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Many animals, including humans, possess highly developed perceptual


abilities that enable them to coordinate their own movements with the
movements of objects in order to intercept or collide with those objects.
This skill is observed in various creatures such as bats and birds, which use
it for hunting prey, dogs that employ it in catching a Frisbee, and humans
who use it while catching a moving football. The brain's ability to detect
motion relies on multiple factors, including changes in the size of an image
on the retina (objects appearing larger are typically closer) and variations in
relative brightness among objects.

In addition to detecting motion through changing images, we also perceive


motion when objects located close to each other undergo transformations.
The "beta effect" refers to the sensation of motion that occurs when distinct
images are presented sequentially next to each other. The brain fills in the
gaps between these images, creating the illusion of an object in motion.
Filmmakers make extensive use of the beta effect to simulate motion in
movies. A related phenomenon, the "phi phenomenon," occurs when we
perceive motion as a result of nearby objects appearing and disappearing
in rapid succession. The phi phenomenon often manifests as a moving zone
or cloud of background color surrounding flashing objects. Both the beta
effect and the phi phenomenon underscore the significance of gestalt
principles,

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