YEAR: 9

SUBJECT: HOME ECONOMICS

WEEK: 1

TOPIC: Introduction to textile

production

LESSON OBJECTIVES:

a. Describe textiles
b. Give five reasons for the study of
textiles
c. State at least seven importance /
general uses of textiles.
d. Explain the following basic textile
terms; fibres, yarns and fabrics etc.
Description of textiles

Textiles are fabrics (Cloths) made by

weaving or knitting artificial fibres in
large quantities.

In the textile mills, fibres are processed

into fabrics and sold to the public.

Reasons for the study of textiles

1.Helps to identify different types of

fabrics, their characteristics and
properties
2. To use fabrics intelligently. For
instance, you will know how to cut
fabric along the grainline or bias.
3. To be able to properly care for
fabrics
4. Making you a wise consumer
 5. Makes you happier with your
clothing and fabric purchases
6. To understand textile
manufacturing processes.
7. To identify quality and durable
fabrics
Importance / General uses of textiles

1.For constructing personal and family

clothing
2. Construction of household linen
such as bedspreads, towels, curtains,
etc.
3. For keeping the body warm
4. Beautifies and adorns the body
5. Protect the body from rain or wind
6. Used for making nets, tents and
tarpaulins
 7. Used for interior decorations
8. Used for making house furnishings
such as carpets, rugs, upholstery, etc.
9. They are used in medicine for the
production of articles such as
bandages, masks, overalls, etc.

BASIC TEXTILE TERMS

1.Fibres: these are raw or

unprocessed materials (usually in
hair-like structure) used in the
production of yarn, which is woven
into fabrics.
2. Yarns: These are threads which
are obtained by twisting several
fibres together. These threads are
 then used in weaving or knitting of
fabrics in the textile mills.
3. Fabrics: These are clothes or
textiles that are obtained by
processing the yarns into yards or
bundles of beautiful materials. A
woven fabric is made up of two sets
of yarns or threads namely; weft
and warp
4. Warp: this is the thread that runs
horizontally or lengthwise on
fabrics. It is parallel to the
selvedge.
5. Weft: is the set of threads that
runs crosswise (vertically) in a woven
fabric. It runs at right angle across
the selvedge.
6. Grain of the fabric / Grainline: it
refers to the direction of yarns or
thread in a fabric.
7. Selvedge: it is the mill finish edge
of the fabric which runs in a
lengthwise direction.
8. Bias: this is the diagonal direction
across the two grainlines; weft and
warp.
9. Weaving: it is the act of forming
threads into fabrics. A woven fabric
is made up of two sets of yarn or
thread; the warp and the weft.
10. The right side of the fabric:
This is the side of the fabric to be
worn out. It has a better finish and
more distinct print than the other
side.
 11. The wrong side of the fabric:
this side of the fabric is to be worn
on the inside.
Evaluation: Explain the concept of textile
production.

WEEK 2

TOPIC: ORIGIN/MANUFACTURING
PROCESS OF FIBRES

LESSON OBJECTIVES:

a. Classify fibres
b. Describe the origin of the natural
fibres
 c. Highlight the origin of the
artificial fibres
d. Identify three differences
between the natural and synthetic
fibres
e. Outline the manufacturing
processes of cotton
Natural Fibres: they are fibres gotten
from animals and plant source.
Wool: Is produced mainly from the
fleece (Fibres) of sheep. The merino
sheep produces the finest wool. However,
wool can be obtained from the hair of
animals like the camel, angora New
Zealand, Australia, Great Britain, South
Africa, etc.
Silk: Is obtained from the cocoon of
silkworms. Silkworms feeds on mulberry
leaves, then spins a cocoon of silk which
unravels into one continuous thread. Silk
is generally referred to as the finest
natural fibre and produced in large
quantities in China, India, Japan, Italy,
etc.

Artificial and man-made or synthetic

fibres: they are man-made.

1.Cellulose based fibres: Produced by

chemical treatment of certain raw
materials. They are made from natural
materials like wood pulp and cotton
linters which are cellulose and treated
 with chemicals (Caustic soda, carbon
di sulphide, etc.) Regenerated fibres.
Examples are viscose rayon and
acetate.
2. Non cellulose based: they are made
only from chemicals and mineral
substances like petroleum by
products. No natural fibre is mixed
with it. Examples include nylon and
polyester.
Differences between the natural
and synthetic fibres

S/ NATURAL FIBRES SYNTHETIC / MAN

N FIBRES
1. Obtained from Obtained from artif
 animal and plant made processes from
sources chemical treatment
raw materials
2. Animal fibres give They give faint smel
the smell of acid or vinegar. Som
burning feathers slightly sweet or aro
when burnt while
plant fibres smell
like burnt papers
3. Are easily handled Are difficult to hand
4. Made from pure Made from both cell
cellulose based non cellulose fibres.
fibres
Manufacturing processes of cotton

i. Ginning: This is the process of

separating the cotton fibres from
 the seeds (bolls). The machine used
in doing this is called cotton gin.
ii. Baling: the ginned cotton is then
pressed into bales for easy carriage
and sent to the factories to be spun
into yarns
iii. Bale breaking: The tightly pressed
cotton fibres from the bales are
loosened into a machine for the
impurities to fall out.
iv. Cleaning: The impurities in the
cotton fibres are further removed
until sheets of loose cotton emerge
which is ready for carding.
v. Carding: The shorter fibres are
removed and the fibres made to lay
flat. The carded fibres are called
silvers.
 vi. Combing: More short hairs are
further removed from the silvers.
vii. Drawing: The silvers are then
stretched thinned.
viii. Spinning: The combed silvers are
now converted into yarns.
ix. Weaving: The yarns are woven into
fabrics
x. Dyeing: This is done by first
scouring and bleaching the fabrics
and then dyeing with different
colours.

Evaluation: Give four differences

between Natural and Artificial Fibre
 WEEK 3

TOPIC: PROPERTIES, CARE AND

USES OF FIBRES

LESSON OBJECTIVES

a. Describe the properties, care and

uses of natural fibres (Cotton, linen,
silk and wool)
b. Explain the following simple tests
for identifying fibres; appearance,
strength and flame/burning tests

COTTON: i. Launders well and can withstand hot

ii. Absorb moisture readily and allows
Properties
air passage
iii. It is durable
 iv. Absorb dyes easily and can be made
colourful patterns.
v. When damp, can be affected by mil
vi. Cool and comfortable to wear
vii. Can be boiled therefore white cotto
be bleached
viii. Does not fray easily and does not
while sewing
ix. When burnt, gives off the smell of
paper.
x. Shrinks when washed
Care i. It is the most washable of all fibres
ii. It can be boiled for sterilization,
bleached and ironed at high temper
Uses For adult’ and children’s outer outfits, un
wears, soft furnishing, towels, and table
cloths

NB: Available cotton fabrics are Asooke

 calico, khaki, Ankara, poplin, muslin, gingh
etc.
LINEN i. Launders well (Washes well)
ii. Can withstand high temperatures
Properties
iii. Is strong and durable
iv. Fray badly and easily
v. Is cool to wear and absorbent
vi. It dries slowly
vii. Is stronger than cotton, when wet,
strength increases
viii. Is lintless therefore suitable for
or glass cloth
ix. Does not shrink in washing
x. Stains are easily removed
xi. Linen burns easily and gives off a sm
burning paper.
Care i. Is easily washable
ii. For a smooth appearance, linen must
 ironed while very damp at high
temperatures
iii. Always study care labels on the fab
Uses For bedsheets, towels, handkerchiefs, ta
covers, tea towels, suits, etc

NB: Available linen fabrics are damask, l

twill, etc.
WOOL i. Has elasticity and keeps to shape
ii. Is absorbent and warm
Properties
iii. Can be attacked by moth and other
insects
iv. It is stronger when dry
v. Has the best wrinkle resistance tha
of the natural fibres
vi. Dye well
vii. Has a scaly appearance
viii. It does not fray easily
ix. It shrinks easily especially when tre
 with hot water and chemical
x. It gives the smell of burning feathe
when burnt
Care Since wool fabrics shrink when subjecte
heat and moisture, they must be handled
carefully when laundered.
Uses For the production of socks, sweaters,
carpets, soft furnishings, knitting yarns,
belts, handbags, etc. they are particular
useful in cold temperate countries.
SILK i. It is the strongest of all the natura
fibres and has the greatest elastici
Properties
ii. Resist wrinkling
iii. Smooth, very fine, lustrous and war
touch
iv. Absorbs moisture easily without
appearing damp
 v. It is comfortable to wear
vi. Has excellent sewing and draping
qualities
vii. Is adaptable to temperatures
viii. Can be easily dyed
ix. Very expensive and not readily avail
locally
x. Burns readily and smells like burning
feathers.
Care i. Some types of silk are hand washab
but most retain their original appea
best when dry cleaned.
ii. When washing silk, use a mild soap
because strong alkalis diminish its lu
(shiny appearance)
iii. Silk requires a moderate temperatu
ironing
Uses Used in making adult’s garments, scarves
 curtains and carpets, umbrellas, hats, et

NB: Available silk fabrics are chiffon, ta

lace, georgette, etc.

SIMPLE IDENTIFICATION TEST FOR

FIBRES

FIBRES MICROSC FLAME / STRENGTH A

OPIC BURNIN TEST C
TEST G TEST H
G
1.Cotton Fibre has Burns It is firm S
twists, flat easily. and strong d
long Smells when dry. It h
 appearance like is stronger h
burning when wet. l
paper.
Leaves a
grey
powder
with a
yellow
flame.
2. Lin Has smooth Burns It is strong. C
en rounded easily Increases in s
appearance like strength f
with burning when wet C
swellings. paper. e
Leaves p
feathery t
 white
ash
3. Wo Fibres Does not Stronger I
ol covered flame when dry; o
with scales but Heavy when i
pointing in smoulder wet s
one s. Smells W
direction. like e
Long and burning q
cylindrical feather V
appearance or hair l
4. Silk It has Burns It is weaker I
great slowly. when wet s
brilliancy Smells than dry; h
and like laundry l
reflects burning procedures h
 light feathers should be h
readily; very gentle f
appears and with t
long, care. t
smooth and
rod-like
5. Vis Long, Burns Stronger S
cose slender-like readily; when dry a
rayon fibre; deposits than when n
resembles white wet a
silk; it ashy c
looks like spots v
transparent
rods
6. Cell Similar to Burns Loses S
ulose viscose but slowly in strength s
 acetat only one and out when wet D
e line seems of flame; c
to run down Smells r
the middle like
of the acetic
fibre acid or
vinegar
7. Nyl Long, thin Shrinks Loses no D
on fibre with from strength e
clear flame; when wet C
central Melt into r
tube white S
running hard s
right beads;
through fumes
smell like
 boiling
celery
8. Pol Long, Melts Does not S
yester smooth, and lose a
and shrinks strength t
cylindrical from the when wet C
rod-like source r
appearance of heat;
it has an
aromatic
smell

Note:

Crease is used to describe fabrics that

wrinkle easily
Drape refers to the free-flowing
characteristics of fabrics or the manner
in which fabrics falls or hangs such as
silk and nylon

Evaluation: Explain the four properties of

1. Cotton 2.linen.

WEEK 4

TOPIC: CONSUMER CHALLENGES

AND RIGHTS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. Define a consumer
 2. Outline at least six
rights of a consumer
3. Explain at least six
rights of a consumer
4. Identify at least three
agencies where a consumer
can seek redress.

Definition of a consumer

A consumer is a person that buys and

uses goods and services for personal or
household use

Rights of a consumer

These are rights which individuals are

entitled to as consumers.
 These are the laws guiding the
consumer. These laws allow the
consumer to have rights on the goods
to be purchased and consumed. They
are:
1.Right to quality goods
2. Right to safety
3. Right to be informed (consumer
education)
4. Right to choose
5. Right to be heard
6. Right to satisfaction of basic
needs
7. Right to seek redress
8. Right to a healthy environment

Challenges of the consumer

1.Misbranded product; wrongly or
falsely labelled products
2. Spoilt goods and foods sold to
consumers
3. Fake NAFDAC and expiry
numbers
4. Low quality items
5. Fresh foodstuffs do not get to
consumers on time due to
transportation and market chain
problems.
6. Adulterated goods
7. Under weighing and under
measurement
8. Charging higher prices for the
product
9. False and duplicate items sold
 NOTE: Adulteration is the act of
reducing the quality, nutritional
value, etc. of foods by adding low
quality substances to make higher
profits.
Misbranded items are items
branded or labelled falsely. They
are illegal and violates statutory
requirements.

REDRESS OPTIONS FOR CONSUMERS

A redress is to compensate someone

monetarily for some damages or set a
situation right

Procedures for seeking redress

1.Report any act of poor handling of food
items to the nearest organisation
2. If by chance bad or spoilt food items
are purchased, do not consume.
Instead, destroy such items.
3. Always buy food items from a clean
and hygienic environment
4. Avoid the purchase of spoilt food
items

Government agencies for seeking

redress

1. Standard organisation of Nigeria

(son)
Sees to the quality of goods and food
items. The organisation makes sure that
all ingredients written on the label are
enforced.

2. Consumer protection council (CPC)

Designed to protect consumers and
help to effect the use of their rights
3. Food inspection officers (FIO):
these inspect food production, ensure
hygienic handling of foods, seize and
destroy food items that are not
suitable
4. Human rights commission (HRC)

Assignment:
1. List five goods or services you have
ever purchased as a consumer

2.Have you ever purchased a good or

product and you were dissatisfied with
your purchase? Did you seek redress?
Narrate your experiences