Strength of materials

Contents:

a.stress

b.two primary types of stress

c.simple and direct stresses

d.tensile stresses

e.compresive stress

f.sharing stress

h.tortional stress

i.bending stress

j.strain,elongation

k.thermal elongation

l.poissons ratio

m.shear modulus

n.stiffness

o.combined and induced stresses

p.variable stress

q.shear,moment and deflection of elastic beams

r.elements of sections

s.solved problems
Strength of materials (mechanics of materials) – the ability to withstand load without failure or deals
with elastic behaviour of loaded materials.

Stress – force or load per unit area,(lb/in2,kg/m2,Kn/m2). It is also defined as the unit strength of a
material or the deforming force acting on a body.

Two primary type of stresses

A. Nornal Stresses, ,the area is normal to the force carried.

B. Shear stress, ,the area is parallel to the force.

Ultimate stress (Su) – stress tha would cause failure.

Yield stress (Sy) – maximum stress with out causing deformation. (with elastic limit).

Allowable stress ( or safe stress )

Design stress ( ) – stress used in the determining the size of a member(allowable stress or less)

Working limit ( ) = stress actually occurring under operating conditions

Endurance limits or fatique limit ( , )

=maximum stress that will not cause failure when the force is reserved indefinitely.

Residual stress – internal,inherent,trapped,locked-up body stress that exist with a materials as a

result of things other than external loading such as cold working, heating or cooling
,etching,repeted stressing and electroplating.

Simple and direc stresses:

1.simple stress – the force per unit area which is perpendicular to the surface that produces
stretching of a material by application of pulling forces.
 2. compressive stress – is the stress state when the material is compact.

3. shearing stress – is a type of stress when a force applied produces a sliding failure of a material along
a plane that is parallel to the direct of the applied force.

4. Bearing stress – the surface pressure acting on a machine member as a result of applied load divided
bearing area.
5. Tortional stress – the shear stress on transverse cross section resulting when one end of a machine
member is twisted in one direction.

6. bending (flexural) stress – a compressive or tensile longitudinal stress developed in a machine as a

result of curvature induced by an external load.

Where :

M = moment

c = distance of furthest fiber from neutral axis (NA)

C = h/2 for rectangular cross sections

= d/2 for circular cross section where d is the diameter

I = moment of inertia about the neutral axis

(for rectangular section)

Z = Section modulus
7. Strain, Elongation (for shortening)

Strain, ,elongation expressed in percentage or unit elongation. Units of strain are in/in,

mm/mm,and percent or no units at all.

Dilation – is the sum of the strains in three coordinate system.

Hooke’s law – is a simple mathematimathical statement of the relationship between elastic stress and
strain. Stress is proportional to strain.
For shear stress,the constant of proportionality is the shear modulus,G.

Total strain energy. The energy stored in a loaded member is equal to the work required to deform
the member.

8. Thermal elongation and thermal stress

9.poison’s ratio ( )

Value’s of poisson’s ratio range 0.25 to 0.35 for most materials.

10.shear Modulus (modulus of elasticity in shear,G)

Where :

11. stiffness

Stiffness is the amount of force required to cause a unit of deformation and is often refered to as a
spring constant.
12. combined and induce stresses

a. combined axial and flexural stress

b. maximum shear induced by external tention and shearing loads

induced stresses are those tensile,compressive, and shear stresses induced within a body by application
of external forces and/or torques onto the body.

Relation between and shearing and tensile stress based on theories of failure :
c.combined torsional and flexural laodings

D. Combined Axial , torsional and flexiral loadings:

Where :

13. variable stress

Shear,moment and direct of elastic beams

Simple beam with center load

Simlpe bream with intermediate load

Where:

A= area

C = distance from center to the outermost surface

I = moment of inertia

Z=section modulus

K= radius of gyration
SOLVED PROBLEMS:

1.A steel rod on bridge must be made to withstand a pull of 5000 lbs. Find the diameter of the rod
assuming a factor of safety of 5 and ultimate stress of 64,000 lb/in. (ME Bd. Apr 96).
 2.If the ultimate shear strength of a sheet plate is 42,000 lb/in, what force is necessary to punch a 0.75
in diameter hole in a 0.625 Inch thick plate? (ME Bd. Apr 96).

3.What force P is required to punch a ½ in hole on a 3/8 in thick plate if the ultimate shear strength on
the plate is 42,000 psi? (ME Bd. Oct 95?.
4.A 2.5 diameter by 2 long journal bearing is to carry a 5500 lb load at 3600 rpm using SAE 40 lube oil at
200F through a single hole at 25 psi. Compute the bearing pressure. (ME Bd. Oct 95).

5.A journal bearing with diameter of 76.2 mm is subjected to a load of 4900 N while rotating at 200 rpm.
If its coefficient of friction is 0.02 and the L/D=2.5, find its projected area in mm. (ME Bd. Apr 96).
6.What modulus of elasticity in tension is required to obtain a unit detormation of 0.00105 m/m from a
load producing a unit tensile stress of 44,000 psi? (ME Bd. 0ct 95).

7.The shaft whole torque varies from 2000 to 6000 in-lbs has 1 ½ inches in diameter and 60,000 psi yield
strength. Compute for the shaft mean average stress. (ME Bd. Apr 97).
8.How many 5/16 inch holes can be punch in one motion in a steel plate made of SAE 1010 street, 7/16
inch thick using a force of 55 tons. The ultimate strength for shear is 50 ksi and use 2 factor of safety.
(ME Bd. Apr 97).

9.Determine the mean diameter of a taper pin for use to fix a lever to a shaft, if it is to transmit a
maximum torque of 700 in lbs. The shaft diameter is 2 inches and the material allowable stress is 15000
psi. use factor of safety of 2. (ME Bd. Oct 97).
10.A link has load factor of 0.8, the surface factor is 0.92 and the endurance strength is 28000 psi.
compute the alternating stress of the link if it is subjected to reversing load. Assume a factor of safety of
3. (ME Bd. Oct 97).

11.The diameter of a brass rod is 6 mm. what force will stretch it by 0.2% of its length.
12.To replace the missing stay tubes of a boiler, the mechanics required the placing of 4 stay bolts to be
placed so that they carry equal loads. The net boiler head areas are equal and 1.75 m each. Allowable
working pressure is 0.622 MPa. Determine the size of bolts to be used. Assume a factor of safety of 5
and a tensile strength of the bolt material is 420 MPa.

13.Compute the induced/comprehensive stress, in kPa, of steel solid shafting of 50 mm diameter nd 800
mm in length that is subjected to an increase of temperature by 80 deg C.
14.A rectangular metal bar has width of 10 mm and can support a maximum comprehensive stress of 20
Mpa; determine the minimum breadth of the bar loaded with force of 3 kN. (MEBd. Apr 2004).

15.A wire of length 2.50 m has a percentage strain of 0.012% when loaded with tensile force. Determine
the extension of the wire. (ME Bd. Apr)
16.A cantilever beam carries a load W uniformly distributed over its entire length. If the same load is
placed at the free end of the same cantilever, then the ratio of maximum deflection in the first case to
that in the second case will be equal to: (ME Bd Apr 2004)

17.A carbon steel having brinell Hardness number 100 should have ultimate tensile strength closer to
(ME Bd. Apr 2004)
18.The yield strength of a structure steel member is 36,000 lbf/in. the tensile stress is 8240 lbf/in. (ME
Bd. Apr 2004)
19.A 1 inch diameter 50 ft steel rod carries a tensile load of 15,000 lbf. The elongation is 0.158 in, the
modulus of elasticity is 2.9 x 10 lbf/in. (ME Bd. Apr 2004)
20.What is the decrease in lateral due to and axial tensile force of 50,000 lbs in a bar 3 inches on each
side and 6 feet long? The material is steel (E=3.0x10 psi, =0.3). (ME Bd. Oct 2003)

21.An 8 in long steel has a cross-section area of 0.25 in. after a load of 5,000 lbs has been applied, the
length is found is found to be 8.0065 in. (ME Bd. Oct 2003)

A.find the unit stress

a.S = 40000 psi c.S = 20000 psi *

b.S = 60000 psi d. S = 80000 psi

C.What is the modulus of elasticity?

a.24690000 psi* c.54,960000 psi

b.69240000 psi d.46920000 psi

D.if the load applied is 5000 kg,what would be the stress?

a.2842 kg/sq. cm c.2482 kg/sq cm

b3682 kg/sq.cm d.3100 kg/sq.cm*

E.What would be the new modulus of elasticity for the applied load of 5000 kg?

a.5435000 psi* c.32140000 psi

b.2130000 psi d.24000000 psi

22.Determination the maximum deflection (in mm) of a 50x240 mm rectangular aluminum beam 6
meters long subjected to a load acting downward at midpoint of 800 N. (Figure 6 attached sheet 1/3).
(ME Bd. Apr 2003)

a.51.50 c.1.30

b.3.30* d.10.3

23.Determine the polar section modulus, Zp (in) of a shaft delivering 10 Hp at 150 rpm. The diameter of
the shaft is 1 ½ and allowable shear stress of 6,000 psi. (ME Bd. Apr 2003)
a.0.663* c. 3.75

b.6.4 d.1.75

24.Compute for the polar section modulus of hallow shaft with an internal diameter of 2’’ and OD of 3.
The shaft is 48’’ long. (ME. Bd. Apr 2003)

a.3.5 c.4.75

c.3.75 d.4.25

25.Formula for maximum shear or beam as shown on figure 8 on the attached sheet 1/3. (ME Bd. Apr
2003)