Americas History Concise Edition 9th Edition Edwards Test Bank

Americas History Concise Edition 9th Edition

Edwards Test Bank

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Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1. Which of the following statements describes actions the first congressional government
undertook in 1789?
A) The Judiciary Act of 1789 established thirteen district courts whose decisions
would not be subject to review by the Supreme Court.
B) George Washington asked Congress to abolish the departments of foreign affairs,
finance, and war.
C) The Judiciary Act of 1789 gave state courts jurisdiction over federal issues.
D) George Washington established a cabinet––or body of advisors––and an
administrative bureaucracy under the president's control.

2. Approval by Congress and ratification by the states of the Bill of Rights had which of
the following outcomes?
A) The establishment of a clear formula for balancing state and federal power
B) A guarantee of all men's right to vote for their political leaders
C) An easing of Americans' fears of an oppressive national government
D) The Constitution became the nation's legal and political foundation

3. Alexander Hamilton's 1789 financial plan for the United States included which of the
following items?
A) The federal government's assumption of state war debts
B) The elimination of the U.S. national debt
C) A progressive system of personal income taxes
D) The eradication of paper currency

4. Why was Hamilton's financial plan so controversial?

A) It lined the pockets of wealthy investors and speculators.
B) It required Congress to recompense those who originally owned Confederation
securities.
C) The plan neglected the growing importance of manufacturing internationally.
D) Its proposed national bank was blatantly unconstitutional.

5. To win votes for his financial plan, Hamilton made which of the following concessions?
A) Raising the price of western lands sold by the government to settlers
B) Agreeing to support Jefferson in the 1796 presidential election
C) Supporting a high tariff on foreign cotton
D) Proposing that the nation's new capital be built in the Upper South

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 6. The critical disagreement that led to the emergence of political parties in the mid-1790s
was based on which of the following issues?
A) Jay's Treaty
B) Hamilton's financial plan
C) Interstate trade
D) Slavery

7. Thomas Jefferson's vision for the future of the United States included which of the
following ideas?
A) Industrialized urban centers at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution
B) Expansion of the institution of slavery to the West
C) Western territories populated by independent yeomen farm families
D) A rejection of scientific farming in favor of agricultural traditionalism

8. Which statement was true of George Washington's 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality?

A) Earnings from shipping rose spectacularly as a result of it.
B) Jefferson and Hamilton disagreed over the need to issue the proclamation.
C) It resulted in France barring American shippers from the West Indies sugar trade.
D) It prevented American merchants from trading with any European country at war.

9. Which of the following statements characterizes the American reaction to the French
Revolution?
A) Only American politicians welcomed the French Revolution and the creation of a
more democratic republic in 1792.
B) Many Americans praised the egalitarianism of the French republicans and began to
address one another as “citizen.”
C) The majority of Americans ignored it, thankful that they were separated from
European turmoil by the Atlantic Ocean.
D) Strongly religious Americans praised the new French government because of its
embrace of traditional Christianity.

10. Which of the following served as a catalyst for the 1794 domestic insurgency known as
the Whiskey Rebellion?
A) Farm foreclosures
B) High interest rates
C) An excise tax
D) The Panic of 1793

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11. Which of the following describes Jay's Treaty of 1795?
A) The treaty upheld Americans' right to ship French goods on American ships.
B) It required the British to withdraw their troops from forts in the Northwest
Territory.
C) It required British merchants to fully compensate Americans who had prewar
claims.
D) The treaty established the pro-French direction of American foreign policy.

12. Which of the following individuals would have been unlikely to gravitate toward the
Republicans in the late 1790s?
A) South Carolina rice plantation owner
B) Wealthy New York banker
C) New England subsistence farmer
D) Scots-Irish settler in Tennessee

13. Why was Toussaint L'Ouverture a significant figure in the 1790s?

A) L'Ouverture became the first president of the new French Republic.
B) The leader negotiated with John Jay to create the terms of the Jay Treaty.
C) He led black Haitians in their fight to seize control of Saint-Domingue.
D) L'Ouverture solicited a loan and bribe from American diplomats in France.

14. Which of the following is true of the U.S. election of 1796?

A) President Washington wanted to seek a third term on the Federalist ticket.
B) Republicans won a majority in the House of Representatives and Senate.
C) Jefferson refused the pleadings of Republicans to stand for election.
D) John Adams won the vote and continued a pro-British foreign policy.

15. Which of the following events was the Federalists' response to the Republicans'
criticism of their policies in the 1790s?
A) The Alien and Sedition Acts
B) The XYZ Affair
C) The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
D) War with France

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16. The Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts had which of the following outcomes in
the United States in the 1790s?
A) It became illegal to publish insults or malicious attacks against Congress or the
president.
B) The John Adams administration jailed over a thousand pro-Republican newspaper
editors.
C) The residency requirement for American citizenship was shortened from fourteen
years to five years.
D) Democratic ideals embodied in the Declaration of Independence were strengthened
dramatically.

17. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which were set forth in 1798, supported which
of the following positions?
A) Repealing the neutrality laws of the 1790s
B) States' right to judge the legitimacy of national laws
C) The defeat of Hamilton's debt payment program
D) The right of secession for states dissatisfied with the Union

18. Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes U.S. relations with
France during the late 1790s?
A) Americans' gratitude for French aid in the American Revolution led to cordial
relations.
B) The United States cut off trade with France and authorized Americans to seize
French ships.
C) The expulsion of the French agents known as X, Y, and Z calmed American
anti-French sentiments.
D) Continuing hostility toward England led Americans to initiate secret trade
relationships with the French.

19. Why did Thomas Jefferson call his election to the presidency the “Revolution of 1800”?
A) He removed Federalists and installed all new government officials.
B) There was no true majority, so the Supreme Court determined his victory.
C) He subsequently filled the Supreme Court with Republican justices.
D) The government changed peacefully despite bitter partisan conflict and foreign
crisis.

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20. The 1783 Treaty of Paris addressed Native Americans living in the Old Northwest in
which of the following ways?
A) It stipulated that Native tribes would be supervised by the British until 1793.
B) The treaty established tribal homelands west of the Appalachians.
C) It assigned control of all tribes to a joint British-American agency.
D) The treaty did nothing to protect Indian lands or independence.

21. Washington's secretary of war, Henry Knox, favored which of the following approaches
to Native Americans?
A) Extermination
B) Relocation
C) Appeasement
D) Assimilation

22. Indians ceded much of Ohio and acknowledged American political sovereignty in which
of the following treaties?
A) Treaty of Paris
B) Treaty of Greenville
C) Jay Treaty
D) Treaty of Ghent

23. Which of the following best characterizes the Native American response to the white
assimilation effort in the Midwest in the late eighteenth century?
A) Many Native Americans repudiated white missionaries and forced Christian
converts to participate in Native rituals.
B) Most Indian women accepted white farming practices because they could produce
a greater yield more easily.
C) Nearly all Native Americans joined religions such as that of Handsome Lake,
which blended Christian and Native beliefs and rituals.
D) Nearly all Native Americans accommodated to these campaigns to avoid future
warfare with whites.

24. Who led the conservative Senecas, who condemned assimilation and demanded a return
to ancestral customs?
A) Chief Red Jacket
B) Tenskwatawa, “The Prophet”
C) Tecumseh
D) Lalawethika

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25. The southern migrants who moved along the coastal plain toward the Gulf of Mexico
between 1790 and 1820 originated in which of the following areas?
A) New England
B) Upstate New York and central Pennsylvania
C) The Chesapeake region
D) North and South Carolina

26. Which of the following statements describes migrants who left New England during the
1790s?
A) They moved in family or community groups.
B) This group frequently moved to southern states.
C) New Englanders typically relocated to northeastern Ohio.
D) They funded their moves through joint-stock companies.

27. Which of the following was true of New Englanders' westward migration during the
1790s and 1800s?
A) Almost 800,000 New Englanders lived in a string of settlements stretching from
Albany to Buffalo, and many others had traveled on to Ohio and Indiana.
B) New Englanders typically bought land in upstate New York from wealthy Dutch
owners who were partitioning their vast estates.
C) So many immigrants were eager to sell their new farms and move even farther west
that the price of land dropped steadily.
D) Farmers who had fled declining prospects in the East often found themselves at the
top of a new economic hierarchy in the West.

28. In 1801, Jefferson responded to the Barbary States' threats against American shipping
by
A) refusing tribute payments, retaliating against renewed Barbary attacks, then
working out a diplomatic solution involving much lower tribute payments.
B) announcing that it was too expensive to maintain the navy that the Federalists had
built to deal with this threat and that it would be cheaper to pay a higher tribute.
C) ordering a naval bombardment and the landing of U.S. Marines, who destroyed the
Barbary States' capacity to harass American shipping.
D) “showing the flag” through a token bombardment of the Barbary States but, in the
end, continuing to pay the same tribute.

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29. Which of the following phrases describes the federal judiciary at the time Thomas
Jefferson became president in 1801?
A) Understaffed and lacking direction
B) Sympathetic to the Republican Party
C) Packed with hostile Federalists
D) Dominated by impartial judges

30. Why was the decision in the case Marbury v. Madison (1803) of great importance in
American history?
A) It marked the onset of a period of frequent declarations by the Supreme Court that
laws enacted by the Republican-dominated Congress were unconstitutional.
B) It marked the first occasion on which the Supreme Court declared that it had the
power to rule national laws unconstitutional.
C) President Jefferson used the public backlash against this decision to purge the
federal judiciary of Federalists and to attempt to impeach Chief Justice Marshall.
D) In refusing to uphold Marbury's right to his commission, Chief Justice Marshall
established an implicit political alliance with President Jefferson.

31. Jefferson's administration demonstrated its disagreement with Hamilton's philosophy by

A) ending the excise tax.
B) reducing the protective tariff.
C) abolishing the national bank.
D) implementing the Embargo Act.

32. Why was Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 significant?

A) The treaty lowered the price of western lands, making them affordable to farmers.
B) Through this treaty, the English stopped arming the Indians around the Great
Lakes.
C) Through this treaty, Jefferson and Madison negotiated the Louisiana Purchase.
D) The treaty opened the Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade.

33. Which of the following statements characterizes federal land price policies in the
Northwest Territory during 1790–1820?
A) The Federalist administrations dropped the minimum price per acre in order to
encourage speculators to purchase larger tracts of land.
B) Jeffersonian Republicans raised the price to $2 per acre and the minimum purchase
requirement to 320 acres.
C) Jeffersonian Republicans passed laws that made it easier for farm families to buy
land.
D) Jeffersonian Republicans doubled the price per acre to discourage speculators from
buying up most of the federal land.

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34. Why did Thomas Jefferson decide to attempt to purchase New Orleans in 1801?
A) France refused to allow American farmers to ship their products through the port,
in violation of the Pinckney Treaty.
B) He feared that racial violence in Haiti would spread to the American continent via
French New Orleans.
C) Great Britain wanted to use the port as a military staging point for its conquest of
French and Spanish islands in the Caribbean.
D) Napoleon Bonaparte had announced a plan to establish a French empire in North
America.

35. Which of the following describes Jefferson's approach to the opportunity to purchase
Louisiana in 1802?
A) In keeping with his strict constructionist view of the Constitution, Jefferson jumped
on the opportunity.
B) Jefferson delayed so that he could obtain a constitutional amendment allowing
presidential land purchases.
C) Unsure of the extent of his presidential powers, Jefferson procrastinated until
Congress forced him to act.
D) The opportunity led Jefferson to revise his view of the presidential powers granted
by the Constitution.

36. Which of the following took place in response to the Jefferson administration's purchase
of Louisiana?
A) Southern Federalists conspired with Aaron Burr and General James Wilkinson to
capture the region and establish it as a separate nation.
B) Some New England Federalists devised a plan to secede from the Union and
establish a northern confederacy.
C) Most Federalists became Republicans.
D) Many Native Americans poured into the region.

37. What was the immediate cause of the illegal duel in which Vice President Aaron Burr
killed Alexander Hamilton in 1804?
A) Hamilton's affair with Burr's wife
B) Hamilton's decision to support Jefferson and oppose Burr in the 1800 election
C) Burr's accusation that Hamilton was leading a Federalist secession plot
D) Hamilton's accusation that Burr was aiding a plot to destroy the Union

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38. Why did Thomas Jefferson dispatch the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804?
A) Jefferson hoped to establish an effective American claim to the Louisiana
Territory.
B) The president needed to lay the groundwork for establishing Indian schools in the
region.
C) He wanted a report on the physical features and the plant and animal life of the
Louisiana Territory.
D) He asked them to identify areas into which the Ohio and New York Indian tribes
could be relocated.

39. As a result of the Embargo Act of 1807, the American economy

A) suffered little damage because American merchants ordered their ships to trade
only between neutral ports.
B) fell into a slump and the American gross national product dropped by 5 percent.
C) suffered little damage because northeastern merchants smuggled their goods out
through Canada.
D) suffered considerably less damage than did the economies of both France and
Britain.

40. Which of the following statements describes the Federalists' response to the War of
1812?
A) Almost all Federalists supported the war out of patriotism and a desire to acquire
eastern Canada from Britain.
B) Most Federalists reluctantly supported the war because public opinion favored it
and they wanted to win in the upcoming midterm elections.
C) Federalists such as Daniel Webster welcomed the high tariff brought by the war
because it would help New England industries.
D) Most Federalists strongly opposed the war, and some in Massachusetts met to
consider amending the Constitution to prevent similar future wars.

41. Why was the American victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 significant?
A) The battle revealed that most American soldiers did not accept the peace treaty.
B) It showed that American guerrilla fighters could still defeat the British troops.
C) It restored national pride and made Andrew Jackson an American hero.
D) The battle persuaded British diplomats to finally sign the peace treaty.

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42. Which of the following was an outcome of the postwar election of 1818?
A) The Federalists exploited voters' discontent with the economic downturn and the
War of 1812, making strong gains in the House and regaining control of the Senate.
B) Federalist Governor Morris of New York astonished the country by announcing
himself an enthusiastic Republican and winning election to the Senate.
C) Federalists were soundly beaten, with the Republicans winning margins of
approximately five to one in both the Senate and House of Representatives.
D) Federalists and Republicans officially disbanded their parties, announcing that “the
time for partisan politics had ended.”

43. In which of the following actions did President James Madison contradict the traditional
philosophy of Republicans?
A) Endorsing and signing Henry Clay's Bonus Bill
B) Cutting the federal budget significantly
C) Approving the Judiciary Act of 1801
D) Supporting the creation of the Second Bank of the United States

44. Which of the following factors made the critical contribution to the Federalist Party's
downfall?
A) Their failure to pay off the national debt
B) Washington's principle of neutrality
C) The adoption of many of their policies by Republicans
D) The establishment of a national bank

45. Which of the following cases is properly paired with its corresponding decision?
A) Fletcher v. Peck—states may not tax federal institutions
B) Gibbons v. Ogden—national government controls interstate commerce
C) McCullough v. Maryland—sanctity of contract
D) Dartmouth College v. Woodward—judicial review

46. Which of the following stipulations was included in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819?
A) Spain ceded Florida to the United States.
B) Britain agreed to limit its naval forces in the Great Lakes.
C) The 49th parallel became the border between Canada and the United States.
D) Britain reimbursed American shippers for wartime damages.

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47. Which of the following was true of the “Era of Good Feeling”?
A) There was apparent political harmony.
B) It saw a rise in nationalism and an end to sectionalism.
C) There was an absence of economic debate in this period.
D) Americans embraced state loyalties rather than national ones.

48. For this question, refer to the following excerpt.

It is universally known that the causes for which we declared war are no obstruction to
peace.
The practice of blockade and impressment having ceased by the general pacification of
Europe, our government is content to leave the principle as it was. . . .

We have no further business in hostility, than such as is purely defensive; while that of
Great Britain is to humble or subdue us. The war, on our part, has become a contest for
life, liberty and property—on the part of our enemy, of revenge or ambition. . . .

What then are we to do? Are we to encourage him by divisions among ourselves—to
hold out the hope of a separation of the states and a civil war—to refuse to bring forth
the resources of the country against him? . . . I did think that in a defensive war—a
struggle for all that is valuable—that all parties would have united. But it is not
so—every measure calculated to replenish the treasury or raise men is opposed [by New
England] as though it were determined to strike the “star spangled banner” and exalt the
bloody cross. Look at the votes and proceedings of congress—and mark the late spirit . .
. that existed in Massachusetts, and see with what unity of action every thing has been
done [by New England] to harass and embarrass the government. . . .

To conclude—why does the war continue? It is not the fault of the government—we
demand no extravagant thing. I answer the question, and say—it lasts because Great
Britain depends on the exertions of her “party” in this country to destroy our resources,
and compel “unconditional submission.”
Thus the war began, and is continued, by our divisions.

Hezekiah Niles, Niles' Weekly Register, January 28, 1815

The passage above best serves as evidence of

A) public debates about territorial expansion.
B) U.S. attempts to dominate the North American continent.
C) resistance from state governments in response to federal attempts to assert
authority.
D) the nation's transformation into a more participatory democracy through the
creation of various political parties.

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49. For this question, refer to the following excerpt.

It is universally known that the causes for which we declared war are no obstruction to
peace. The practice of blockade and impressment having ceased by the general
pacification of Europe, our government is content to leave the principle as it was. . . .

We have no further business in hostility, than such as is purely defensive; while that of
Great Britain is to humble or subdue us. The war, on our part, has become a contest for
life, liberty and property—on the part of our enemy, of revenge or ambition. . . .

What then are we to do? Are we to encourage him by divisions among ourselves—to
hold out the hope of a separation of the states and a civil war—to refuse to bring forth
the resources of the country against him? . . . I did think that in a defensive war—a
struggle for all that is valuable—that all parties would have united. But it is not
so—every measure calculated to replenish the treasury or raise men is opposed [by New
England] as though it were determined to strike the “star spangled banner” and exalt the
bloody cross. Look at the votes and proceedings of congress—and mark the late spirit . .
. that existed in Massachusetts, and see with what unity of action every thing has been
done [by New England] to harass and embarrass the government. . . .

To conclude—why does the war continue? It is not the fault of the government—we
demand no extravagant thing. I answer the question, and say—it lasts because Great
Britain depends on the exertions of her “party” in this country to destroy our resources,
and compel “unconditional submission.”
Thus the war began, and is continued, by our divisions.

Hezekiah Niles, Niles' Weekly Register, January 28, 1815

Which of the following debates or movements in the nineteenth century and early
twentieth century represents a parallel to the issues described in the excerpt above?
A) The considerable home front opposition faced by both the Union and the
Confederacy as they mobilized to wage the Civil War
B) The rise of an often violent nativist movement, aimed at limiting immigrants'
influence and power
C) The highly visible campaign that abolitionists mounted against slavery
D) Questions about America's role in the world, argued between imperialists and
anti-imperialists

Page 12
50. For this question, refer to the following excerpt.

It is universally known that the causes for which we declared war are no obstruction to
peace. The practice of blockade and impressment having ceased by the general
pacification of Europe, our government is content to leave the principle as it was. . . .

We have no further business in hostility, than such as is purely defensive; while that of
Great Britain is to humble or subdue us. The war, on our part, has become a contest for
life, liberty and property—on the part of our enemy, of revenge or ambition. . . .

What then are we to do? Are we to encourage him by divisions among ourselves—to
hold out the hope of a separation of the states and a civil war—to refuse to bring forth
the resources of the country against him? . . . I did think that in a defensive war—a
struggle for all that is valuable—that all parties would have united. But it is not
so—every measure calculated to replenish the treasury or raise men is opposed [by New
England] as though it were determined to strike the “star spangled banner” and exalt the
bloody cross. Look at the votes and proceedings of congress—and mark the late spirit . .
. that existed in Massachusetts, and see with what unity of action every thing has been
done [by New England] to harass and embarrass the government. . . .

To conclude—why does the war continue? It is not the fault of the government—we
demand no extravagant thing. I answer the question, and say—it lasts because Great
Britain depends on the exertions of her “party” in this country to destroy our resources,
and compel “unconditional submission.”
Thus the war began, and is continued, by our divisions.

Hezekiah Niles, Niles' Weekly Register, January 28, 1815

During the period from 1800 to 1820, the arguments described in the excerpt above
created the strongest divisions between the
A) North and the Midwest.
B) South and the Midwest.
C) Democrats and the Whigs.
D) Federalists and the Democratic Republicans.

Page 13
Use the following to answer questions 51-73:

A) Act that established a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts to hear
appeals from the districts, with the Supreme Court having the final say.
B) The first ten amendments to the Constitution, officially ratified by 1791. The amendments
safeguarded fundamental personal rights, including freedom of speech and religion, and
mandated legal procedures, such as trial by jury.
C) Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report recommending that the federal government should assume
all state debts and fund the national debt—that is, offer interest on it rather than repaying it—at
full value. Hamilton's goal was to make the new country creditworthy, not debt-free.
D) A bank chartered in 1790 and jointly owned by private stockholders and the national
government. Alexander Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stability to the
specie-starved American economy by making loans to merchants, handling government funds,
and issuing bills of credit.
E) A proposal by treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791 calling for the federal
government to urge the expansion of American manufacturing while imposing tariffs on foreign
imports.
F) A proclamation issued by President George Washington in 1793, allowing U.S. citizens to
trade with all belligerents in the war between France and Great Britain.
G) A 1789 revolution in France that was initially welcomed by most Americans because it
abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy, but eventually came to seem too
radical to many.
H) A political faction in the French Revolution. Many Americans embraced the democratic
ideology of this radical French faction and, like them, formed political clubs and began to
address one another as “citizen.”
I) A 1794 uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania in response to enforcement of an
unpopular excise tax on whiskey.
J) A 1795 treaty between the United States and Britain, negotiated by John Jay. The treaty
accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships. In return, it allowed Americans to submit claims for
illegal seizures and required the British to remove their troops and Indian agents from the
Northwest Territory.
K) The 1791 conflict involving diverse Haitian participants and armies from three European
countries. At its end, Haiti became a free, independent nation in which former slaves were
citizens.
L) A 1797 incident in which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a
substantial bribe. The incident led the United States into an undeclared war that curtailed
American trade with the French West Indies.
M) Three laws passed in 1798 that limited individual rights and threatened the fledgling party
system. One lengthened the residency requirement for citizenship, another authorized the
deportation of foreigners, and the third prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks
on the president or members of Congress.
N) Resolutions of 1798 condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts that were submitted to the
federal government by two state legislatures. The resolutions tested the idea that state legislatures
could judge the constitutionality of federal laws and nullify them.

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O) A 1795 treaty between the United States and various Indian tribes in Ohio. American
negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the land, and, in return for various payments, the
Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio to the United States.
P) A Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in finding that parts of
the Judiciary Act of 1789 were in conflict with the Constitution. For the first time, the Supreme
Court assumed legal authority to overrule acts of other branches of the government.
Q) The 1803 purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River that stretched from the
Gulf of Mexico to Canada. The addition of this territory nearly doubled the size of the United
States and opened the way for future American expansion west. The purchase required President
Thomas Jefferson to exercise powers not explicitly granted to him by the Constitution.
R) An act of Congress that prohibited U.S. ships from traveling to foreign ports and effectively
banned overseas trade in an attempt to deter Britain from halting U.S. ships at sea. The embargo
caused grave hardships for Americans engaged in overseas commerce.
S) An attack on Shawnee Indians at Prophetstown in 1811 by American forces headed by
William Henry Harrison, Indiana's territorial governor. The governor's troops traded heavy
casualties with the confederacy's warriors and then destroyed the holy village.
T) The treaty signed on Christmas Eve 1814 that ended the War of 1812. It retained the prewar
borders of the United States.
U) A Supreme Court case that asserted the dominance of national over state statutes.
V) An 1819 treaty in which John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory to
the United States. In return, the American government accepted Spain's claim to Texas and
agreed to a compromise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana.
W) The 1823 declaration by President James Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was closed to
any further colonization or interference by European powers. In exchange, Monroe pledged that
the United States would not become involved in European struggles.

51. Proclamation of Neutrality

52. Marbury v. Madison (1803)

53. Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts

54. Report on the Public Credit

55. Treaty of Greenville

56. Report on Manufactures

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57. Monroe Doctrine

58. French Revolution

59. Judiciary Act of 1789

60. Bank of the United States

61. Jacobins

62. Haitian Revolution

63. Embargo Act of 1807

64. XYZ Affair

65. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

66. Jay's Treaty

67. Adams-Onís Treaty

68. Louisiana Purchase

69. Bill of Rights

70. Treaty of Ghent

71. Whiskey Rebellion

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72. Battle of Tippecanoe

73. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

74. What was Hamilton's vision of the future? What policies did he advocate to achieve it?
How was Jefferson's vision different?

75. Why did Jefferson and Madison oppose the programs that Alexander Hamilton
proposed during his stint as the U.S. secretary of the treasury?

76. Do you agree with Thomas Jefferson's assessment that the election of 1800 was a
revolution? Explain your answer.

77. Why did President George Washington issue a Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793?

78. Why did the Western Indian Confederacy fail in its efforts to limit white settlement west
of the Appalachians?

79. Why did easterners leave their communities and move to the trans-Appalachian West in
the early nineteenth century?

80. What were the causes of the War of 1812? Where did Republicans and Federalists stand
on declaring and then fighting the war?

81. What new regional tensions did the War of 1812 expose?

82. Why did New England Federalists organize the Hartford Convention in 1814? What was
the convention's impact on American politics?

83. Did the Americans achieve their goals in the War of 1812?

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84. Why did the Federalist and first Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton insist on
creating a permanent national debt and a national bank? What was he hoping to
accomplish? Why did his Republican opponents disavow his approach to the U.S.
economy? What was Hamilton's legacy?

85. Explain the rise and fall of the First Party System. How did the policies pursued by
Republican presidents between 1801 and 1825 differ from those implemented by
Hamilton and the Federalists during the 1790s? Why did the Federalist agenda fall out
of favor? What legacy did the Federalists leave?

86. What were the consequences of the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution in
America? How did both affect the development of American politics?

87. How did the decisions of the Supreme Court between 1801 and 1820 affect the nation's
understanding of the Constitution? How did they change American society?

88. How did Jeffersonian policies encourage expansion westward? Why did Jefferson and
other expansionists believe the West was crucial to the well-being of the republic? How
did Federalists respond?

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Answer Key
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. B
13. C
14. D
15. A
16. A
17. B
18. B
19. D
20. D
21. D
22. B
23. A
24. A
25. D
26. A
27. A
28. A
29. C
30. B
31. A
32. D
33. C
34. A
35. D
36. B
37. D
38. C
39. B
40. D
41. C
42. C
43. D
44. C

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45. B
46. A
47. A
48. C
49. A
50. D
51. F
52. P
53. M
54. C
55. O
56. E
57. W
58. G
59. A
60. D
61. H
62. K
63. R
64. L
65. N
66. J
67. V
68. Q
69. B
70. T
71. I
72. S
73. U
74. Answer would ideally include:

- Hamilton's Vision: Hamilton called for an authoritarian government, and as treasury

secretary he enhanced national authority through a program of national mercantilism.
Hamilton instituted policies that fully funded the Confederation's debt, which both
protected the United States's credit and gave enormous profits to speculators who had
bought up depreciated securities, and assumed the states' war debts, which both eased
states' finances and put money into the pockets of well-to-do creditors. Hamilton's other
major financial policies included the creation of the Bank of the United States to handle
government funds and lend stability to the national economy.

- Jefferson's Vision: Speaking as a southern planter, Jefferson embraced the

Enlightenment spirit of optimism and expressed a democratic vision of an agricultural
nation based on small, independent farmers. He believed the independent yeoman farm
families, unlike urban laborers and other wageworkers, had the economic and political
independence to sustain a republican policy.
75. Answer would ideally include:

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 - Constitutionality: Madison and Jefferson argued that Hamilton's proposals exercised
powers that the federal government did not have according to the Constitution. They
particularly objected to the national bank as unconstitutional.

- Concentration of Wealth: Madison and Jefferson believed that a central bank would
enlarge the national debt, force the government to increase taxes, and gradually
impoverish independent yeoman farmers. Hamilton, they argued, wanted to reimpose an
English-style mixed government in America and was beginning by empowering the
moneyed elite.

- Damage to Yeomen: The centralization of capital would encourage manufacturing,

which would create a class of exploited wage earners and undermine a republican
government supported by a free and independent people.
76. Answer would ideally include:

- Revolutionary Aspects of the Election of 1800: The election was a revolution

because of the new importance of political parties in shaping national elections, the new
attitude of political candidates who now actively ran for office as part of a party, and the
“bloodless” transfer of power to those who believed in a different vision of government.
The Republicans reversed many Federalist policies, abolishing internal taxes, reducing
the size of the permanent army, and reducing the size of the federal government
dramatically.

- Continuities in the Jefferson Administration: Jefferson did not overturn all of the
policies and practices of his Federalist predecessors. He tolerated the Bank of the United
States and retained competent Federalist officeholders. He also governed in a
surprisingly Federalist manner at times, for example, pursuing the Louisiana Purchase
even though it contradicted his strict interpretation of the Constitution.
77. Answer would ideally include:
- Summary of Conflict: In 1792, the First French Republic went to war against a
British-led coalition of monarchies. The fighting disrupted European farming, and wheat
prices inflated dramatically. Chesapeake and Middle Atlantic farmers took advantage of
the crisis to sell their wheat overseas. Simultaneously a boom in the export of raw cotton
boosted the economies of Georgia and South Carolina.

- Economic Motivations: Although many Americans favored the French Republic,

Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality in order to ensure that Americans
could continue to trade with all of the European belligerents. As neutral carriers,
American merchant ships could pass through Britain's naval blockade of French ports.
Americans reaped tremendous economic benefits.
78. Answer would ideally include:

- Background on Western Confederacy: After numerous treaties failed to protect their

lands, the Chippewa, Delaware, Ottawa, Wyandot, Shawnee, Miami, and Potawatomi
Indians joined together to form the Western Confederacy. Led by Miami chief Little

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 Turtle, these warriors crushed American expeditionary forces sent by President
Washington to Ohio in 1790 and 1791.

- Factors Favoring Americans: The U.S. government had many more military
resources than the Western Confederacy and could mount even stronger military
campaigns against them. General “Mad Anthony” Wayne defeated the confederacy in
the Battle of Fallen Timbers near present-day Toledo, Ohio. The expansion of the
farming economy during the late eighteenth century increased white immigration onto
Indian lands, and the government was determined to protect those settlers and minimize
conflict with the Indians.
79. Answer would ideally include:

- Economic Motives: Easterners moved westward to speculate on lands for a profit, to

purchase independent farms for their growing families, to pay debts, and to establish
new cotton plantations. The wheat and cotton boom made farming quite profitable in
this period, and many Americans were eager to benefit and improve their standards of
living.

- Other Motives: Easterners also moved for other reasons. Some southerners sought
land in the free territory in the Northwest because of their opposition to slavery. New
Englanders flowed out of the East to leave their crowded regions and gain access to
unsettled land in the West.
80. Answer would ideally include:

- Causes of War: The British ministry imposed a naval blockade and seized American
vessels carrying sugar and molasses from the French West Indies. It also searched
American merchant ships for British deserters and impressed American sailors to
replenish its own forces. Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, which
prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports until France and Britain
stopped restricting American ships, but this policy weakened the entire economy and
hurt farmers as well as merchants.

- Republicans' Position: Republican war hawks from the South and West saw Britain
as the primary offender, pointing to its efforts to revive the Western Confederacy as
well as its interference in shipping. These political leaders, including Henry Clay of
Kentucky and John Calhoun of South Carolina, pushed the new Republican president
toward war, hoping to acquire territory in British Canada and Spanish Florida. Madison
declared war on Britain in June 1812 despite the sharply divided Congress.

- Federalists' Position: New England Federalists opposed the war because of the tax
and tariff increases and national conscription of state militiamen that came with it. They
opposed Virginia's Republican domination of the presidency and proposed
constitutional changes that would make it more difficult for the president to declare war.
Some Federalists considered secession from the Union due to their objections to the
war.
81. Answer would ideally include:

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 - South/West Versus Northeast: The war exposed tensions between the Federalists and
the Republicans, but it also exposed new regional tensions. The newly settled West
joined with the South in support of the war because people in that region hoped it would
end Britain's efforts to bolster the Native Americans there and help them gain new
territory for the expansion of both small farms and cotton plantations. Northeasterners,
who had no vested interest in the acquisition of new land but who favored industry and
the interests of free labor, shippers, and merchants, opposed the war. These regional
differences ultimately divided the Republican Party and caused the Federalist Party to
crumble.
82. Answer would ideally include:

- The Federalists' Agenda: Federalists called the Hartford Convention due to their
strong opposition to the War of 1812, which they perceived as a Republican cause. They
initially hoped that the convention could lay the foundation for a radical reform of the
Constitution that would end Virginia's domination of the presidency. At the meeting,
however, some Federalists called for secession.

- Convention's Impact: Ultimately, the convention had no impact on the Constitution.

Soon afterward, the war turned in the Americans' favor and the British sought peace
negotiations to end it. Undercut by their lack of support for the war, which looked
unpatriotic, the Federalist Party crumbled.
83. Answer would ideally include:

- Positive Outcomes: The United States successfully severed the alliance between the
Native Americans in the West and the British. The British grudgingly recognized
American sovereignty in the West. The British recognized American neutrality and
acknowledged their respect for the United States, ending a long period of American
diplomatic subservience to Britain. The war, and especially Andrew Jackson's victory at
the Battle of New Orleans, secured the Americans' national honor and redeemed its
battered pride.

- Neutral Outcomes: In the end, the United States did not prevail militarily over the
British. Indeed, the war was very nearly a military disaster that returned U.S. territory
to its former colonial ruler. The Treaty of Ghent retained the prewar borders of the
United States and dashed the hopes of those who had wanted to obtain Florida and
Canada.
84. Answer would ideally include:

- Hamilton's Vision: Hamilton was wealthy and strongly conservative. He feared the
violence and strongly democratic spirit of the newly enfranchised, white male electorate
and sought to curb its influence. Hamilton advocated a strong centralized federal
government. As treasury secretary he hoped to use national authority to institute a
program of state-assisted economic development that would empower wealthy
financiers and merchants and would establish the United States as a capitalist nation
with a manufacturing economy.

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 - National Debt: At the end of the War for Independence, the United States had a debt
of $55 million in Confederation securities that were held by foreign and domestic
investors. Hamilton asked Congress to redeem the debt at face value in order to
establish the new nation's good credit and its ability to secure future loans from Dutch
and British financiers. Hamilton's plan stipulated that holders of Confederation notes be
paid with new interest-bearing securities—effectively paying off debt by borrowing
more money—thereby creating a permanent national debt. He also proposed that the
national government further enhance public credit by assuming the war debts of the
states. Hamilton argued that this approach would not only build the nation's credit, but
ensure its citizens' commitment to the new government.

- Bank of the United States: In 1790, Hamilton asked Congress to charter a Bank of
the United States, arguing that it would foster the growth of domestic manufacturing and
stabilize the economy by managing credit, interest rates, and currency value. The bank
was to be owned jointly by private stockholders and the national government, and
Hamilton believed that it would provide stability to the economy by making loans to
merchants, handling government funds, and issuing bills of credit. Congress granted
Hamilton's proposed bank a twenty-year charter and President Washington signed the
legislation.

- Republican Opposition: Republicans such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

believed that a permanent public debt would contribute to corruption, benefit
speculators, and lead to excessive taxation. They believed that a national bank exceeded
the powers of the Constitution and that it would concentrate wealth and influence into
the hands of a few rich men.

- Hamilton's Legacy: Despite Republican opposition, most of Hamilton's economic

program took effect. In fact, his scheme worked very well for the United States.
American trade increased, customs revenue rose (and provided the funds to pay down
the national debt), the states were fiscally bound to the Union, and the U.S. economy
prospered.
85. Answer would ideally include:

- Federalist Policies in the 1790s: As the proponents of the Constitution, Federalists

swept the election of 1788 but then split into two factions over financial policy and the
French Revolution. Alexander Hamilton's wing of the Federalists, by 1796, became
known as the Federalist Party. Federalist Party policies favored a strong executive
branch, urban development, national improvements, a strong central banking system,
high tariffs and taxes, and national mercantilism, and did not see westward expansion as
a primary national goal.

- Republican Policies, 1801–1825: By 1796, Jefferson's wing of the Federalists

became known as the Republicans. Republican polices advocated more westward
migration, and low taxes and tariffs for farmers and merchants. They championed the
yeoman farmer and an agriculture-based economy over urban development, and favored

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 states' rights over a strong centralized government.

- Decline of Federalists: The Federalist agenda fell out of favor due in part to the War
of 1812, which enabled the nationalist Republicans to win the allegiance of many
Federalist voters. Jefferson's pro-farmer policies attracted voter sympathy in the South
and West.

- Federalist Legacy: The Federalist legacy continued with the judicial policies of
Supreme Court Justice John Marshall, who remained on the Court until 1822, and
established the primacy of judicial authority, the supremacy of national laws, and
traditional property rights.
86. Answer would ideally include:

- Economic Consequences of the French Revolution: The French Revolution led to

European wars that benefitted American farmers, the shipping industry, and urban
merchants. Europeans bought American farmers' grains and cotton at high prices, and
shipbuilders, sail makers, dockhands, and seamen profited from the increase in shipping
that resulted. American prosperity in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries
grew from the consequences of the French Revolution.

- Ideological Consequences of the French Revolution: Americans argued passionately

over the ideologies of the French Revolution. Many Americans welcomed it because it
abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy. The First French
Republic provoked controversy. Some Americans embraced the democratic ideology of
the radical Jacobins. Strongly religious Americans, however, condemned the new
French government for closing Christian churches and promoting a rational religion
based on “natural morality.” Wealthy Americans condemned the revolutionary leader
Robespierre and his followers for executing King Louis XVI and three thousand
aristocrats. In general, Republicans were sympathetic to the First French Republic, but
Federalists were not. In that sense, the French Revolution increased political divisions
within American society, particularly the domestic debate over Hamilton's economic
policies, which helped create a domestic insurrection in western Pennsylvania (the
Whiskey Rebellion of 1794). The controversial Jay Treaty cemented the association
between the Federalists and pro-British foreign policy. Ultimately, the two parties'
disagreements intensified to the point that the Federalist President John Adams sought
to silence his Republican critics with the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, sparking a
constitutional crisis.

- Demographic/Geographic Consequences of the French Revolution: In 1799, when

Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in France and acquired the Louisiana Territory,
blocking American access to New Orleans, the consequences of the French Revolution
came directly to North America. In response, Jefferson's diplomats negotiated the
purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France. The acquisition of this new territory
opened new disputes between the Federalists and the Republicans but, more
significantly, it opened a vast new territory for American settlement in the West, thus
advancing Jefferson's vision of a republic based on a population of independent yeomen

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 and dramatically expanding the size of the United States.

- Haitian Revolution: The French Revolution inspired the Haitian Revolution, leading
the free blacks and slaves to rise up against the island's elite planters and, by 1803,
abolish slavery and establish the independent nation of Haiti as the first black republic
in the Atlantic world. This event had a profound impact on the United States as
thousands of Haitian refugees—planters, slaves, and free blacks—fled to American
cities, including Charleston, Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. American
slaveholders panicked, fearing that the successful slave revolution in Haiti would
undermine their own slave regimes. The event provoked conflict among the already
divided political leadership of the United States because of its implications for slavery,
race relations, republicanism, and American foreign policy.
87. Answer would ideally include:

- Summary: The court was dominated by John Marshall, a committed Federalist.

Three principles dominated his polices and shaped the nation's understanding of the
Constitution: judicial authority (judicial review), the supremacy of national laws, and
traditional property rights. Marshall was a loose constructionist.

- Marbury v. Madison (1803): This case addressed Federalist John Adams's

appointment of sixteen Federalist judges in the last moments of his presidency in 1800.
Jefferson and his secretary of state, James Madison, feared that the Federalists were
aiming to turn the judiciary into a Federalist stronghold, and Madison refused to deliver
a commission to William Marbury, one of Adams's midnight appointees. Marbury sued
to obtain his appointment. In the resulting case, Federalist Supreme Court Justice John
Marshall asserted that Marbury had the right to the appointment, but that the Court did
not have the constitutional power to enforce it. In effect, Marshall ruled that the Court
had the authority to review congressional legislation and interpret its constitutionality,
establishing the Court's right to judicial review. The Court would frequently use this
power to overturn state laws that, in its judgment, violated the Constitution.

- Fletcher v. Peck (1810): This case originated after the Georgia legislature granted a
huge tract of land to the Yazoo Land Company and then, alleging fraud and bribery,
canceled the grant. Speculators who had purchased lands from the original grant
appealed to the Supreme Court to uphold their land titles. Marshall ruled that the
legislative grant was a contract that could not be revoked. This decision limited state
power; bolstered vested property rights; and, by protecting out-of-state investors,
promoted the development of a national capitalist economy.

- McCullough v. Maryland (1819): This case addressed the Maryland legislature's

attempt to impose a tax on notes issued by the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of
the United States. The Second Bank refused to pay, claiming that the tax infringed on
national powers and was therefore unconstitutional. The state claimed that Congress
lacked the constitutional authority to charter a national bank. Marshall's Court ruled that
the Second Bank was constitutional because it was “necessary and proper” given the
national government's control over currency and credit, and that Maryland did not have

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Americas History Concise Edition 9th Edition Edwards Test Bank

the power to tax it. This case interpreted the Constitution in a way that gave broad
powers to the national government over the state governments.

- Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): This case originated when New

Hampshire's Republican legislature enacted a statute to convert the private Dartmouth
College into a public university. Dartmouth's trustees opposed the legislation, citing the
precedent of the Fletcher v. Peck decision to argue that the college's initial charter was
an unalterable contract. Marshall's Court agreed, extending the defense of vested
property rights it had made in the Fletcher v. Peck decision.

- Marshall's Legacy: Even after the Federalist Party crumbled in 1812, Marshall's
Federalist Court consolidated the Federalist legacy. Its decisions codified the Federalist
agenda by overturning state laws that infringed on the U.S. Constitution, upholding
property rights, and limiting monopolies in private industry. The decisions of that era
shaped the role of the U.S. Supreme Court in the federal government and the centrality
of capitalism in the United States.
88. Answer would ideally include:

- Jefferson's Vision: Jefferson believed that the West provided a great source of land
for farm families. He was concerned about urbanization and its inability to create
contented urban workers who would act in the spirit of republicanism. A nation of
yeoman farmers would provide the independence from capitalists necessary for a
republic to sustain itself over time.

- Jefferson's Policies: As president, Jefferson encouraged expansion westward by

cutting land costs, easing credit terms, and allowing illegal squatters to get their farms
for free, making it easier for farm families to acquire land. During the first years of his
presidency, he also aided western farming families by facilitating the export of their
crops through Spanish New Orleans. When the French took possession of Louisiana,
threatening American access to New Orleans, his diplomats successfully negotiated the
purchase of the enormous Louisiana Territory in 1803, potentially opening millions of
acres of new land to farming families. His dispatch of the Lewis and Clark expedition,
which resulted in exploration and mapping of the territory, prompted some Americans
to envision a nation that would span the entire North American continent. These policies
would ultimately intensify conflicts between the U.S. government and the Native
American tribes who lived in the West and their British allies.

- Federalists' Response: New England Federalists, who envisioned a nation based on

manufacturing and free labor, did not welcome the Louisiana Purchase. They feared that
western expansion would hurt their region and their party, and talked openly of leaving
the Union to form a confederacy of northeastern states. After a period of dormancy,
these conflicts reemerged during the War of 1812, which westerners supported.
Ultimately, Federalists' resistance to western expansion contributed significantly to their
party's decline.

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