does philosophy look at man? How does science look at a man?
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
12

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
Additional Activities
Identify the significant periods of Philosophy. Give at least 2 prominent philosophers

in each period.
Periods Philosophers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
13

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
Lesson The Distinction Between

Holistic Perspective and
2 Partial Point of View
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:
1. distinguish holistic perspective from partial point of view;

2. identify the ways of looking at things; and
3. appreciate the ways of Science and philosophy in looking at things.
What’s in
Let us think about: The Story of the Five Blind Men and an
Elephant
One day five blind men agreed to analyze an

elephant to find out what it was. Reaching out,
each touched it in a different spot. One man
touched the side, one, an ear, one a leg, one a tusk,
and one the trunk. We now know that the elephant
is like a wall, said the one who touched the side. I
believed you are mistaken, sir, said the one who
touched an ear. The elephant I more like a large
fan. You are both wrong, said the leg man. The elephant is obviously being like a
tree. A tree? Questioned the tusk toucher. How can you mistake a spear for tree?
What? Said the trunk feeler. A spear is long and round, but anyone knows it doesn’t
move. Couldn’t you feel the muscles? It is definitely a type of snake. A blind man
could see that said the fifth blind man. The argument grew more heated for they had
misunderstanding regarding the truth of an elephant.
(Discordia.loveshade.org n.d.)
Guide Questions
a. What is the story all about?
b. What is the source of argument among the five blind men?
c. How can the five blind men come up with a common understanding of an
elephant?
14

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
What’s new
Holistic thinking refers to a perspective that considers a large-scale pattern in a

system. This is often described as looking at the “big picture” when describing and
analyzing a situation or a problem. A holistic perspective requires an individual to
have an open mindset and an ability to get the general sense or impression regarding
a situation. Partial thinking on the other hand, focuses on the specific aspects of a
situation. The partial view is an important component in analytical thinking, as an
individual focus on certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to understand it.
Though partial thinking is useful, Philosophy utilizes holistic thinking in making
sense of problems and issues related to the human experience. (Abella 2016)
What is it
Holistic point of view and partial point of view are two different views with different
point of references. Both views give us a reality that we can look into and come up
with a reflection or wisdom. There are different and possible ways that may help us
understand the dynamics of holistic and partial of view. First, we may use the
principles, theories and findings of science in contradistinction of the dictum and
jargons of philosophy. Secondly, we may use Marcelian way as presented by the
philosopher Gabriel Marcel and lastly, the difference between the shadow and reality
from Plato’s master piece, the Allegory of the cave. (Garcia 2016)
A. Science
It is widely accepted that science is a good and
reliable source of knowledge, information and
data. It uses a standard in identifying whether
a certain discovery is scientific or not through
experimentation and observation. Through
science we can explain and understand the
natural world. Science is empirical. It uses the
senses in arriving into a truth or reality called
sense knowledge. Scientific knowledge covers a
very small part of the world.
Science is investigative. This means, it must investigate to describe facts and events.
Specifically, it gives us knowledge of particular facts. The method of science in
15

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
providing a data is basically observation coupled with experimentation. The product

of science is scientific truth. Thus, science is very important and significant in man’s
search of the meaning of life. However, science is limited, it cannot answer everything
in this world. Like for example, we cannot prove the existence of God scientifically or
through the use of scientific method of experimentation. God can never be a
specimen. The scientist cannot tell us what happiness is and how it is to be attained
and what must we do in order to achieve it (Mortimer Adler, Great Ideas). Science
cannot tell us what is moral and what is not, what is right what is wrong specially
in the rules of behavior. The truth is, science cannot solve everything particularly on
ethical issues and problems. Science is definitely limited and so therefore looks at
reality partially. (Garcia, et.al. 2016).
Primary reflection examines its object by abstraction, by

analytically breaking it down into its constituent parts. It is
concerned with definitions, essences and technical solutions
to problems. In contrast, secondary reflection is synthetic; it
unifies rather than divides. “Roughly, we can say that where
primary reflection tends to dissolve the unity of experience
which is first put before it, the function of secondary reflection
is essentially recuperative; it reconquers that unity” (Marcel,
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcel/ 2016)
PRIMARY REFLECTION SECONDARY REFLECTION

OBJECT OR (Objective) (Subjective)
No.
EXPERIENCE
Analyzing the object Synthesizing the object
biological functioning of
Having a “life.” Having a
organs
1 life career, friends, loved ones,
Ex. Breathing, beating of the
problems, happiness. etc.
heart
It is more of a structure. It
structure, design, size of a is a home where
2 house
house relationships are built in the
context of a family.
Product of hard labor, or a

3 car brand new, classy
gift from parents.
Curse for a commuter,
4 rain A natural occurrence
blessing to a farmer
expression of feelings
It may mean giving oneself
5 love Reduced as a chemical
to others
reaction in the brain
16

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
B. ‘The Allegory of the Cave’ by Plato: Summary and Meaning September

21, 2012 by Amy Trumpeter
The ‘Allegory of The Cave’ is a theory put forward by Plato, concerning human
perception. Plato claimed that knowledge gained through the senses is no more than
opinion and that, in order to have real knowledge, we must gain it through
philosophical reasoning.
‘The Allegory of the Cave’ by Plato

In the Allegory of the Cave, Plato distinguishes between people who mistake sensory
knowledge for the truth and people who really do see the truth. It goes like this:
The Cave
• Imagine a cave, in which there are three prisoners. The prisoners are tied to some
rocks, their arms and legs are bound and their head is tied so that they cannot
look at anything but the stonewall in front of them.
• These prisoners have been here since birth and have never seen outside of the
cave.
• Behind the prisoners is a fire, and between them is a raised walkway.
• People outside the cave walk along this walkway carrying things on their head
including; animals, plants, wood and stone.
The Shadows
• So, imagine that you are one of the prisoners. You cannot look at anything behind
or to the side of you – you must look at the wall in front of you.
• When people walk along the walkway, you can see shadows of the objects they
are carrying cast on to the wall.
• If you had never seen the real objects ever before, you would believe that the
shadows of objects were ‘real.
The Game
• Plato suggests that the prisoners would begin a ‘game’ of guessing which shadow
would appear next.
• If one of the prisoners was to correctly guess, the others would praise him as clever
and say that he was a master of nature.
The Escape
• One of the prisoners then escapes
from their bindings and leaves the
cave.
• He is shocked at the world he
discovers outside the cave and does
not believe it can be real.
• As he becomes used to his new
surroundings, he realizes that his
former view of reality was wrong.
17

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
• He begins to understand his new world, and sees that the Sun is the source of
life and goes on an intellectual journey where he discovers beauty and
meaning.
• He sees that his former life, and the guessing game they played is useless.
The Return
• The prisoner returns to the cave, to inform the other prisoners of his findings.
• They do not believe him and threaten to kill him if he tries to set them free.
‘The Allegory of the Cave’ by Plato – The Meaning
The Allegory of the cave by Plato should not be taken at face value. In essays and
exams, whoever is marking it expects you to have a deeper understanding of the
meaning of the theory. You can then use these to think about criticisms and then to
form your own opinion.
The Cave
• In Plato’s theory, the cave represents people who believe that knowledge comes
from what we see and hear in the world – empirical evidence. The cave shows
that believers of empirical knowledge are trapped in a ‘cave’ of
misunderstanding.
The Shadows
• The Shadows represent the perceptions of those who believe empirical
evidence ensures knowledge. If you believe that what you see should be taken
as truth, then you are merely seeing a shadow of the truth. In Plato’s opinion
you are a ‘pleb’ if you believe this (their insult for those who are not
Philosophers)!
The Game
• The Game represents how people believe that one person can be a ‘master’
when they have knowledge of the empirical world. Plato is demonstrating that
this master does not actually know any truth, and suggesting that it is
ridiculous to admire someone like this.
18

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
The Escape
• The escaped prisoner represents the Philosopher, who seeks knowledge
outside of the cave and outside of the senses.
• The Sun represents philosophical truth and knowledge
• His intellectual journey represents a philosopher’s journey when finding truth
and wisdom
The Return
• The other prisoner’s reaction to the escapee returning represents that people
are scared of knowing philosophical truths and do not trust philosophers.
(https://www.philosophyzer.com/the-allegory-of-the-cave-by-plato-summary-and-
meaning/ n.d.)
What’s more
ACTIVITY 3
Differentiate Philosophy from Science using the given particular aspects.
Philosophy Science
Meaning: Meaning:
Method: Method:
Area of Concern: Area of concern:
ACTIVITY 4
Use the Marcelian way of Philosophical Reflection and come up with an example
using the table below.
Object or Primary Reflection Secondary Reflection

No.
experience (Objective) (Subjective)
1
2
3
19

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
What I have learned
1. Holistic thinking refers to a perspective that considers a

large-scale pattern in a system.
2. Partial thinking on focuses on the specific aspects of a

situation. The partial view is an important component
in analytical thinking, as an individual focus on certain
areas or aspects of a problem on order to understand it.
3. There are different and possible ways that may help us

understand the dynamics of holistic and partial of view. First, we may use the
principles, theories and findings of science in contradistinction of the dictum and
jargons of philosophy. Secondly, we may use Marcelina way as presented by the
philosopher Gabriel Marcel and lastly, the difference between the shadow and
reality from Plato’s master piece, the Allegory of the cave.
4. Science is a good and reliable source of knowledge, information and data. It uses
a standard in identifying whether a certain discovery is scientific or not through
experimentation and observation.
5. Primary and secondary reflection of Gabriel Marcel is a good way at looking at

things.
6. The Allegory of the Cave by Plato is a classic example of using the process of
reflection in philosophizing.
20

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
What I can do
In the space provided, answer the following questions:
1.What do you think are the reasons why people philosophize?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the practical uses of philosophy in our lives?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Rubrics:
Structure/Logic and Transition 15 points

Content 15 points
Vocabulary/Word Choice 10 points
Grammar 10 points
Total 50 points
B. How does our personal paradigm blind us in seeing the world?
Are the lines parallel or crooked?
Is this even possible?
21

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
Is this a face of a lady or a word?
Additional Activities
Using the Primary and Secondary reflection of Gabriel Marcel, reflect on the meaning
of becoming a person and answer the following questions.
Guide Questions:
1. Partial perspective:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Holistic perspective:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
22

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
Rubrics:
Structure/Logic and Transition 15 points
Content 15 points
Vocabulary/Word Choice 10 points
Grammar 10 points
Total 50 points
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What is the basic meaning of Philosophy?

a. Wisdom
b. Knowledge
c. Love of reason
d. Love of wisdom
2. What is the Greek word of love?

a. Philia
b. Thalia
c. Sophia
d. Paedon
3. Which branch of Philosophy explores the fundamental nature of reality and

existence?
a. Logic
b. Ethics
c. Metaphysics
d. Epistemology
4. Which of the following branches of philosophy studies the nature of knowledge?

a. Logic
b. Ethics
c. Metaphysics
d. Epistemology
5. Which of the following is the science of correct thinking?

a. Logic
b. Ethics
c. Aesthetics
d. Epistemology
23

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
6. Which of the following is an activity that requires a person to examine his/her

thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience?
a. Analysis
b. Reflection
c. Meditation
d. Perspective
7. It is a perspective that considers the “bigger picture.” when looking at problems

and situations.
a. Partial
b. Holistic
c. Modular
d. Conventional
8. It is a perspective that focuses on specific aspects of a situation.

a. Partial
b. Holistic
c. Modular
d. Conventional
9. Who is the proponent of Primary and Secondary reflection?

a. Plato
b. Socrates
c. Gabriel Marcel
d. Rene Descartes
10. Who is the author of the “Allegory of the Cave”?

a. Plato
b. Socrates
c. Gabriel Marcel
d. Rene Descartes
I. TRUE OR FALSE. The following are statements about the meaning and process of
philosophy. On a separate sheet of paper, write TRUE if the sentence is correct,
write FALSE otherwise.
1. Knowledge of Philosophy can contribute to self-development.

2. Wisdom is one intended product of philosophizing.
3. According to Plato, the experience of metaphysical uneasiness leads one
philosophize.
4. The experience of doubt is one of the reasons why people philosophize.
5. Ignorance hinders philosophizing.
24

25
What I Know Assessment
1. C 1. D
2. B 2. A
3. D 3. C
4. C 4. D
5. B 5. A
6. D 6. B
7. D 7. B
8. A 8. A
9. C 9. C
10. D 10. A
11. A 11. True
12. D
12.True
13. D
13. False
14. D
14.True
15. C
15. False
ANSWER KEY
lOMoARcPSD|29869709
lOMoARcPSD|29869709
References
n.d. (htttp://Discordia.loveshade.org/apocrypha/elephant.html).
Abella, R. D. 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person.
n.d. Discordia.loveshade.org. Accessed July 20, 2020.
htttp://Discordia.loveshade.org/apocrypha/elephant.html.
Garcia, M. et. al. 2016. Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person.
n.d. http://www.mindmotivations.com/resources/free/optical-illusions-test-2.
http://www.mindmotivations.com/resources/free/optical-illusions-test-2.
n.d. https://www.philosophyzer.com/the-allegory-of-the-cave-by-plato-summary-
and-meaning/. https://www.philosophyzer.com/the-allegory-of-the-cave-by-
plato-summary-and-meaning/.
Marcel, Gabriel. 2016. https://plato.stanford.edu. March 3.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcel/.
—. 2016. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcel/. March 3.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcel/.
Mel Garcia, et.al. 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human person.
n.d. www.mindmotivations.com.
n.d. www.mindmotivations.com. Accessed July 18, 2020.
http://www.mindmotivations.com/resources/free/optical-illusions-test-2
n.d.
n.d. www.philosophyzer.com. https://www.philosophyzer.com/the-allegory-of-the-
cave-by-plato-summary-and-meaning/.
26

lOMoARcPSD|29869709
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education Region III- Learning Resources

Management Section (DepEd Region III-LRMS)
Office Address: Diosdado Macapagal Government Center
Maimpis, City of San Fernando (P)

Philo Module 1 Edited

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Philo Module 1 Edited

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

lOMoARcPSD|29869709

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person (STI College)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Senior High School

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Senior High School

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Region III

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

Senior High School

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

Welcome to Introduction of Philosophy of the Human

This module was collaboratively designed, developed

Notes to the Teacher

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

For the learner:

Welcome to the Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Alternative Delivery

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

The following are some reminders in using this module:

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

What I Need to Know

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

4. Which of the following reasons why people philosophize according to Plato?

5. Rene Descartes is another renowned philosopher in his time. He also

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

6. Karl Jaspers argued that philosophy provides people to understand adverse

7. It is a way of thinking that is accompanied by people’s beliefs and views.

9. Lucas is in thought on how he can deepen his knowledge in philosophizing,

11. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about philosophy?

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

13. It is a perspective that is characterized as inclusive when trying to understand

15. The following statements describe philosophy, except:

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

Lesson The Meaning,

1. discuss the meaning of philosophy

Hi there! Welcome to our new lesson on Philosophy. Before

Choose one question below and explain what kind of

Ex. What does it mean to be beautiful? (The question is about

In the given questions:

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

Notes to the Teacher

Notes to the Teacher

What is Philosophy? What is the connection of Philosophy to human experience?

Doing Philosophy is not something new to every individual. Philosophizing is innate

Who and what is a philosopher? A philosopher is a lover of wisdom. He/she puts

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Mark Anthony Recto (markanthonyrecto25@gmail.com)

Whenever a person encounters a problem, situation or a question life, he or she often