Density is defined as the mass per unit volume

of a material. Its standard unit is kg/m3:

the mass of a material is directly proportional to its

density. This means that the more massive an
object is, the greater its density.
 it is evident that the volume of the material is
inversely proportional to its density. This
means that the greater the volume of an object,
the smaller its density.

the salt occupies a greater

volume compared to the iron
fillings.
the iron filings are more
compact compared to the
salt.
Since the greater the volume
occupied means the smaller
the density, you can infer that
the salt has a smaller density
than that of iron filings.
  The specific gravity of a material is the ratio of
the density of a material to the density of pure
water at 4°C. This term, while common, has
nothing to do with gravity. Thus, it can better be
known as relative density. It is mathematically
expressed as:

density of substance
Specific gravity =
density of water

The object will float in water if the specific gravity is less than 1.
The object will sink in water if the specific gravity is more than 1.
Specific gravity = Weight of object in air
Weight of water displaced

Specific gravity = Weight of object in air

Loss of weight of object in air
Ex 1. An unknown object with a mass of 0.45 kg
occupies a volume of 0.0003 m3. What is the
specific gravity of this object? Will this float or
sink in water?
Ex2. A geologist finds that a rock from the moon
has a weight of 7.20N in air. Its weight when
submerged in water is 5.88N. What is its density?

Weight in air
Loss of weight in water
7.20 N
1.32 N

5.45 = 1000kg/m3 ρ= 5450 kg/m3

3. A rectangular block measures 7.8 x 5.1 x 2.3
cm. It has a mass of 66g. Determine its density
and specific gravity.

V=LxWxH ρ=m/v
1 cm3 of water has a mass of 1 g (at sea level and 20 degrees
Celsius.)

V = 2.3 cm x 5.1 cm x 7.8 cm = 91.49 cm3

ρ = m / v = 66 g / 91.49 cm3 = 0.72 g/cm3
Sp. Gr. = m / (mass of an equal volume of water)
= 0.72
= 66 g / 91.49 g
  4. A cylinder of plastic is 100 mm long, and
50 mm in diameter. It has a mass of 1 kg.
Determine its specific gravity and indicate
whether it would float or sink in water.

r = d / 2 = 50mm / 2 = 25 mm = (25 / 10) cm

r = 2.5 cm
A = π r2 V=Axh
= 3.1416 (2.5 cm) 2 = 19.64 cm 2
(10cm)
= 19.64 cm2 = 196.4 cm3
Sp. gr. = m / (mass of an equal volume of water)
= 1 kg / 196.4 g
“sink”
= 1000 g / 196.4 g = 5.09
Pressure
In 1643, an Italian physicist named Evangelista

Torricelli (1608-1647) performed an experiment

that led to the invention of the barometer. It is an
instrument that measures the force exerted on the
surface of the earth by the air or the atmospheric
pressure.
 This experiment was done by filling a 1-meter
tube with mercury and immersing the opening
end in a shallow pool of mercury exposed to the
air. The mercury inside the tube dropped from
1-meter, to 760-mm or 76-cm and left a 24-cm
vacuum.
Unit Conversion Factor for Pressure
1Pa = 1 N/m2
1mmHg = 1 torr
1mmHg = 133 N/m2
1atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa
1atm = 760 torr
Ex 1. How much pressure is applied on your skin
by the sharp hypodermic needle if the tip of the
needle is round with a radius of 0.100 mm and
has a mass of 0.5 g? Express your answer in N/m2
P = 155,972 Pa
Ex. Calculate the pressure of water at the bottom
of a swimming pool which is 1.8m deep
Density of water= 1000 kg/m3

P = ρgh
P = 1000kg/m3 (9.8m/s2)(1.8m)

P = 17,640 N/m2 or Pa
 The car moves up and down and car’s motion is due
to what is called hydraulics.
Pressure in a closed container
 Fi Fo
=
Ai Ao
50N Fo
=
0.3m 2
0.8m2
Fo = 133.33 N
END