THREE PHYSICISTS THAT WORKS

ON BETTER MODEL OF THE ATOM

• 1. Louis de Broglie
• 2. Erwin schrodinger
• 3. Werner heisenberg
• Louis de Broglie (1892–1987) hypothesized that
particles, including electrons, could also have
wavelike behaviors.
• Electrons do not behave like particles flying through
space.
• We cannot, in general, describe their exact paths.
• In 1926, Erwin Schrodinger derived an
equation that described the energy and
position of the electrons in an atom
 WERNER HEISENBERG
• Formulated his “uncertainty principle” which states that ,”it is
impossible to determine momentum and the position of an electron
at the same time accurately.
• Instead, these scientists believed that there is only a probability that
the electron can be found in a certain volume in space around the
nucleus. This volume or region of space around the nucleus where
the electron is most likely to be found is called an
ATOMIC ORBITAL.
 ATOMIC ORBITAL

• A CERTAIN VOLUME IN SPACE AROUND THE NUCLEUS

WHERE YOU CAN MOST PROBABLY FIND THE ELECTRON
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
• Comes from the mathematical solution to the Schrodinger equation
• This view is an electron of a cloud of negative charge having a certain
geometrical shape and shows how likely an electron could be found in
various locations around the nucleus
• Does not give any information about how the electron moves from one
position to another
• Provides information about the energy of the electron and describes
the region of space around the nucleus as consisting of shells, known
as the principal or main energy.
• The quantum mechanical model also gives information about the
energy of the electron and describes the region of space around the
nucleus as consisting of shells.

• These shells are also called principal or

main energy levels.
The principal energy levels or shells may have one or
more sublevels.

These sublevels are assigned with letters; s, p, d

and f
ATOMIC SUB LEVELS/
ORBITALS
• 1. s-orbital (s for sharp) – it is a spherical cloud that becomes less
dense as the distance from the nucleus increases.
 2. P-ORBITAL ( P FOR
PRINCIPAL)
• It is dumbbell –shaped cloud, having two lobes on opposite sides of
nucleus.
• It can never be found near the nucleus
• Has three types based on its orientation
1. px – along the x-axis
2. py – along the y-axis
3. pz – along the z-axis
3. D-ORBITAL (D FOR
DIFFUSED)
• It is like a four-leaf clover, as an hour and as a ring.
• Its shape are more complicated than the s- and p-orbitals
• Has 5 orbitals with its own spatial orientation :
• dxy, d x2y2, dxz, dz2, dyz
4. F-ORBITAL (F FOR
FUNDAMENTAL)
• Are the difficult to represent and too complex to visualize
among them
• There are seven f orbitals which have complex appearance
 SUMMARY
# of
shapes Maximum Starts at
(orbitals) electrons energy level
s 1 2 1

p 3 6 2

d 5 10 3

f 7 14 4
 BY ENERGY LEVEL

• Second
First Energy
EnergyLevel
Level
• Has sonlyandsporbital
orbitals available
• 2only
in s,2 6electrons
in p
• 2s
1s22p6
• 8 total electrons
 BY ENERGY LEVEL

• Fourth
Third energy
energylevel
level
• Has s, p, d,
andand
d orbitals
f orbitals
• 2 in s, 6 in p, 10
andin10d,inand
d 14 in f
• 4s 2 6 10 14
3s 4p
3p 4d
3d 4f
• 32
18 total electrons
 BY ENERGY LEVEL

•TheAnyorbitals
more thando not
the fill
fourth
up in
and
a neat
not all
order.
the
• orbitals willlevels
The energy fill up.overlap
•• You simply
Lowest runfill
energy outfirst.
of electrons
Valence shell - the highest occupied
energy level or electron shell
Valence electrons- electrons occupying
the valence shell.
Closed shell – atoms with complete
valence electron
ORBITALS/ ATOMIC ORBITALS –ARE
USUALLY ILLUSTRATED AS
ELECTRON CLOUDS
-IT IS A REGION AROUND THE
NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM WITH THE
GREATEST PROBABILITY OF
FINDING THE ELECTRONS
 ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
The arrangement of electrons in
the orbital of an atom.
The distribution of electrons on the
main energy level( shells) and sub
energy levels (sub-shells).
 AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
• Electrons in an atom occupy first the lowest
possible energy levels and/or orbitals
• Within an energy level, the s subshell is the
lowest energy sublevel. The f subshell is
the highest energy sublevel. The p & d
sublevels are in the middle but d has more
energy than p
• Energy levels sometimes overlap but since
electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy
first, electrons will fill a 4s orbital before a
3d
 ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
a. a number that designates the number of
principal shell
ex: 1
b. a letter that designates the subshell
( orbital)
s, p, d, f
c. asubscript that designates the number of e-
in that particular shell
1s2
 ORBITAL DIAGRAM
• This is used to determine the paired
and unpaired electrons.

• And the distribution and direction or

spin of the electrons
 1. PAULI’S EXCLUSION
PRINCIPLE
• An atomic orbital can describe at most
two electrons.
• Atomic orbitals are represented using a
box.
• In order for two electrons to fill the same
orbital, they must have opposite spins.
One spins clockwise and one spins
counterclockwise.
 4 LEVELS OF ELECTRON

•s= 2
•p = 6
•d= 10
•f =14
• s

•P

•d
•f
 2. HUNDS RULE
•States that when you get
degenerate orbitals, you
have to fill them all the way
first, and then you start
pairing up the electrons
•Electrons are filled in one at
a time before pairing
 8
O
15.9994

NOTATION
• Orbital Diagram

O
8e- 1s 2s 2p
• Electron Configuration

1s 2s 2p 2 2 4
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
 FILLING RULES FOR ELECTRON
ORBITALS
Aufbau Principle: Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest
energy orbitals available until all the electrons of the atom
have been accounted for.

Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.

To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must spin in opposite
directions.

Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy equal-energy orbitals so that

a maximum number of unpaired electrons results.

*Aufbau is German for “building up”

ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
Electron Configurations
Orbital Filling
Electron
Element 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s Configuration

H 1s1

He 1s2
NOT CORRECT
Li 1s22s1
Violates Hund’s Rule
C 1s22s22p2

N 1s22s22p3

O 1s22s22p4

F 1s22s22p5

Ne 1s22s22p6

Na 1s22s22p63s1
 ORBITAL DIAGRAMS FOR Ni 28

NICKEL 58.6934

2 2 6 2 6 2 8
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

Pauli Exclusion

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Hund’s Rule

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
 ORBITAL DIAGRAMS FOR Ni 28

NICKEL 58.6934

2 2 6 2 6 2 8
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

VIOLATES Pauli Exclusion

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
VIOLATES Hund’s Rule

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d