CÂU TRỰC TIẾP- GIÁN TIẾP

( REPORTED SPEECH)
A. LÝ THUYẾT

I. KHÁI NIỆM
Câu tường thuật là câu thuật lại lời nói trực tiếp.
 Lời nói trực tiếp (direct speech): là nói chính xác điều ai đó diễn

đạt (còn gọi là trích dẫn). Lời của người nói sẽ được đặt trong dấu
ngoặc kép.
Ví dụ: She said ,” The exam is difficult”. "The exam is difficult" là lời
nói trực tiếp
 Lời nói gián tiếp – câu tường thuật (indirect speech): Là thuật

lại lời nói của một người khác dưới dạng gián tiếp, không dùng dấu
ngoặc kép.
Ví dụ: Hoa said,”I want to go home” -> Hoa said she wanted to go home
là câu gián tiếp (indirect speech)
II. CÁCH CHUYỂN CÂU TRỰC TIẾP SANG CÂU GIÁN TIẾP
Khi chuyển từ một lời nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp khá đơn giản, chúng ta
chỉ cần ghép nội dung tường thuật ở phía sau câu nói và hạ động từ của
nó xuống một cấp quá khứ, đại từ được chuyển đổi cho phù hợp. Tuy
nhiên, cần lưu ý một số vấn đề sau:
+ Nếu động từ tường thuật (reporting verb) chia ở các thì hiện tại
chúng ta giữ nguyên thì (tense) của động từ chính, đại từ chỉ định và các
trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn cũng như trạng từ chỉ thời gian trong câu trực tiếp
khi chuyển sang gián tiếp.
Ví dụ:
- He says: “I’m going to Ha Noi next week.”
⇒ He says he is going to Ha Noi next week.
+ Nếu động từ tường thuật (reporting verb) của câu ở thì quá khứ thì
phải lùi động từ chính về quá khứ một bậc khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp
(direct speech) sang lời nói gián tiếp (indirect / reported speech) theo
quy tắc sau:
 Biến đổi thì của động từ và động từ khuyết thiếu theo bảng

sau:
Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp

Present simple Past simple

Present continuous Past continuous

Present perfect Past perfect

Past simple qkđ Past perfect qkht

Had+P2

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

Have/has (not) + been+Ving Had (not) + been+ Ving

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

Had (not) + been+ Ving

will Would+V

can Could+V

must/ have to had to+V

may Might+V
 Biến đổi đại từ và các từ hạn định theo bảng sau:
 Câu trực Câu gián tiếp
tiếp

Chủ ngữ I he/ she

You I/ We/ They

We We/ They

Tân ngữ me him/ her

you me/ us/ them

us us/ them

Tính từ sở my his/ her

hữu
your my/ our/ their

our our/ their

Đại từ sở hữu mine his/ hers

yours mine/ ours/ theirs

ours ours/ theirs

Đại từ chỉ this the/ that

định
these the/ those
 Biến đổi trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn theo bảng sau:
Câu gián tiếp

here there
 now then/ at that moment

today/ tonight that day/ that night

tomorrow the next day/ the following day

next week the following week/ the next week

yesterday the previous day/

the day before

last week the week before

ago before
NOTE: Khi chuyển động từ các bạn chỉ cần nhớ lấy động từ gần chủ
ngữ nhất giảm xuống 1 cột tức là:
 Động từ ở cột 1 thì giảm xuống cột 2, ( nhớ thêm ed khi không

phải là đông từ bất quy tắc)

 Động từ cột 2 thì giảm thành cột 3

 Động từ cột 3 thêm had phía trước

Tuy nhiên, cần chú ý một số trường hợp sau đây không giảm thì động từ:
 Nói về chân lý, sự thật.

 Thì quá khứ hoàn thành.

 Trong câu có năm xác định.

 Các câu có cấu trúc sau: if only, as if, as though, wish, would

rather, it’s high time, IF

III. CÁC LOẠI CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
1. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu kể
S + said + (that) + S + V(lùi thì)
 says/say to + O -> tells/tell + O
  said to + O ->told+O
Eg: He said to me “I haven’t finished my work”. HTHT
-> He told me he hadn’t finished his work. QKHT
2. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu hỏi
a.Yes/No questions:
S+asked/wanted to know/wondered+if/whether+S+V lùi thì
Ex: “Are you angry?”he asked -> He asked if/whether I was angry.
b.Wh-questions:
S + asked(+O)/wanted to know/wondered + Wh-words + S +
V. lùi thì
* says/say to + O -> asks/ask + O
* said to + O -> asked + O.
Ex:"What are you talking about?”said the teacher. -> The teacher asked
us what we were talking about.
3. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu mệnh lệnh
*Khẳng định: S + told + O + to-infinitive.
Ex: “Please wait for me here, Mary”: Tom said
-> Tom told Mary to wait for him there.
*Phủ định: : S + told + O + not to-infinitive.
Ex: “Don’t talk in class”,the teacher said to us. –>The teacher told us not
to talk in class.
IV.Một số dạng câu tường thuật đặc biệt
-> SHALL/ WOULD dùng để diễn tả đề nghị, lời mời: Tùy vào động
từ tường thuật.
Tom asked: 'Shall I bring you some tea?'
-> Tom offered to bring me some tea.
Tom asked: 'Shall we meet at the theatre?'
-> Tom suggested meeting at the theatre.
-> WILL/ WOULD/ CAN/ COULD dùng để diễn tả sự yêu cầu:
Tom asked: 'Will you help me, please?'
-> Tom asked me to help him. TO V
Jane asked Tom: 'Can you open the door for me, Tom?'
-> Jane asked Tom to open the door for her. TO V

* Lưu ý: Không đổi thì trong câu gián tiếp khi động từ giới thiệu ở thì
hiện tại (present simple, present continuous, present perfect), câu dẫn
trực tiếp là câu điều kiện không có thật, hoặc câu trực tiếp diễn tả một
chân lý, một sự thật hiển nhiên.

He says: “I’m going to Ha Noi next week.”

⇒ He says he is going to Ha Noi next week.
B. BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG

Bài 1: Hoàn thành các câu sau.

1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.
She asked where her umbrella was.
2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.
Martin asked us how we were
3. He asked, "what do I have to do?"
He asked what he had to do.
4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.
The mother asked her daughter where she had been.
5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.
She asked her boyfriend which dress he liked best.
6. "What are they doing?" she asked.
She wanted to know what they were doing.
7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.
He wanted to know if I was going to the cinema.
8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"
The teacher wanted to know who spoke E.
9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.
She asked me how I knew that.
10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.
My friend asked me if Caron had talked to Kevin.
11. "What's the time?" he asked.
→ He wanted to know what time it was.
12. "When will we meet again?" she asked me.
→ She asked me when we would meet again .
13. "Are you crazy?" she asked him.
→ She asked him if he was crazy .
14. "Where did they live?" he asked.
→ He wanted to know where they had lived.
15. "Will you be at the party?" he asked her.
→ He asked her if she would be at the party .
16. "Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me.
→ She asked me if I could meet her at the station .
17. "Who knows the answer?" the teacher asked.
→ The teacher wanted to know who knew the answer .
18. "Why don't you help me?" she asked him.
→ She wanted to know why he did not help her.
19. "Did you see that car?" he asked me.
→ He asked me whether I had seen that car.
20. "Have you tidied up your room?" the mother asked the twins.
→ The mother asked the twins if they had tidied up their room.
21. "Stop talking, Joe," the teacher said.
→ The teacher told Joe to stop talking.
22. "Be patient," she said to him.
→ She told him to be patient .
23. "Go to your room," her father said to her.
→ Her father told her to go to her room .
24. "Hurry up," she said to us.
→ She told us to hurry up .
25. "Give me the key," he told her.
→ He asked her to give him the key .
26. "Play it again, Sam," she said.
→ She asked Sam to play it again .
27. "Sit down, Caron" he said.
→ He asked Caron to sit down .
28. "Fill in the form, Sir," the receptionist said.
→ The receptionist asked the guest to fill in the form .
29. "Take off your shoes," she told us.
→ She told us to take off our shoes .
30. "Mind your own business," she told him.
→ She told him to mind his own business .
Bài 2: Bài tập câu tường thuật pha trộn negative và positive
1. She said, "Go upstairs."
→ She told me to go upstairs.
2. "Close the door behind you," he told me.
→ He told me to close the door behind me .
3. "Don't be late," he advised us.
→ He advised us not to be late.
4. "Stop staring at me," she said.
→ She told him to stop staring at.
5. "Don't be angry with me," he said.
→ He asked her not to be angry with him .
6. "Leave me alone," she said.
→ She told me to leave alone .
7. "Don't drink and drive," she warned us.
→ She warned us not to drink and drive.
8. "John, stop smoking," she said.
→ She told John to stop smoking .
9. "Don't worry about us," they said.
→ They told her not to worry about them .
10. "Meet me at the cinema." he said.
→ He asked me to meet him at the cinema. .
11. He said, "I like this song."
→ He said he liked that song .
12. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.
→ She asked me where my sister was .
 13. "I don't speak Italian," she said.
→ She said she did not speak Italian .
14. "Say hello to Jim," they said.
→ They asked me to say hello to Jim .
15. "The film began at seven o'clock," he said.
→ He said that the film had begun at 7 o’clock. .
Bài 3. Chọn đáp án đúng
1. When he was at Oliver’s plat yesterday, Martin asked if he ______
use the phone.
A. can
B. could
C. may
D. must
2. George couldn’t help me. He ______ me to ask Kate.
A. tell
B. said
C. told
D. say
3. Judy ______ going for a walk, but no one else wanted to.
A.admitted
B. offered
C. promised
D. suggested
4. I said that I had met her ______ .
A. yesterday
B. the previous day
C. the day
D. the before day.
5. The man asked the boys ______ .
A. why did they fight
B. why they were fighting
C. why they fight
D.why were they fighting
6. “______the door”, he said.
A. please open
B. open pleased
C. please to open
D. please, opening
7. I wanted to know ______ return home.
A. when would she
B. when will she
C. when she will
D. when she would
8. The woman wonders _______ doing well at school.
A. whether her children are
B. if her children were
C. whether her children were
D. her children are if
9. Peter said he was leaving for Paris ______.
A. next week
B. the week previous
C. following week
D. the following week
10. “I don’t usually drink milk when ______ ” Mrs. Pike said.
A. she was hungry
B. I was hungry
C. I am hungry
D. I will be
Bài 4. Chuyển những câu dưới đây sang câu gián tiếp.
1. “Open the door,” he said to them.
- He told them to open the door .
2. “Where are you going?” he asked her.
- He asked her where she was going.
3. “Which way did they go?” he asked.
- He asked me which way they had gone.
4. “Bring it back if it doesn’t fit”, I said to her.
- I told her to bring it back if it did not fit.
5. “Don’t try to open it now,” she said to us.
-She told us not to try to open it then.
6. “Is it going to be a fine day today?” I asked her.
- I asked her if it was going to be fine day that day.
7. “He’s not at home”, she said.
- She said that he was not at home.
8. “Is the bus station far away?” the girl asked.
The girl wanted to know if the bus station was far away.
9. “Don’t stay out late, Ann” Tom said.
- Tom told Ann not to stay out late
10. “Please let me borrow your car,” he said to her.
- He asked her to let him borrow her car.
11. “Jean, have you seen my gloves?” Thomas asked.
- Thomas asked Jean if Jean had seen his gloves.
12. Don’t leave the window open, Mary”, I said.
- I told Mary not to leave……..
13. “I’ll have a cup of tea with you,” she said.
- She said that she would have ……..with me
14. “I’ll pay him if I can” she said.
- She said that she would pay him if she could.
15. “What are you going to do next summer?” she asked.
- She asked us what we were going to do the next summer.
16. “I’ll phone you tomorrow,” he told Jack.
- He told Jack that I would phone him the next day .
17. “Can I sit beside you, Jean?” Tom asked.
- Tom asked Jean if He could sit beside Jean.
18. “I want a camera for my birthday,” he said.
He said that he wanted a camera for his birthday.
19. “Don’t keep the door locked,” he said to us.
- He told us not to keep the door locked.
20. “How long are you going to stay?” I asked him.
- I asked him how long he was going to stay.
21. “Are you going by train?” she asked me.
- She wanted to know if I was going by train.
22. “Don’t use too much hot water,” she said to us.
- She asked us not to use too much hot water.
23. “Will you come to my party?” she said to me.
- She invited me to come to her party.
24. “Don’t do it again,” she said to them.
- She told them not to do it again.
25. “ Did Mr Brown send the potatoes to you?” she asked.
- She asked me if Mr Brown had sent the… to me.
26. “Don’t get your shoes dirty, boys,” she said.
- She told boys not to get their shoes dirty.
27. “What do you want for lunch today, Peter?” Mary asked.
- Mary asked Peter what he wanted for lunch that day.
28. “Can I borrow your typewriter, Janet?” asked Peter.
Peter asked if He could borrow Janet’s typewriter.
29. “Why didn’t I get a computer before?” thought the office manager.
- The office manager wondered why she had not got a computer before.
30. “You had better not lend him any more money, Elizabeth,’’ said
John.
- John advised Elizabeth not to lend him….
31. “You stole my best cassette, Amanda!” said John.
- John accused Amanda of stealing his best cassette.
Accuse sb of Ving cáo buộc ai làm cái gì
32. “ You damaged my bicycle, John!” said Mary.
- Mary accused Jonh of damagin her bicycle.
33. “When was your little boy born?” said the nurse to Mrs. Bingley.
- The nurse asked Mrs. Bingley when her little boy had been born.
34. “You should take more exercise, Mr. Robert,” the doctor said.
- The doctor advised Mr.Robert to take more exercise.
35. “Will I find a job?”, Tim said to himself.
- Tim wondered if He would find a job.
36. “I’m sorry I gave you the wrong number,” said Paul to Susan.
- Paul apologized to Susan for giving her the wrong number.
Apologize to sb for Ving xin lỗi ai vì điều gì
37. “When is the first day of your holiday, Peter?” Martha asked.
- Martha asked Peter when the first day of his holiday was.
38. “Can I have a new bicycle?” said Anna to her mother.
Anna asked her mother if she could have a new bicycle.
39.. “Don’t leave the house until I get back, William”, his mother said.
- William’s mother told William not to leave the house until she got
back.
40. “Don’t bite your nails,” said Mrs. Rogers to her son.
- Mrs. Rogers told her son not not bite his nails.
41. “I’ve seen the film three times, Mary” said George.
- George said to Mary he had seen the film three times.
42. “I’m sorry, Angela,” said Martin, “I’m afraid I’ve damaged your car.
- Martin apologized to Angela for having damaged her car .
43. “Have you had enough for lunch?” the landlady asked us.
- The landlady asked us if we had had enough for lunch.
44. “ John, please don’t tell anyone my new address,” said Mary.
- Mary asked John not to tell anyone his new address.
45. “Breakfast will not be served after 9. 30” said the notice.
- The notice said that Breakfast would not be served …
46. “Where is the best place to buy souvenirs?”
- I asked where the best place to buy souvenirs was.
47. “Don’t forget to bring your passport with you tomorrow”
- She reminded me to bring my passport with me the next day/the
following day.
48. “Do not write on the wall,” said the teacher to the boys.
The teacher told the boys not to write on the wall.
49. “How many jobs have you had since 2000?” the interviewer asked
Mr. Simpson.
- The interviewer asked Mr. Simpson how many jobs he had had since
2000.
50. “Why didn’t you report the incident to the police?” the officer asked
the frightened
witness.
- The officer wanted to know why the frightened witness had not
reported the incident to the police.
51. "If I were you,I wouldn't buy this car"
- He advised me not to buy that car.
52. "Shall I carry your suitcase,Lan?"said Nam.
- Nam offered to carry Lan’s suitcase.
53. "Yes,all right,I'll share the food with you,Dave."
- Ann agreed to share the food with Dave.
54. "Sue,can you remember to buy some bread?"
- Paul reminded Sue to buy some bread.
55. "Don't touch anything in this room",the man said to the children.
- The man ordered children not to touch anything in that room.
56. "I must go home to make the dinner",said Mary.
- Mary said she had to go home to make the dinner.
57. "Are you going to Ho Chi Minh City next week?"Tom ask
Tom asked If I was going to HCM city the next week.
58. "Have you finished your homework?"Mom asked.
- Mom asked if I had finished my homework.
59. She said to me:"I can't do it by myself"
- She told me that she could not do it by herself.
60. "Does your brother live in London,Nam?"Lan asked.
- Lan wanted to know if Nam’brother lived in London.
61. "Don't repeat this mistake again."his father warned him.
- His father warned him not to repeat that mistake again.
62. "Give me a smile,"The photographer said to me.
- The photographer said to me to give him/her a smile..
63. "Don't leave these book on the table" ,the librarian said to the
students
- The librarian told the students not to leave those book on the table.
64. "Have you travelled abroad much?"he asked me.
- He asked me if/whether I had travelled abroad much.
65. "Who has written this note?" the boss asked the secretary.
- The boss asked the secretary who had written that note.
66. "I have just received a postcard from my sister,"my friend said to
me.
- My friend told me he/she had just received a postcard from his/her
sister.
67. "This story happened long ago"he said.
- He said that story had happened long before.
Bài 5. Chuyển những câu dưới đây sang câu gián tiếp.
1. Lan said, "I am working in Hanoi now."
-> Lan said she was working in Hanoi then.
2. "I need a new bicycle" Binh said.
-> Binh said he needed a new bicycle...........................
3. Mary said, "My English teacher is very humorous."
-> Mary said her E teacher was very humorous ...........................
4. "I don't want to stay at home now," my younger brother said .
-> My younger brother said he did not want to stay at home
then...........................
5. "Mr. Thanh can speak two languages well," Binh said .
-> Binh said Mr.Thanh could speak two languages well...........................
6. Miss Hang said, "I will go on a picnic to Nha Trang tomorrow."
-> Miss Hang said she would go on a picnic to Nha Trang the next
day...........................
7. "I don't know who she is," said Tom.
-> Tom said he did not know who she was...........................
8. Mai told us: "It's raining heavily outside."
-> Mai told us that it was raining heavily outside...........................
9. He said to his friends, "I must go home now."
-> He said to his friends that he had to go home then...........................
10. Hoa said, "I can't go out after 8 p.m."
-> Hoa said she could not go out after 8 p.m
11. Lan asked Hoa, "Can you speak French well?"
-> Lan asked Hoa if/whether she could speak French well.
12. Nhi asked Mai, "Do you like listening to pop music? Thì HTĐ 
QKĐ
-> Nhi asked Mai if/whether she LIKED listening to pop music .
14. She asked me, " Do you live near here?"
-> She asked me if I lived near there............................
15. "Can you tell me the way to the nearest post office?" a tourist asked
me.
-> A tourist asked me if I could tell him ...........................
16. Mary asked me, " Must you go now?"
-> Mary asked me if/whether I had to go then.
17. John said, " Is Ha Long Bay in northern Vietnam, Nhi?"
-> John asked Nhi if Ha Long Bay was in northern VN...........................
18. " Will you come to my house for dinner?" asked Linh.
-> Linh asked me if I would come to my house for
dinner...........................
19. The teacher asked Nam, " Is Mount Everest the highest mountain in
the world?"
-> The teacher asked Nam if Mount Everest was the
highest.............................
20. "Do you see what I see, Mary?" said the young man.
-> The young man asked Mary if she saw what he saw
________________________________________
21. "Open the door, please!" the teacher told Nam.
-> The teacher told Nam to open the door .
22. "Could you speak more slowly?" Hoa asked me.
-> Hoa asked me if she could speak more slowly.
23. "Would you like to go to the movies tonight?" Lan asked me.
-> Lan invited me to go to the movies that night............................
24. "Don't make noise in class." the teacher said.
-> The teacher told us not to make noise in class ...........................
25. "You should do morning exercises regularly." said the doctor to
Nam.
-> The doctor advised Nam to do ...........................
26. "Can you clean up the bedroom?" said my mother.
-> My mother told me if I could clean up the bedroom .
27. "You shouldn't eat too much meat." the doctor said to Lan.
-> The doctor advised Lan not to eat too much eat............................
28. "Please wait for me here." My mother said to me.
-> My mother asked me to wait for her there...........................
29. "You should work harder on English pronunciation." Miss Jackson
said to Tim.
-> Miss Jackson said Tim should work harder on English
pronunciation...........................
30. "Would you like to drink some coffee?" the manager said to me.
-> The manager invited me to drink some coffee.