Physics, technology, and society

– the focus of science, physics in particular, is technology

PHYSICS
- Field of science that deals with the observation of matter and energy , their relationship
and energy transformation
- From greek word Physikos

Branches of physics

1) Classical physics – primary concerned with laws of motion and gravitation

2) Modern physics – mostly concerned with relativity theory and quantum mechanics

3) Nuclear physics – concerned with the materials, structure, behavior and atomic nuclei
interaction

4) Atomic physics – deals with atoms structure aside from the nucleus the influence of
force

5) Geophysics – dealing with earths study

6) Biophysics – biological issues and molecular function of living cells

7) Mechanics – motion of material objects under the influence of force

8) Acoustics – came from the greek word akouen= ‘’to hear’’

9) Optics – examines electromagnetic radiation (light and infrared radiation)

10) Thermodynamics – heat and temperature

11) Astrophysics – astro = star, phisis = space

The Scientific Method
- Process that is used to find answers to questions about the world around us

Hypothesis
- And educated guess based on your knowledge of the topic
- States a possible answer to a question
Data
- Information gathered during an experiment is organized into data table and displayed
visually as a graph
Bar graph
- Used to show something changes overtime to compare

Line graph
- Used to show something changes overtime

Steps on scientific method

● Chose a problem – state the problem as a question
● Research your problem – reed, get advice, and make a prediction about what will
happen
● Develop your hypothesis – plan how to make a prediction about what will happen
● Design an experiment – plan how to test your hypothesis
● Test your hypothesis – conduct your experiment
● Organize your data – create a chart or graph
● Draw conclusion – initialize your data and summarize
Importance of physics
- Knowing the principles of physics enables us to comprehend, appreciate, and interact
better with our environment.

Physics and the economy

- discoveries and advancements produced by the listed physics along with several other
achievements have enabled the creation and innovation of various inventions and
devices possible.

Physics and the environment

- Current trends in science involve multidisciplinary research. In this case,scientists from
various branches of science join forces to address

Physics at home
- Through the understanding of electrical phenomena brought about by the efforts of
physicists and subsequent application of these principles in the design and development
of practical devices,

Physics in transport
- Archimedes' groundbreaking theories on buoyant force, Galileo Galilei's observations
and experiments on motion, Isaac Newton's generalizations on motion, improved
understanding of thermodynamics, together with consistent research and engineering,
vastly developed transportation through land, air, and sea.

Physicians and their contribution

● Anaximander (c. 610 BC – 546 BC)

- Responsible for the idea that the Earth needs nothing below it to support it.

● Archimedes (c. 287 BC – 212 BC)

-The greatest scientist of ancient times.
-Archimedes pushed mathematics, physics, and engineering to new heights.

● Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642)

-was one of the first people to study the sky with a telescope.
-He was the first person to discover moons orbiting another planet,

● Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)

-Johannes Kepler broke the tradition of thousands of years
-of astronomy, discovering that the heavenly bodies follow elliptical paths. Kepler’s laws
of planetary motion were an absolutely crucial breakthrough in our understanding of the
universe.
 ● Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)
-Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation,
-formulated three laws of motion – Newton’s Laws –
-built the world’s first working reflecting telescope.

● Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867)

-probably the greatest experimental physicist ever.
-he produced electric current in a wire, and so discovered electromagnetic induction,

● James Clerk Maxwell (1831 – 1879)

-He heralded a new epoch in physics
-he unified the electric and magnetic forces, showing that they are fundamentally the
same force.

● Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937)

-the father of nuclear chemistry and nuclear physics.
-He discovered and named the atomic nucleus, the proton, the alpha particle, the beta
particle, and he predicted the existence of the neutron.

● Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955)

-rewrote the laws of nature.
-discovered the iconic equation, E = mc2,

Filipino physicists
● Gregorio Y. Zara
-a well-known Filipino scientist with 30 devices and equipment patented to his name,

● Alfredo Moreno Anos, Sr.

-He applied lots of physics principles in his inventions.
-His inventions include the following:
electric mosquito repellant, electronic door opener, burglar alarm, solar pump, solar
desalination devices, solar energy converting device, improved portable thresher, anti-air
pollution device for motor vehicles, earth boring device, and remote control.

● Henry Jacala Ramos

-Dr. Henry J. Ramos is an internationally recognized scientist in the field of Plasma
science.

● Arturo P. Alcaraz
-He is responsible for the discovery of geothermal energy in the country
.
● Agapito Flores
- the man behind the reason why the world becomes brighter. A Filipino Inventor
-who is known for his funnel of the Fluorescent light tube invention. Fluorescent light,
System of Units
- There are no two systems
- Units of measurement were standardized about 200 years ago.

English system
-It is also known as the FPS system,
-derived from the names of the standard units of length (foot), weight (pound), and time
(seconds).

Metric system,
-has the units of meter, centimeter, kilogram, and second.

- modern metric system has been officially named and is known worldwide as the:
System International d’ Unites).

Benefits of Metrication
The metric system, or SI, is much easier to learn, to remember, and to apply because the units
measurement uses prefixes which indicate larger or smaller sizes or amounts by factors of 10.
Length Area volume
1km = 1000m 1ha = 10000m2 1l = 100mL
1m = 0,001km 1km2 = 1000000m2 1m = 1cm3
1m2 = 10000cm2 1m3 = 1000L
1L = 1dm3
Mass force and weight
1kg = 1000g 1N = 100 000 dynes
1g = 1000 mg
1t = 1000kg

Temperature
389K → C C→F F→K
=389k – 273.15 F = 9/5 x (C + 32) =F → C → K
=115.85
38C → K F→C K→F
=38C + 273.15 C = 5/9 x (F – 32) =K → C → F
=311,15K

Pressure Energy
1bar = 1000000pa 1Kcal = 1000cal
1atm = 1.01325bar 1Kcal = 4184J
1atm = 760torr 1J = 0.2389cal
Scientific Notation
Basically zeros

0000000001.1000000000
positive ← → negative

Ex:

0.000000001 = 1.0x10-9
→→→→

469000000000 = 4.69x1011
←←←←

Ex:
9,000,000,000,000 x 0.0000003 — (9.0x1012)(3.0x10-7)
0.000006 — 6.0x10-6

Significant figures and systems of unit

Convert 600m to km

-To go km to m switch 1km/1000m to 1000m/1km

Scalar and vector quantities
Scalars – are quantities that are specified by magnitude only
Vector – are quantities that are specified by both magnitude and direction

[tinamad ako its 2:34am]

Describing motion

● Speed
- Speed of an object is a measures of how fast it moves
- Its average speed is obtained by dividing distance
Solution is v=d/t
Ex:
v = 2,400m/240s
v =10m/s

Examples:
1) Zian evans holds a record of 10s for the women's 100-m race at SEA games. What was
her speed?
Given: d =100m
t =10s
v=?
Solution: v=d/t
v = 100m/10s
v = 10m/s
2) A bus witch is going to baguio travels at a distance of 400km with a speed of 100km/h.
how mutch time is needed by the bus to travel the given distance?
Given: d =400m
v = 100km/h
t=?
solution : t = d/v
t = 400km/100km/h
t =4h

● Acceleration
- Is defined as rate of change in velocity with time

Acceleration = change in velocity

Time interval

A runner traveling at a certain direction at 10 m/s increases his velocity to 20m/s in 5,0s.
His acceleration is
a = vf -vi
t
a = 20m/s - 10m/si
5.0s
a = 2.0m/s2
Ex:
What is the average acceleration of this sports car
Given: vi = 0
vf = 100km/h
t = 10s
Solution:
a = 100km/h - 0
10s
a = 100km/h x 1000m/km x 1h/3600s
10s
a = 2.78m/s2

A sports car must achieve velocity of 100m/s after passing the entry tollgate of an
expressway is the driver can do it after traveling 200m that must the cars acceleration
be?
Given vi = 0m/s
vf = 100m/s
d = 200m
a=?
Solution:
a = vf2 -vi2
2d
a = (100m/s)2 - (0m/s)2
2(200m)
a - 25m/s2

If the sports car in problem 1 is approaching the exit tollgate with a velocity of 100m/s
and decelerates at 5m/s2 to a full stop find the displace ment of the car
Given vi = 100m/s
vf = 0m/s
a = -5m/s2
d=?
Solution:
d = vf2 -vi2
2a
d = (0m/s)2 - (100m/s)2
2(-5m)
d - 1000m
A bus started from rest and moved with uniform acceleration. It acquired a speed of 60m/s after
100 seconds. Find (a) the acceleration and (b) the distance
Given vi = 0m/s
vf = 60m/s
t =100s
a=?
d=?
Solution:
a = vf2 -vi2
2d
a = 60m/s - 0m/s
100s
a - 0.6m/s2

d =(1/2)(0.6m/s2)(100s)2=3000m
[d = ½ at2]

Newtons laws of motion

1)law of Inertia
-
2)law of mass and acceleration
-
An aircraft lockhead tristar has mass of 5.00x105kg the total force action on its encine is
2.5x105N what is the acceleration
Given m = 5.00x105kg
f = 2.5x105N
Solution:
a = vf2 -vi2
2d
a = 2.5x105N
5.00x105kg
a - 0.5m/s2
To avoid an accident a motorist traveling at 90km/h braked his car to an emergency atop the
braking distance measured by the brake marks on the road was 50m the mass of the car was
1000-kg what is the average braking force

Given vi =90km/h (convert to m/s) 90km/h x 1000m/km x 1h/3600s = 25m/s

m = 1000kg
D = 50m
Solution:
a = vf2 -vi2
2d
a = 0 – (25m/s)2
2(50m)
a - 0.5m/s2
F = ma
= (1000kg)(6.25,/s2)
= 6250 N

3) Law of interaction
- For every action there is a equal and opposite reaction