OHM’S LAW Portia A.

Egken,
Ed.D
OHM’S
LAW
GEORG SIMON OHM (1789 -1854)
 THE CURRENT I = V/R

Increasing the applied

voltage V produces more
current I to light the bulb
with
more intensity.
PRACTICAL UNITS
 ELECTRIC
CURRENT
- the amount of charge passing through
any point in a conductor per unit time.

The SI unit of current is the ampere (A) named after

the French scientist and the mathematician André
Marie Ampere.
I=
q /t
 ELECTRIC
CURRENT
Ex. A car battery uses 20A for 10 s to start the engine.
How many electrons pass during this time interval?

I=
20A = q q /t q =200
/10 s C
no.of electron = 200 C/1.5 x 10 e =1.25 x
-19

C/electron 10 21
 DIRECT CURRENT

-Historically, it was assumed that the positive

charges were the ones that flow in a wire.
Therefore the direction of flow is from positive to
negative. This called the conventional current.
- Inreality, electric current is a stream of electrons
flowing in a direction opposite that of the
conventional current, normally call this electron
current
Electron current is equivalent to the
conventional current. We still follow the
conventional flow of current.

- Current that flow in one direction at all times

is called direct current or dc
- Current that changes directions at regular
interval is called alternating current or ac.
Direct current is used in battery-operated
devices such as flashlight, calculators,
automobiles and cell phones.

Alternating current is produced by electric

companies like Meralco and is used in most
of our appliances
 RESISTANCE

It is the opposition a material offers to the flow of

charges through it. The greek letter omega Ω is
used to represent the unit ohm. Two symbol may
be used for a resistor in an electric circuit
 FACTOR AFFECTING THE
RESISTANCE OF AN OBJECT
1. Resistance varies inversely as the cross
sectional area of the object. As the area
increases, the resistance decreases.

2. It varies directly with its length. An increase in

length increases the resistance. A longer wire
offers greater resistance than a shorter wire.
 FACTOR AFFECTING THE
RESISTANCE OF AN OBJECT
3. Kind of material. (Resistivity)
Conductor have small resistivities while
insulators have large resistivities.
4. Temperature: As temperature increases,
resistance and resistivity increase for
conductors and decrease for insulators and
semiconductor
 FACTOR AFFECTING THE
RESISTANCE OF AN OBJECT
3. Kind of material. (Resistivity)
Conductor have small resistivities while
insulators have large resistivities.
A wire is 100cm long and has a resistance of 25Ω.
This wire is cut into five equal parts. a) What is
the resistance of each piece of wire?

Since wire is divided into five equal parts, then piece will
be 20 cm long. Let L2 = 20cm and R2 be the resistance of
each piece. Since R is directly proportional to L, then
25Ω =
R2 R2 =
100cm 5Ω
20cm
 Electromotive force and Potential
difference
Alessandro Volta invented the first electric cell in 1979.

Some common sources of potential difference:

a. electric cells that convert chemical energy to electrical
energy
b. Generators that convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy
c. solar cells that convert light energy to electrical energy
 Simple Electric circuits
Series Circuit, current flows in a single
path and is the same in all parts

Parallel Circuit, is one or two or more pieces of

electrical apparatus (resistor) are connected side
by side so that the current divided between them.
Simple Electric circuits
 Resistor in Series
1. Total resistance is the sum of the individual
resistances
RT = R1 + R2 + R3…

2. The current is the same in all resistors

IT = I 1 = I 2 = I 3
3. The total voltage across the combination is the sum
of the voltages across each resistor
V T = V1 + V 2 + V 3
 Resistor in Parallel
1. The reciprocal of total resistance is the sum
of the reciprocal of the individual resistances
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3…
2. The total current is equal to the sum of the current in
each branch
I T = I1 + I 2 + I 3

3. The voltage across all the branches is the same

for each branch
VT = V1 = V 2 = V 3
 Ex. Let assume that you have five appliances
connected in series. 1. refrigerator = 20Ω,
2. Tv set = 10Ω, 3. Radio = 5Ω, 4. flatiron = 75Ω,
5. electric stove = 55Ω.
If the circuit is connected to a direct current of 220V
a. What is the total resistance
b. The total current
c. Voltage drop in each appliance
 Ex. Let assume that you have five appliances
connected in series. 1. refrigerator = 20Ω,
2. Tv set = 10Ω, 3. Radio = 5Ω, 4. flatiron = 75Ω,
5. electric stove = 55Ω.
If the circuit is connected to a direct current of 220V

a. RT = 20 + 10 + 5 + 75 + 55

RT = 165Ω
 Ex. Let assume that you have five appliances
connected in series. 1. refrigerator = 20Ω,
2. Tv set = 10Ω, 3. Radio = 5Ω, 4. flatiron = 75Ω,
5. electric stove = 55Ω.
If the circuit is connected to a direct current of 220V
b. IT = I1 = I2 = I3
IT = V / R
IT = 220 / 165Ω = 1.33 A
 Ex. Let assume that you have five appliances
connected in series. 1. refrigerator = 20Ω,
2. Tv set = 10Ω, 3. Radio = 5Ω, 4. flatiron = 75Ω,
5. electric stove = 55Ω.

C. Voltage drop in each resistance

V1= IT R1 = 1.33A (20) = 26.6V V4= IT R4 =1.33A (75)= 99.75V
V2= IT R2 = 1.33A (10) = 13.3V V5= IT R5 =1.33A (55)= 73.15V
V3= IT R3 = 1.33A (5) = 6.65V VT = 219.45
If the appliances are connected in parallel .
1. refrigerator = 20Ω, 2. Tv set = 10Ω, 3. Radio = 5Ω, 4.
flatiron = 75Ω, 5. electric stove = 55Ω.

a. What is the total resistance

b. Voltage drop in each appliances?
c. Current used by each appliances?
d. Total current
If the appliances are connected in parallel.
1. refrigerator = 20Ω,2. Tv set = 10Ω, 3. Radio = 5Ω,
4. flatiron = 75Ω, 5. electric stove = 55

a. 1/RT = 1/20 + 1/10 + 1/5 + 1/75 + 1/55

1/RT = 0.05 + 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.013 + 0.018

RT = 1/0.381
RT = 2.62 Ω
 If the appliances are connected in parallel.
1. refrigerator = 20Ω,2. Tv set = 10Ω, 3. Radio = 5Ω, 4.
flatiron = 75Ω, 5. electric stove = 55
b. voltage drop in each resistance is 220V
c. current used by each appliances

I1 = V/R1 = 220/20 = 11 A I4 = V/R4 = 220/75 = 2.9 A

I2 = V/R2 = 220/10 = 22 A I5= V/R5 = 220/55 = 4 A
I3 = V/R3 = 220/5 = 44 A IT = 83.9 A
d. total current IT = VT/RT = 220V/2.62 = 83.9 A
Connected in Parallel
a. What is the total
1. Aircon = 100 Ω
resistance
2. DVD = 8Ω b. Voltage drop in each
3. Computer = 25Ω appliances?
4. microwave = 70Ω c. Current used by each
appliances?
6. electric stove = 60Ω d. Total current
7. exhaust fan = 12 Ω
Direct current = 220V