Network Analysis

Unit 1 – Part 2
ELE-2001
Electrical Networks 1

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 1

 Unit 1 – Part 2
1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law
❑ Single – Node - Pair Circuits
➢ Parallel circuits
Lesson Outline 2. Exercises (from the textbooks)
❑Worked Examples
❑Homework
Topic: D. C. Network Analysis. ▪ Irwin & Nelms: Chapter: 3.
• Bird: Chapter: 13

Prepared by: Leonard E. Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E., UTECH, Jamaica 2

Single – Node - Pair Circuits
• Question: How many nodes are • Question: How many nodes are
in the circuit below? in the circuit below?

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 3

Single – Node - Pair Circuits
• Two nodes are observed in the circuit below.
Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica
• Applying KCL at node 1:
• 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
• Applying KCL at node 2:
• 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑇
• Note that the same equation applies at any of
the two nodes.
• This is a parallel circuit. It has only two nodes.
❖ A pair of nodes => a single-node-pair.
• Recall that the voltage across each branch in a
parallel circuit is the same.
❖ This can be verified by applying KVL around
every loop in the single-node-pair circuit.
▪ KCL and Ohm’s Law can be used to
determine currents and voltages in the
single-node-pair circuit.
4
Single – Node - Pair Circuits
Example 1 • Question: What is
• Calculate I1 and I2 in the circuit your approach to
below.
solving this problem?
• Take a moment before you
scroll to the next page to write
down your planned approach!

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 5

Single – Node - Pair Circuits
Example 1 • Solution
• Calculate I1 and I2 in the circuit below. • Using current divider rule:
𝑅2 4
• 𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑇 = 𝑥 430 mA
𝑅1 +𝑅2 4+4
4
• ⸫ 𝐼1 = 𝑥 430 𝑚𝐴 = 215 mA.
8
• Also:
𝑅1 4
• 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑇 = 𝑥 430 𝑚𝐴
𝑅1 +𝑅2 4+4
4
• ⸫ 𝐼2 = 𝑥
430 𝑚𝐴 = 215 mA.
8
• OR,
• 𝐼2 can also be calculated from:
• 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑇 − 𝐼1

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 6

Single – Node - Pair Circuits
Question: How many nodes are in the circuit below?

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 7

Single – Node - Pair Circuits
• Question: How many nodes are in • Questions:
the circuit below? 1. What if the conductors between
the nodes at the top of the
circuit are shortened so that the
nodes are brought closer
together, how many nodes will
you have at the top of the
circuit?
2. Can you see that there will be
one node at the top of the
circuit?
3. How many nodes are at the
bottom of the circuit?

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 8

Single – Node - Pair Circuits
• Question: How many nodes are in
the circuit below?
Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica
• Note that: although there are
several branches in the circuit, the
parallel circuit has only two nodes.
➢ A single-node pair.
• For the node at the top of the circuit:
▪ Assume that the current entering
the node is negative, and current
leaving the node is positive.
▪ Assume also that the node at the
top has a positive potential with
respect to the node at the bottom.
➢Therefore in this case, the
node at the bottom is the
reference node.
9
Single – Node - Pair Circuits
• Write KCL for the node at the top of the circuit. From KCL:
• −𝑖1 𝑡 + 𝑖2 𝑡 + 𝑖3 𝑡 − 𝑖4 𝑡 + 𝑖5 𝑡 + 𝑖6 𝑡 = 0
• ⸫ 𝑖2 𝑡 + 𝑖3 𝑡 + 𝑖5 𝑡 + 𝑖6 𝑡 = 𝑖1 𝑡 + 𝑖4 𝑡

The resultant current source is:

𝑖1 𝑡 − 𝑖3 𝑡 + 𝑖4 𝑡 − 𝑖6 𝑡
This resultant current source will supply R1 and R2.
⸫ 𝑖1 𝑡 − 𝑖3 𝑡 + 𝑖4 𝑡 − 𝑖6 𝑡 = 𝑖2 𝑡 + 𝑖5 𝑡

And from Ohm’s Law:

𝑣 (𝑡)
• 𝑖2 𝑡 = , and
𝑅1
𝑣 (𝑡)
• 𝑖5 𝑡 = 𝑅2

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 10

Single – Node - Pair Circuits
Example 2: Solution
• Find the power absorbed by the • Let us rearrange the circuit as
6 kΩ resistor in the network shown below.
below.

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 11

Single – Node - Pair Circuits
Example 2 Solution cont’d Example 2 Solution cont’d
• At Node B: From K.C.L., the resultant
current of the two current sources is 2
mA, as shown in the figure to the
right.
❖See Node B on the diagram.
• The 2 mA will divide among the three
resistors as shown.
• The 2 mA can be considered as the
resultant current source of the 6 mA
and the 4 mA current sources added
algebraically.
✓ Since the currents from each source
flows in opposite directions.

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 12

Single – Node - Pair Circuits
Example 2 Solution cont’d Example 2 Solution cont’d
• Next further reduce the circuit by combining 4 𝑥 12 48
resistors (4kΩ and the 12 kΩ). • 𝑅𝑝 = = = 3 kΩ
4+12 16
• The circuit required to solve this question is 𝑅𝑝
shown below. • 𝐼1 = ( )𝐼𝑇
𝑅𝑝 +𝑅1
3
• ⸫ 𝐼1 = 𝑥 2 𝑥10−3 = 6.667 𝑥 10−4 A
3+6
• Therefore, power absorbed by the 6 kΩ
resistor is:
• 𝑃𝑅1 = 𝐼12 𝑅1 = (6.667 𝑥 10−4 )2 𝑥 6 𝑥 103
• ⸫ 𝑃𝑅1 = 2.667 𝑥 10−3 W
• 𝑷𝑹𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 mW

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 13

Exercises on Series – Parallel Circuits
Exercise 1 Exercise 2
Find:
What is the voltage Vo in the circuit below?
i. Io in the circuit below using the current divider rule.
ii. The voltage across the 4 kΩ resistor using the voltage
divider rule.

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 14

Homework – Research Activity
1. Develop or derive the formula for the current divider rule for two
resistors in parallel.
2. Develop or derive the formula for the voltage divider rule for three
resistors in series.

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 15

Reading Assignment
• Read: From the Irwin & Nelms Textbook
• Chapter 3: Mesh and Nodal Analysis
• Read: From the Bird Textbook
• Chapter 13: D.C. Circuit Theory

• Practice the Worked Examples and the Exercises

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 16

 References
• Bird, J. (2014). Electrical circuit theory and technology. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
• Hiley, J., Brown, K., & McKenzie-Smith, I. (2005). Hughes electrical and electronic
technology. Harlow, England: Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Irwin, J.D. & Nelms, R.M. (2011). Basic engineering circuit analysis. Hoboken, NJ:
John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
• Schultz, M. E. (2011). Grob’s basic electronics. NY: McGraw-Hill.

Prepared by: Leonard E.Daley, Lecturer, S.O.E. UTECH, Jamaica 17