KINEMATICS

Portia A. Egken
 Motion - Continuous change of position with
respect to a certain reference point

 Scalar and vector

 Scalar – magnitude only
 Vector – magnitude and direction
 Scalar – magnitude only
ex. Mass = kg, pounds
Time = 3mins, 1hr
distance = 30km, 50m
 Vector – magnitude and direction
ex. Force = A force of 15N acts on a body in an
upward direction
Velocity = 60km/h, 350 east of north
displacement = 100km in an easterly direction
 Distance and Displacement
 Distance – refers to the total length of a path
- Scalar quantity
 Displacement – refers to the straight line
distance between starting and end point.
- vector quantity
 Speed and Velocity
 Speed – represent the distance travelled by an
object n a given time
V=d/t

Velocity – represent the rate of change of

displacement
V=d/t
 Ex. A car travels a distance of 40 km from
Manila to a town in Laguna.
 a. What is its average speed (km/h) if traveling
time is from 7:00am to 7:30am?
 b. Its average velocity
 Suppose that after a business talk, the driver of
the car drives straight back to Manila from
11:55am to 12:20pm. What was the car’s
average speed during the round trip? Its
average velocity?
 Acceleration – the rate of change in
velocity
a = v - vo
t

where: a = acceleration (m/s2 )

v = final velocity (m/s)
Vo = initial velocity (m/s)
t = time (sec)
Ex.1. What is the car acceleration traveling at
50m/s to 80m/s at 20 secs?
a. Suppose a car going at 80m/s slow down
until it finally stops after 3 sec at stoplight,
What is its Acceleration?
 2. At the start of a trip, a car’s
speedometer read 34,627km while at the
end it read 35,118km. If the trip took 8
hours, what was the car’s ave. speed?
 Graphical Representation of Motion

300

250

200

150

100

50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 Slope
 AB = ∆y / ∆x
= y 2 – y 1 / x 2 – x1

= 100km – 50km
2- 1
= 50km/hr
 Slope
 BC = ∆y / ∆x
= y 2 – y 1 / x 2 – x1

= 100km – 100km
4 - 2hr
= 0
 Slope
 CD = ∆y / ∆x
= y 2 – y 1 / x 2 – x1

= 150km – 100km
5 - 4hr
= 50km/h
 Slope
 DE = ∆y / ∆x
= y 2 – y 1 / x 2 – x1

= 0km – 150km
8 - 5hr
= - 50km/h
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION

a = v - vo
t
v = vo + at

v = d/t

d = vt
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION

v = vo + at
d = vot + at2
2

v2 = vo2 + 2ad
 3. A bicycle accelerates from rest at
0.016m/s2. How long did it take the
bicycle to acquire a speed of 10m/s?
 4. A cannon barrel is 6m long. The muzzle
velocity of a bullet from the cannon is
305m/s. What is the average acceleration
of the bullet through the barrel?
 FORCE of GRAVITY

Aristotle theory of motion

 Heavy object fall faster than lighter ones. (The fall of heavy
object toward the center of the earth is a natural motion.)

Galileo’s Theory of Motion

- The two objects (light and heavy) dropped simultaneously from
the Tower of Pisa, fell and struck the earth at the same time.
v = vo + at v = vo + gt
d = vot + at2 d = vot + gt2
2 2
v2 = vo2 + 2ad v2 = vo2 + 2gd

g = 9.8 m/s2 (acceleration due to gravity

Ex. A ball is dropped from rest by a little
boy from the window of a three-story apartment. a.
How far has it fallen after 1 sec?

d = vot + gt2
2
= 0(1) + (-9.8m/s2) (1)2
2
= -4. 9 m
4.9 m down
b. What is the ball’s velocity after 1 sec of fall?

v = vo + gt
= 0 + (-9.8m/s2)(1sec)
= - 9.8 m/s
= 9.8 m/s downward
c. How far does the ball fall during the
second second?
 d = vot + gt2
2
= (-9.8 m/s2) + (-9.8m/s2) ( 1sec)2
2
= - 9.8 m + (-4.9m)
= -14.7 m
= 14.7 m down
LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATIONAL
- attractive force between the sun and the
planets
Fg = G m1m2
d2
Where: Fg = gravitational force (N)
m1 = mass of one body (kg)
m2 = mass of the other body (kg)
d = distance between two bodies (m)
G = 6.67 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2
 Ex. What is the gravitational force between
the moon with a mass (mM) of 7.28 x 1022 kg
and the earth with a mass (mE) of 5.98 x 1024
kg. The distance between the Earth and the
moon is 384,790km.
 Quiz
1. Manila is 155km from a town in Batangas. If it takes a car 2hr and
20min to travel from Manila to that town, what is the average speed of
the car?
2. A car speedometer read 34,627km, while at the end it read 35,118km.
If the trip took 8hrs, what was the car’s ave. speed

2. A bird can fly 8 m/s. How long will it take for the bird to fly 235km?

3.Determine the distance between earth and mars with mass of 6.39 × 10 23
kg and earth weighs 5.98 x 1024 kg if the gravitational force between
earth and mars is 8.55 x 1016 N
1. 2 hrs and 20mins = 2. 33hr
20mins x 1hr = 0.33min
60mins
v = 155km / 2.33hr = 6.65 km/h

2. 35,118 – 34,627km = 491km

v = 491km / 8hrs = 61.38 km/h
3. t = d / v
235,000m / 8m/s = 29.38 secs
4. d = 6.67 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2 (6.39 × 1023 kg)(5.98 x 1024 kg
8.55x1016 N
5.45
1. What is the rate of acceleration of a 2,O0Okg
truck if a force of 4,200 N is used to make it start
moving forward?

F =ma
a=F/m
a = 4,200 N / 2,000kg
= 2.1 m/s2
2. What is the acceleration of a 0.30kg ball that is
hit with a force of 25 N?

F = ma
a=F/m
a = 25 N / 0.3 kg
= 83.33 m/s2
3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 68
kilogram-skier at a rate of 1.2 mls2?

F = ma
F = 68 kg (1.2 m/s2)
F = 81.6 N
4. What is the mass of an object that requires a
force of 30 N to accelerate at a rate of 5 mls2?

F = ma
m =F/a
m = 30N / 5m/s 2

m = 6 m/s2
5. What is the force on a 1,000 kg-elevator that
is falling freely under the acceleration of
gravity?

F = ma
F = 1,000kg (9m/s2)
F = 9,000N
1. A little boy pushes a wagon with his dog in
it. The mass of the dog and wagon together is
45 kg. The wagon accelerates at 0.85 m/s2.
What force is the boy pulling with?

F = ma
F = 45 (0.85) = 38.25 N
2. A 1650 kg car accelerates at a rate of 4.0
m/s2. How much force is the car's engine
producing?

F = ma
F = 1650kg ( 4m/s2) = 6,600N
 3. a = F/m

= 59N / 68kg = 4012 N

 4. m = F / a
= 47N / 0.082m/s2 = 3854 kg
5. m = F /a
= 1275N / 0.85m/s2
= 1500 kg
6. F = ma
= 0.314kg (164m/s2)
= 50.84 N
8. a = v – vo F = 29545 kg ( 34.1 m/s2)
t = 1,007,484.5 N
= 68.2 m/s – 0
2s
= 34.1 m/s2
 9. m = F/a a = 27 m/s – 0 = 4.29 m/s2
= 4106N ( 4.29m/s2) 6.3 s
= 17, 614.74 kg
12. same
17. m = F/a
= 19,454N ( 91.36m/s
 3rd Law of Motion: Interaction
 “For every action, there is an
equal and opposite
reaction.”
3rd Law
According to Newton, whenever objects
A and B interact with each other, they
exert forces upon each other.

When you sit in your chair, your body

exerts a downward force on the chair and
the chair exerts an upward force on your
body.
3rd Law
There are two forces
resulting from this
interaction - a force on
the chair and a force on
your body. These two
forces are called action
and reaction forces.
Other examples of Newton’s Third Law

 The baseball forces the

bat to the left (an
action); the bat forces
the ball to the right (the
reaction).
3rd Law The reaction of a rocket is
an application of the third
law of motion. Various
fuels are burned in the
engine, producing hot
gases.
The hot gases push against
the inside tube of the rocket
and escape out the bottom
of the tube. As the gases
move downward, the rocket
moves in the opposite
direction.
2. A 0.005kg bullet is fired horizontally and hits an 8kg
block of wood (initially at rest) which can move freely.
The wood and the bullet move with a velocity of 0.50m/s
after impact. What is the initial velocity of the bullet.
3. In a baseball game, a 0.2 kg ball moving at 12 m/s is hit
by a bat. After the impact, the ball moves in the opposite
direction with a velocity of 18 m/s. If the force exerted on
the ball is 670 N. how long is the time of contact.?
4. A tricycle has a mass of 180 kg. If it has a velocity of 8
m/s Northward, what is the momentum?
a. How long must a force of 100N act on the tricycle to
give it this momentum?
4. A tricycle has a mass of 180 kg. If it has a velocity of 8
m/s Northward, what is the momentum?
P = mv
= 180kg (8m/s) = 1440 kg. m/s

a. How long must a force of 100N act on the tricycle to

give it this momentum?
Ft = mv
100N (t)= 180kg (8m/s)
t = 1440kg.m/s / 100N
= 14secs
QUIZ: Newton’s Law of Motion
 1. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist motion.
 2. Newton’s first law of motion is also called the law of acceleration.
 3. If an object is at rest, inertia will keep it at rest.
 4. The inertia of an object is determined by its speed.
 5. The speed of an object changes only when it is acted on by an unbalanced force.
 6. Newton’s first law of motion applies only to objects that are already moving.
 7. Forces always act in pairs.
 8. Action and reaction forces always result in motion.
 9. Only moving objects have momentum.
 10. Momentum can be transferred from one object to another.
 1. Newton’s first law of motion is also called the law of
__________.
 2. An object at rest will stay at rest unless a(n) __________ force acts
on it.
 3. When the car you are riding in stops suddenly, you move forward
because of __________.
 4. Objects with greater mass have __________ inertia.
 5. Two objects with the same mass have the same momentum only if they
also have the same __________.
 6. If a very massive object is stationary, its momentum is __________.
 7. For every action, there is an equal and __________ reaction.
 1. measure of both speed and direction _____
 2. distance÷speed ._______
 3. speed × time .______
 4. Objects with greater mass have __________ inertia.
 5. Two objects with the same mass have the same momentum only if they also
have the same __________.
 6. If a very massive object is stationary, its momentum is __________.
 7. For every action, there is an equal and __________ reaction.
 8. The SI unit for speed is __________.
 9. Velocity is a vector because it includes both size and __________.
 10. acceleration due to gravity ._____
Fill in the blanks
 _____ 1. how to calculate momentum
 _____ 2. SI unit for momentum
 _____ 3. equal and opposite forces that act on different
objects
 _____ 4. combined momentum of objects remains the
same when an action-reaction occurs
 _____ 5. property of a moving object that makes it hard
to stop
 _____ 6. equal and opposite forces that act on the same
object
 _____ 7. every action has an equal and opposite
reaction