MATTER AND

ENERGY II

MISS LARISSA THAIS DURAN DE MARCHAN

 MODULE ACTIVITIES EXERCISES EVIDENCE EXAMS
(5 POINTS (5 POINTS (5 POINTS
EACH) EACH) EACH)

1 ACTIVITY 1 EXERCISE 3 EVIDENCE 1 MIDTERM

ACTIVITY 2 EXAM (10
POINTS)

2 ACTIVITY 3 EXERCISE 7 EVIDENCE 2 MIDTERM

ACTIVITY 4 EXAM (10
POINTS)

3 ACTIVITY 5 EXERCISE 13 EVIDENCE 3 FINAL EXAM

Matter and
ACTIVITY 6 (10 POINTS) (15 POINTS)

energy II
UNDELIVERABLE ACTIVITIES LIMIT : 3

ABSENCES LIMIT : 12

Evidences will be videos of experiments by

each Module. Instructions will be posted in
CANVAS/Assignments. Group activity.
Agreements

Full attention. Not eat inside the room, Not sit on the table or floor. Do not play
video games or watch videos during class or you will be invited to leave.

Be punctual. IF YOU ARRIVE 10 MIN LATER UNJUSTIFY, THE ABSENCE WILL BE

MARKED IN BANNER. REMEMBER THE CLASSES ONLY LAST 55 MINUTES.

Put the phone aside, you can use it as a calculator, but not on test day. Better
buy a basic scientific calculator.

If you have excused absence, remember to ask your parents to send an email to
your generation leader or tutor. Do not let more than 24 hours pass to notify. Also
send me an email, in order to wait the Lider, advise. Once absence is on Banner,
can be reverse.

Use exit passes to go to the bathroom. Remember that your classmates will wait
for your return to be able to leave.

All the activities and exercises must content the whole procedure, not only the
results.

If you finish the activity, remain inside the classroom until your group finish it.
Module 1. Physics of
waves and fluids
Topic 1. Fluids at rest
Matter and energy II

Miss. Larissa Duran de Marchan

Fluids:

“A fluid is often defined as a matter that

has the ability to flow.”
Fluids at rest:

A fluid at rest is defined if it is

a liquid or gas substance
confined in a closed container
at rest, e.g., a reservoir or
closed water vessel.
 Density
It is the amount of matter per unit volume, in other words, how tightly a substance's molecules are packed
together in space.

It can be obtained by the following formula:

 How do we know that something is denser than others?

Material Density kg/m3

Air 1.2
Ethanol 0.81x10 3
Steel, iron 7.8x103
Water 1.00x103
Sea water 1.03x103
Gold 19.3x103
Aluminum 2.7x103
Platinum 21.4x103
 If an object is heavy and
compact, it has a high density.
If an object is light and takes
up a lot of space, it has a low
density.
 You have a rock with a volume of 15cm 3 and a mass of 45 g.
What is its density in kg/m 3?
 A golden-colored cube is handed to you. You
measure the cube and find that it is 2 cm on
each side, and weighs 40 g. What is its density? Is
it gold? Should you buy it?

Densit ies of some common subst ances (kg/m3).

 Find the material a ring is made of, if it has a
volume of 0.559cm3 and a mass 12g.

Densit ies of some common subst ances (kg/m3).

 A 2500 gr oil is spilled into a puddle of water.
Determine the volume spilled, if the density of
the oil is 913.44 kg/m 3.
 Which material is the densest known?

 The densest known material is the metallic element osmium, which packs
22 grams into 1 cubic centimeter.

Ink pen

Osmium has only a few uses. It is used to produce very hard alloys for fountain
pen tips, instrument pivots, needles and electrical contacts. It is also used in the
chemical industry as a catalyst.
Does the density of a pure substance change?

The density of a pure substance only

depends on the mass, size, and shape
Those properties are never going
of the molecules, the attraction
to change, except by temperature
between molecules, and the
or pressure.
temperature of and pressure on the
molecules.

Spread apart
Density of different materials.
Pressure
 Pressure is the perpendicular force applied per unit area.

 Fluids exert pressure on objects immersed in them, a fluid also applies

pressure on the walls of a container.
Pressure
 Pressure is increased if the force applied to a given area is increased, or
if a given force is applied to a smaller area.

finger Needle tip

 Pressure
The expression for pressure is the following:

The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa).

Example
 A girl weighing 72 kg distributes her weight between her two feet wearing
heels whose contact surface with the floor is 15 cm 2 . Calculate the
pressure of one of the heels.
 Find the pressure exerted on the skin of a balloon if you press with a force
of 2.1 N using: a) your finger (assume the area of your fingertip is 1x10-4
m 2) b) a needle (assume the area of the needle tip is 2.5x10-7m 2) c) find
the minimum force necessary to pop the balloon with the needle, given
that the balloon pops with a pressure of 3x105 Pa.
Pressure:

The amount of pressure an

incompressible fluid or a liquid exerts
on a body also depends on its
density and depth or height.

Pressure decreases with increasing

altitude; Pressure is inversely
proportional to height. Because as
the height increases
the air molecules present in the
atmosphere decreases, the weight
of the air decreases.
Pressure:

But it's different in case of

liquids. As depth increases
pressure increases because
there will be more liquid
molecules on the object when
it goes down.
 Pressure and height (or Depth):
The formula for pressure in terms of density and depth:

The formula for specific weight (D):

Thus, the pressure formula in terms of specific weight is: ρ = density

(Kg/m3)
 How depth water affects a diver?

Scuba diving is a relatively safe activity—if you have a healthy respect for the laws of
physics. Basically, it all comes down to pressure.

Water is nearly 800 times denser than air and much heavier. As you dive deeper and
deeper, the force of all that water can do funny things to your body.

More air as they descend, and their

bodies absorb more nitrogen the
deeper they go.
 ➢Atmospheric pressure

Is the force with which the atmosphere presses down on the surface of the earth.
That pressure is called atmospheric pressure, or air pressure. It is the force exerted on a
surface by the air above it.

Atmospheric pressure changes with the altitude, time and weather conditions.
➢Atmospheric pressure

A blown-up balloon is a good example of atmospheric

pressure.

The air pressure inside the balloon is higher than the

atmospheric pressure therefore the balloon - made of
elastic material - expands, and because the pressure is
equal in all directions, it is spherical in shape.

Air has weight. The reason you don't feel the air pressure is that
the pressure inside your body is adjusted to be exactly the
same!

Generally, bodies at sea level experience a pressure equivalent to one

atmosphere, and it has the following equivalence in Pascal:
 Which height must be the water level of a tank in a house, so the pressure in the
faucet would be of 30000N/m 2?
 = 1 kg/ (m . s 2 )

 The wreckage of the ship the Titanics under 3800 m of ocean water. If the density of the
cold saltwater is 1050 kg/m 3, what is the pressure at that depth?
➢ The pressure at the bottom of a cylinder that contains a gas is P = 735 Pa, If the
height of the cylinder is 2.50 m, what is the density of the gas?
 A submarine dives 100 ft into the ocean. What are the pressure and force exerted on
an área of 2 ft wide and 3 ft long? Take the specific weight of sea wáter as 64 lb/ft3.
 = 1.03x103 kg/m 3 (seawater)

 What pressure would a free diver feel if he dives in 110 m into the ocean?
Pascal’s Principle
States that: “Pressure applied to an unclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to
every part of the fluid, as well as to the walls of the container” (Sears & Zemansky,
2013). Pressure is transferred through a fluid.

F1 F2

A2

A1

Pressure
Hydraulic Lift
 In a hydraulic system, a piston with a cross-sectional area of 21 cm 2
pushes on an incompressible liquid with a force of 38 newtons. The far
end of the hydraulic pipe connects to a second piston with a cross-
sectional surface area of 100 cm 2 . What is the force on the second
piston?
 If you want to lift a truck that have a weight W of 19,000N, what force
does it has to apply over the small piston if its section has a radius of
1.78 cm and the big piston radius is 6.67 cm?
 Flotation
 Why do some things float?

When they are less dense than the fluid in which they are sitting.

When the weight force on the object is balanced by the upward push of the water on the
object, the object float,

If the weight force down is larger than

the upward push of the water on the
object, then the object will sink.
Flotation
Flotation is caused by an upward force called: Buoyant force. The buoyant
force comes from the pressure exerted on the object that is partially or
completely immersed by the fluid.
 Archimedes’ principle states
Archimedes’ principle states: “The buoyant force (B) on an object immersed in a fluid
is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by that object.”(Giancoli, 2005)

B = Weightwater-displaced
 Buoyant or flotation force
It can be calculated by the following formula:

V= volumen of the object

or submerge portion

When object is summerged

B= FLUID Volume object g
 Buoyant or flotation force
It can be calculated by the following formula:

B = Weightwater-displaced = WeightAIR - Weightsummerged

Weightsummerged is also called apparent weight

Weight in air Apparent Weight or

weight summerged

Weight of Water displaced or

Bouyant force
Flotation
When the object is floating in
the surface, a way to calculate
the fraction submerged is:

Fraction submerged = Volumesubmerged

Volumeobject

When the object float, the Buoyancy Force = Weight in air

B = Weight in air = object V object g

 B = Weight water-displaced = Weight AIR - Weight summerged

 A piece of metal weights 7.84N in air

and 6.86N when completely immersed in
water. What is the buoyant force?
An ice cube is floating in a glass of water which density is
1000 kg/m 3. The ice whose density is 917 kg/m 3 has
dimensions of 0.03x0.02x0.02 m. what is the buoyant force
on the Ice?.
B(floating) = Weight in air = object V object g
A 75 kg diver displaced a volume of 0,07 m 3. What is the buoyant force acting on the
diver? Density of seawater is 1.03x10^3 kg/m^3.
When object is summerged
B= FLUID . Volume object . g
Suppose a 80 kg tree floats in seawater with 90.0% of its volume submerged. What is
its density?
seawater= 1030 kg/m 3
 B =Weightwater-displaced = WeightAIR - Weightsummerged

 What is the buoyant force on a 5.45 kg iron shot submerged in water? What is the
weight of the shot in air? What is the apparent weight submerged?

= 7.8x103 kg/m 3 (iron)

= 1000 kg/m 3 (water)
Weight in air = m . g
=m
V
When object is summerged
B= FLUID . Volume object . g
 B = Weightwater-displaced = WeightAIR - Weightsummerged

 The king´s crown has a mass of 14.7 kg but appears to have a mass of only 13.4 kg
when it is submerged in water. What is the density? Is it gold?
= 19.3x103 kg/m 3 (gold) Weight in air = m . g
Apparent Weight = m . g

Bwd = FLUID . Volume object . g

=m
V
 Superficial tension and capillarity
 The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are
responsible for the phenomenon known as Surface
Tension. Surface tension allows insects (e.g. water striders),
usually denser than water, to float and stride on a water
surface.
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Capillary

 It is the ability of a liquid to

flow in narrow spaces
without the assistance of, or
even in opposition to,
external forces.
 It is the fluid’s capacity to
go up through a capillary
tube (of a very small
diameter).
Capillary

On a liquid, if its molecules

have more adhesion than
cohesion, the liquid adheres to
the container walls, this causes
a capillarity elevation of the
surface.
 If cohesion is greater, it will
originate a capillarity
decrease.

Adhesion or cohesion
“ascents or descents of liquids by capillary tubes, are inversely proportional
to the radio of the tubes”. Source: Burgano (2003).

The formula to calculate the ascents or descents of a liquid in a capillary

tube is the following:
Value of the
superficial
tension of the
water (σ ) at
different
temperatures
 Can capillary action be solely responsible for sap rising in trees?
To answer this question, calculate the radius of a capillary tube that would raise sap 100 m to
the top of a giant redwood, assuming that sap's density is 1050 kg/m3 , its contact angle is
zero, and its surface tension is the same as that of water at 20 °C, σ = 0,0728 N/m.