D IS C O V E R

S P E C IA L L Y SELECTED M A T E R IA L

FO R

L1 LAW STU D EN TS

Ensei
gnantResponsabl
e:Fel
ixRABETSOA
CONTENTS.

TOPI
CSANDLANGUAGE PAGES

Uni
tOne:t
heNor
thandt
heSout
h:onFr
anceandAf
ri
ca 01

Sect
ionOne–Par
tOne:Fr
ance-
Afr
icat
iesmustchange 01

LanguageFocus:Pr
eset/Pastt
enses–Repor
tedSpeech 03

Sect
ionOne:Par
tTwo:HowFr
ancemai
ntai
nsi
tsgr
iponAf
ri
ca? 06

TextA:50year
sonf
rom i
ndependence 06

TextB:Onr
enewed,
bal
ancedandt
ranspar
entFr
anco-
Afr
icanr
elat
ions 08

Sect
ionTwo:t
heEUandACPcount
ri
es 10

Di
scovermor
eont
rader
elat
ionsbet
weent
heEUandACPcount
ri
es 11

Uni
tTwo:emer
gingnat
ionsandt
heSout
h–onChi
naandAf
ri
ca 13

Sect
ionOne:Chi
napl
edges$60bnt
odevel
opAf
ri
ca 13

Sect
ionTwo:Anal
ysi
s/Kar
enAl
len,
BBCNews,
Johannesbur
g 15

Fol
low-
up:di
git
alski
ll
sanddeci
sion-
maki
ng 15

Uni
tThr
ee:I
ntr
oduct
iont
olegalEngl
ish:non-
exper
tmat
eri
al 16

Sect
ionOne:Samsungsuedoverwat
er-
resi
stantphonecl
aims 17

Sect
ionTwo:USl
aunchedcyber
-at
tackonI
ran’
sweaponsyst
ems 18

Uni
tFour:r
egi
onaleconomi
cgr
oupi
ngs 20

Text:Ont
heFr
eeTr
adeAr
eawi
thi
nCOMESA 20

Uni
tFi
ve:i
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
sat
ionsandcooper
ati
on 21

Sect
ionOne:t
heI
MFandt
heWor
ldBank

LanguageFocus:Repor
tedSpeech/Passi
ver
evi
sit
ed 22

Sect
ionTwo:Ont
heAUmeet
ingi
nAddi
sAbaba 23

Uni
tSi
x:l
aw-
rel
atedt
opi
cs- 25

Sect
ionOne–Par
tOne:Commonl
aw 25

Sect
ionOne–Par
tTwo:JacobZumaf
aci
ngr
einst
atementofcor
rupt
ion 27
char
ges

LanguageFocus:coul
d/(
dis)
agr
eei
ng:
/passi
ve 28

Uni
tSi
x:l
aw-
rel
atedt
opi
cs(
cont
inued) 31

Sect
ionTwo:t
hel
egalpr
ofessi
on 31

LanguageFocus:enqui
ri
esaboutl
anguage 32

Sect
ionThr
ee:const
it
uti
onall
aw/democr
acy:el
ect
iondayi
nGhana 34

Sect
ionFour:cr
imi
nall
aw:US-
chi
ldgui
lt
yofmot
her
’smur
der 36

Sect
ionFi
ve:penal/cr
imi
nall
aw:UNspeci
alcour
tforSi
err
aLeone 38

Sect
ionSi
x:penal/cr
imi
nall
aw:Ontheinter
nati
onalcr
iminalt
ri
bunal 40
f
or Rwanada–af or
merPri
meMini
sterconvi
ctedofgenoci
de

Uni
tSeven:Economi
cs 43

Uni
tEi
ght:Ti
mef
orExam 45
Uni
tOne:theNor
thandt
heSout
h:onFr
anceandAf
ri
ca–Sect
ionOne
–PartOne.
Sect
ionone/Par
tOne:Fr
ance-
Afr
icat
iesmustchange
A.Lead-
inact
ivi
ti
es:

I
. Ti
ckcor
rectanswer
(s)accor
dingt
oyourper
sonalknowl
edge.

1.WhathaspushedEuropeancountr
iesli
keFrance,GreatBr
it
ain,
Ger
many,Port
ugal,
Belgium andSpaintocol
onisati
on?

a/t
hesear
chf
orr
awmat
eri
als._
___
__

b/t
hesear
chf
ornewmar
ket
s._
___
_

c/adut
ytospr
eadci
vil
isat
ion._
___
__

d/adesi
ref
ormor
epower
.__
___
_

e/adesi
ref
ort
err
it
ori
alexpansi
on._
___
_

2.Whendi
dFr
enchcol
onoi
sat
ionoverAf
ri
cast
art?

a/i
nthe1960’
s._
___
_

b/t
owar
dst
heendoft
he19t
hcent
ury.
___
___

c/af
ewyear
sbef
oreWor
ldWarI
.__
___
_

d/t
owar
dst
heendoft
he20t
hcent
ury.
___
__

3.Whendi
dagr
eat
erpar
tofFr
enchAf
ri
cageti
tsi
ndependence?

a/af
ewyear
sago.
___
__

b/af
terWWI
I.
___
__

c/i
ntheear
ly1960’
s._
___
_

d/muchl
ateri
nthe20t
hcent
ury.
___
__

4.Whatsor
tofr
elat
ionsdoesFr
ancehavewi
thi
tsf
ormercol
oni
es
t
oday?

a/commer
cialanddi
plomat
ic._
___
__

b/nor
elat
ionswhat
soever
.__
___
__

c/f
inanci
alandt
echni
cal
.__
___
_

d/pur
elymi
li
tar
y._
___
___

1
 e/par
tl
ymi
li
tar
y._
___
__

I
I. Thi
nkofabr
iefexpl
anat
ionofyouranswer
s.

I
II
. Compar
ewi
tha/
yourpar
tner
.

B.Pre-Textquest
ions:Lookatthef
oll
owi
ngt
henr
eadt
het
extandsaywhet
her
theyareTrue(T)orFal
se(F).

1.MrSar
kozyhadser
vedi
ntheHomeOf
fi
cebef
orehet
ookt
heof
fi
ceoft
he
Pr
esi
dent
.___
___

2.TheFrenchI
nter
iorMi
nisterhastoldleadersinBeninthatt
her
e’snoneed
forAf
ri
caandFrancet
or enewtheirrelat
ionship._
____
_

3.PeopleinCotonouhadnopr
obl
em wi
thMrSar
kozy’
snewi
mmi
grat
ion
pol
icy._
____

4. MrSarkozy’
simmi
grat
ionbi
lli
stot
hedi
sadvant
ageofunski
ll
ed
for
eigner
s.____
_

5.TheFr
enchI
nter
iorMi
nist
erhadadi
ff
erentexper
iencei
nMal
i._
___
_

Uni
tOne:t
heNor
thandt
heSout
h:onFr
anceandAf
ri
ca–Sect
ionOne–Par
tOne.

6.MrSarkozyseemedtoadvocat
ef oranewr el
ati
onshi
poinl
inewi
tht
he
pr
esent-dayr
eali
ti
esandfr
eedfrom ideasofthepast
.._
___
_ _

7.MrSarkozyrej
ect
edt
hecr
it
ici
sm sayi
ngt
hatt
hei
mmi
grat
ionbi
llwas
r
aci
st.____
_

8.Somepeopl
einBeni
nandMaliaswellasanumberofMP’
sdi
dnot
appr
oveofMrSar
koazy’
svi
sit
.__
___

- Whenyoufini
sh,compar
ewi
tha/
yourpar
tnerbyaski
ngandanswer
ing
quest
ionsi
nturn.

_
___
___
___
_

Text:Fr
ance-
Afr
icat
ies'
mustchange'
(BBCNews–Fr
iday19May,
2006)

TheFrenchI
nteriorMini
ster
,Ni
colasSar
kozy,hastol
dleader
sintheWestAf
ri
can
st
ateofBeni
nt hatAfr
icaandFrancemustremouldthei
rrel
ati
onshi
p.

MrSarkozyf
acedangryprot
est
sinthemai
ncityofCotonou,wher
eheoutli
ned
pl
ansforanewimmi gr
ati
onpol
icy.I
naspeech,MrSarkozysai
dFranceandAfr
ica
mustchangethe"
oldways"andmovepastthecol
onialera.
2
Hisvi
sitcomesaft
erFrenchMPsbackedMrSar kozy'
simmi grationbil
l,
designedto
keepoutunski
ll
edforei
gners.Hundredsofpeopl
eshout ed:"Racist
,outofour
count
ry"and"Gohome,"asr i
otpoli
cestoodguardatthei nt
eriormini
stryi
nCot onou.
Hefacedsimil
arpr
otestsont hef
ir
stlegofhisAfr
icantour,i
nMal i
.

'
Dregsoft
hepast
'

Inaspeecht oBeninoispoli
ti
cians,MrSarkozycal
ledforamor etr
ansparent
relat
ionshi
pbet weenFr anceandAf ri
cainst
eadofthe"unoffi
cialnetworks"which
usedt oexist."
Wehavet obuil
danewr el
ati
onshi
p,cleaner,
freeofcompl exes,
balanced,clearofthedregsoft hepastandofobsolescenti
deast hatremainonboth
sidesoftheMedi terr
anean,"MrSar kozysai
d.

"Iti
supt oustori
dtherelati
onshi
pbetweenAfr
icaandFranceoft
hefantasi
esand
themyt hst
hatpoll
utei
t.Francedoesnothavet
heintent
ionsort
heinf
luenceiti
s
credit
edwith.
"

InMal i,MrSarkozydeni edthattheimmi gr

ati
onbillwasr acist,
ascr i
ti
cscl ai
m.
However ,
thathasnotcal medt hefeeli
ngsofyoungr esidentsofpoorAf r
ican
countries,whoseeemi grati
ontoEur opeasthei
ronlywayofear ningal i
ving.
"Franceshoul dnotcloset hedoortous.Thel awoni mmi grati
onisslaveryundera
newf orm andwedonotwantSar kozyhere,
"saidBeninoi sstudentBonavent ure
Bleme, accordingt
oReut ersnewsagency.Mal i
'sPresidentAmadouToumaniTour e
saidhewasconf usedaboutt hebil
landatleast20Mal ianMPsur gedMrSar kozyt
o
calloffhis"undesi
rable"visit
.

C.Fur
therReadi
ng:

- Coul
dyoucor
rectt
hef
alsest
atement
sint
hePr
e-Textquest
ions?

Uni
tOne:LanguageFocus:
Present/Pastt
ensesandRepor
tedSpeech

- Compar
ewi
thyourpar
tner
.

ocus:Di
D.Languagef scoverGr
ammar
.

I
. Talki
ngaboutt
hepast:Fi
ndandunder
li
neornot
edownatl
eastf
ive
ref
erencest
othepast
.

I
I. Talki
ngaboutthepr
esent:Under
li
neornot
edownanyuseoft
he
presentt
ense.

I
II
. Report
edSpeech:not
edownandunder
li
nei
nst
ancesofdi
rectand
i
ndir
ectspeech.

_
___
___
___
___

Lear
nmor
eaboutI
ndi
rectSpeech:

3
I.Examinecar ef ully:
1.Thef oll
owi ngar ef rom at ext:
a/MrChi racsai dt hatal thoughFr ancewoul dremai nthel eadingpar t
nerfor
Sub-SaharanAf rica, itwoul dmodi f
yitsr elati
onswi t
hther egion.
b/Hesai dFr ancewoul dnowsuppor tAfri
canef f
ortst opreventandmanage
confl
ict
sandwoul dencour agei tsAfricanpar tnerstoreinforcet her uleofl
awand
goodgover nance.
c/MrChi ract ol
dt heambassador st hatitwast imet oadaptFr enchpol i
cyto
changesandpr ogr essi nt hecont i
nent
- Theyar ei nst ancesofi ndirectstatement s.Thedi r
ectst atement sareexpressed
in:
=MrChi racsai d, ‘
Al thoughFr ancewi llremai nt heleadingpar tnerf orSub-Sahar an
Afr
ica,i
twi l
lmodi fyi tsr elati
onswi t
ht her egion. ’
=Hesai d,‘Francewi l
lnowsuppor tAfricanef f
ortstopreventandmanageconf li
cts
andwi l
lencour agei tsAf ri
canpar t
nerst or ei
nforcether uleoflawandgood
governance.’
=MrChi ract ol dt heambassador s,‘Itistimet oadaptFr enchpol i
cytochanges
and
progressi nt hecont inent.’
- Not et hatwhent hei ntroduct oryver b( say,tell
,not
ice, obser ve,remark...
)isin
thepast ,ther eisanumberofchanges.

2.Her ear et hemai nchanges:

a/Tensechanges:
f
rom di rectspeech to i
ndir
ectspeech
presentt enses --
--------
--------
-- -
--- pastt enses
presentper fect --------
--------
-------- pastperfect
past -------
--------
--------- pastperfect
pastper fect = pastperf
ect
“wi l
l”t enses ----
--------
--------
- --
-“ would”tenses
“woul d”tenses = “would”tenses

Lear
nmor
eonRepor
tedSpeech.

b/Changesi nti
meexpr essions:
now -
-------
-------
-------
-- t hen/atthatt
ime
today ---
-------
-------
------- thatday
yester
day -------
-------
-------
--- t hedaybefor
e/t he
previ
ousday
thedaybeforeyesterday- --
-------
-------
------- twodaysbef ore
tomorrow -------
-------
-------
--- t henext/fol
lowingday
thedayaftert
omor row - -
-------
-------
-------
- i ntwodays’ t
ime

4
 nextweek/year... ---
-----
-----
-----
----- thefol
lowing
week/
year...
lastweek/year
... - --
-----
-----
-----
----- theprevious
week/
year...
aweek/year ...ago-
-----
-----
-----
-----
--- aweek/ year...bef
ore
theprevi
ousweek/ year

c/Ot
herchanges:
here -
- -
--------
------------
- ther e
thi
s+t imeexpressi
on - -
-------
------------
--- t hat+t i
meexpressi
on
thi
s/these/that/
those(adj.
) - ---------
- --
---- the
thi
s/t hese(
pron.) ----
-------
- -
--------- it/t hey/them
- “would,shoul
d,oughtto,hadbetter,might,usedto,
coul d,must”usual
lyr
emai
n
unchanged.

I
I.Exampl
es.

1.Repor
tedst
atement
s:

a/“ProfessorFisherwi l
ltal
kaboutt heBrit
ishlegalsyst
em attheLawFacul tynext
week,”shesaid.
=Shesai dt
hatPr ofessorFisherwouldtalkabouttheBrit
ishlegalsystem att he
facult
yofLawt hef oll
owingweek.
b/“Francehassuppor tedAf r
icaneff
ortstomanageandpr eventconfl
ictssincethe
l
astdecade” ,t
hePr esidenttoldtheambassador s.
=ThePr esi
denttoldtheambassador sthatFrancehadsuppor tedAfr
icanef f
or t
sto
manageandpr eventconf li
ctssincetheprevi
ousdecade.
NOTE:I nindi
rectspeech, statementsareintr
oducedby:say, t
ell,
thi
nk, observe,
explai
n...

2.Report
edquestions:
a/WH-QUESTIONS:thesebeginwi t
hwor dsli
ke“what,how,where,why,when,
whi
ch,who.
”
- “Whywon’tyoust aywithuswhi l
eyou’r
ehavingyourlegaltr
aininghere?”,he
asked.
- =HeaskedmewhyIwoul dn’tstaywit
hthem whil
eIwashavi ngmyl egal
tr
aini
ngthere.
- “WhatshouldIdot osucceedinthisdi
ff
icul
ttest
?”,shesaid.
- =Shewant edtoknowwhatsheshoul ddotosucceedi nthediff
icul
ttest.

Lear
nmor
eonRepor
tedSpeech.

Not
ethatt
hequest
ion-
wor
disr
etai
ned.

5
 b/YES/ NOQUESTI ONS:
- “ Wil
lyourcount r
yj oint hef r
eet r
adear eawithinSADC? ”,
hesaid.
- =Heaskedmei f/whet herourcount r
ywoul djointhefr
eetradeareawithi
n
SADC.
- “ Dothememberst at esact uall
yhavet heirmajortr
adingpar t
nerswit
hinthi
s
economi ccommuni ty? ”
,ther eport
erasked.
- =Ther epor t
erwant edt oknowi f/whet hert
hememberst atesactual
lyhadthei
r
majortradingpar tner swi thi
nt heeconomi ccommuni t
y.
Notes:Questionst hatdonotbegi nwi thaquest i
on- wor
dar eint
roducedbyIF/
WHETHERi ni ndirectspeech.
Report
edquest ionsar eint roducedbyver bslike“ask,wonder,i
nquire,
wanttoknow..
.“

3.Repor tedinstr
uctions:
a/“Gotot hel awcourti fyouwanttoseethatbarri
sterinacti
on”,hesaid.
=Het ol
dmet ogot othel awcour
tifIwantedtoseet hebarri
sterinacti
on.
b/”Donott alktoomuchf orwecannothearwhatt helectur
erissaying”,shesai
d.
=Sheaskedmenott otalktoomuchf ort
heycouldnothearwhatt helectur
erwas
saying.
Thever bs“ tel
l,
command, or
der
,ask,i
nstruct
...“canreportorders.

I
I.Pr
I actice.
- Rewr iteusi ngt hebegi nninggi ven:
1.Weshal ltaket hemat tert ocour tifwecan’ tsett
leithere.
Themanmadei tcl ear _
__________ _
____ _
___ _
___________
____________
__ __
2.Asol icitorhascont act swi t
ht hemember soft hepubl i
candabar r
ist
er
pr esent st hecaset ot hecour t.
Heexplainedt hat ____ ____
_____ __
_ ___
_ _________
__________
___________
3.Wi llmemberst atesbeabl etohel peachot heroncet heyareuni tedinan
economi cgr ouping?
Thej
our nal i
stwant edt oknow_ _
_ ___
_ _________
__________
______________
4.Acr imi nalt r
ialusuallyhasaj urywhowi l
lassesst hefactspr esentedtothe
cour tanddel i
veraver dict.
Sheexplai nedt ome_ _______
_ ___________________
_____________
_______
5.I ni tsr elationswi ththedevel opingwor ld,t
hedevel opednat ionsoftenmake
thei rcooper at i
oncondi tionalont her espectofhumanr ightsandgood
gover nance.
Adelegateobser vedt hat________ _
____ _
___ _
___________
____________
_ __
6.Doesgoodgover nancei nvolvebet t
ermanagementofpubl icfinances,t
he
fightagai nstcor r
uptionandt her espectofhumanr i
ghts?
Heenquir ed_ ____ __ _________
_ ___________________
_____________
_____

6
Uni
tOne:theNor
thandt
heSout
h:onFr
anceandAf
ri
ca–Sect
ionOne
–PartTwo
Sect
ionOne/Par
tTwo:HowFr
ancemai
ntai
nsi
tsgr
iponAf
ri
ca.
ByStephenSmi
th/BBCFocusonAfr
icaMagazi
ne(
fr
om BBCNews:Fr
iday21May,
2010)
TextA:50year
sonf r
om independence.
I
. Vocabul aryPr eview:
Matcht hewor dswi t hthedef init
ionsorsynonyms:
a.Gr ip;b.mur kier;c.summi t;d.r evamp;e.gat heri
ng;f .business-as-usual;
g.shadow- state;h.mor evocal ;i.int hewakeof;j .ColdWar;k.l est r
entes
glorieuses;l .r eluctant.
____ ____ ___
_ _
1.Of tenhear dwi thopi ni
onsanddi ssatisfaction._______
____
2.Somet hingwor kingorcont inuiongi nt henor malorusualway._ _
_______
3.Lesscl ear/mor esombr eandgl oomy._ _________
_
4.Fol lowi ng.__ _____ _
__ __
__
5.Meet ing._ _
_ ___ _______
6.Fr om 1945t o1989, aper iodoft enser elati
onsandi deologicalandpol i
tical
conf rontati
onsbet weent heUSandt heUSSR, orbroadlyspeakingbet ween
theWestandt hecommuni stwor ld.__ _________
7.Hol d/power/cont rolorinfluence._ ____ __
_ _
_
8.Ast atewhi chdoesnotexi sti nr ealit
y._ ___________
9.Renovat e/r ebui ldorover haul .__ _______
10.A30- yearper iodofpr osper i
tyf ort heWestf r
om theendofWWI Iupt othefi
rst
oilcrisisin1973._ ___________
11.Ameet ingofheadsofst ateand/ orgover nment .__
_ _
_______
12.Unwi l
li
ng/notver yenthusiast ic._ ______ __
_

I
I. Before-readi
ng:Readt hef ollowingthengoovert heTextandsaywhet her
theyar eTRUE( T)orFALSE( F).
1.Af ter50year sofindependence, therel
ati
onsbet weenFr anceandi ts
formercol oni esinSub- Sahar anAfri
caarenowget ti
ngmuchcl earer.
_________
_ _
2.Thesummersummi ti
sf orar enovati
onofFranco- Afri
canr elati
ons.
________
3.Cr iti
csthinkt hegat heri
ngormeet i
ngwillencourager eform._ ___
_____
4.TheFr enchdi sengagementf rom Sub-SaharanAf r
icat ookplacebef ore
theCol dWar ._____
__ _
_
5.Ar ound5%oft hepopulat ioninFrancecomesf rom Sub- SaharanAf r
ica.
____
6.Agr eatnumberofpeopl ef r
om Sub-SaharanAf r
icalivinginFr ance
havegotFr enchci t
izenshi p.______
____

7
Uni
tOne:t
heNor
thandt
heSout
h:onFr
anceandAf
ri
ca–Sect
ionOne–Par
tTwo

Text:50year
saf
tert
hei
ndependenceoft
he1960’
s.
Thisyear,50yearsonfrom t
heindependenceofagreat
erpartofFr
enchAfr
ica,
rel
ati
onsbet weenFranceanditsf
ormercoloni
essouthoftheSahararemai
n
murkierandmor econfusedthanever
.Nevermind.

Inthesummer ,
Pari
splanstohostaso- called"r
enovati
onsummit
"torevamp
Franco-Af
ri
canr el
ati
ons.Butmanycrit
ics, bothi
nFranceandinAfr
ica,
saythe
gatheri
ngwillbemoreasi gnofbusi
ness- as-usualr
athert
hansomethi
ngthatwi
ll
encouragereform.

Paradoxicall
y,protestsagainstFrancafr
ique(theFranco-Af
ri
canshadowst ate
whichper petuatedFrenchinfluencesouthoftheSahar aaft
er1960)havebeenf ar
mor evocalinthewakeoft hemassi veFrenchdisengagementf r
om theregi
onaf t
er
theendoft heCol dWart handur i
ngt hethreedecades-lestrent
eglori
euses-of
Frenchneo- colonial
ism f
rom 1960- 1989.

Thecoll
apseoftheSovi
etUnionandt heendof Francehasbeenrel
uct
ant
East-
Westgeopoli
ti
calr
ival
ryencouragedpubl
ic toplaytherol
eofthe
debateaboutFr
ance'
srolei
nAfrica. gendarmeofAfri
ca

Justhowmanyf ir
st-andsecond-generati
on
i
mmi grantsfr
om sub- SaharanAfr
icaareli
vingin
Francetodayremainsanopenquest i
on,asFrenchl
awprohi
bit
sstat
ist
icsbasedon
raci
alcri
teri
a.However ,i
tisest
imatedthatupto5%oft
hecountry'
s65mi l
li
on
i
nhabitantsori
ginatef
rom theregi
on.

Manyhaveacquir
edFrenchci
tizenshi
pandf or
m, t
oget
herwi t
hlong-st
anding
Fr
enchnati
onalsf
rom t
heAntil
les,whatthenati
onalmediaref
erstoas"Black
Fr
ance"
.
_______
______
__
- Whenyouhavef inoishedansweri
ngthebefore-r
eadingacti
vit
y,
compar
ewi tha/
yourpar t
ner.

Fur
t ng:Di
herReadi scoverthei deas.
1.Whatdoest heFr enchgovernmentint
endtodoi nthesummer?
2.Ar ecri
ti
csoptimisti
cornotaboutsuchasummi t?
3.Thi nkwhytherewasamassi veFr
enchdisengagementfrom Af
ri
caatt
heend
oftheColdWar .
4.Whati snotallowedunderFrenchlaw?
5.Howbigi sthepopul at
ionofSub-Saharanori
gininFrance?
8
 _
___
___
___

Uni
tOne:t
heNor
thandt
heSout
h:onFr
anceandAf
ri
ca–Sect
ionOne–Par
tTwo

HowFr
ancemai
ntai
nsi
tsgr
iponAf
ri
ca.
BySt
ephenSmi
th/BBCFocusonAf
ri
caMagazi
ne:Fr
iday21May,
2010

TextB::Onr
enewed,
bal
ancedandt
ranspar
entFr
anco-
Afr
icanr
elat
ions.

I
. Vocabul
aryPr
eview:Matcht
het
ermsandexpr
essi
onswi
tht
hei
r
def
ini
ti
onsorsynonyms.

a.Walki nregularstepsli
keinami l
it
aryparade;b.theof
fi
cialresidence
oftheFr enchPresident;c.pri
ort
o/j ustbefor
e/ontheeveni ng
before;d.conf i
rm /support/cor
roborate;e.Jul
y14/thef r
ench
nationalholi
dayknownasLaFêt eNat i
onalefr
ançai
se;f.rel
at es/
connects;g.al argeandf amousavenuei nPari
s;h.dr
awspeci al
att
ent i
ont o.

_
___
___
__

1.Ont
heeveof
.__
___
___
___

2.Bast
il
leDay._
___
___
___
__

3.Hi
ghl
ight
.__
___
___
___
_

4.Bearout
.__
___
___
___
__

5.Mar
chi
nlockst
ep._
___
___

6.TheChampsEl
ysees._
___
___

7.TheEl
yseePal
ace._
___
___
__

8.Li
nks._
___
___
___
___
___
__

_
___
___
_

I
I. Bef
orer
eadi
ng:Mul
ti
plesel
ect
ion.

- Lookatt
hefol
lowi
ngt
henr
eadt
het
extandt
ickt
hecor
rect
stat
ement
(s)
.

9
 1.I
nt er
msofFranco-Afr
icanrelat
ions,themeeti
ngoftheAfr
ican
headsofst
atewiththefrenchPresidenthasnoimport
anceatall
.
___
_ _
___
__

2.Pri
ort
o,t
heBasti
ll
eDaycel
ebr
ati
on,t
hemeetingofAf
ri
canheadsof
st
atewit
hPresi
dentSar
kozyi
saproofofFr
anco-Af
ri
canrel
ati
ons.
__
____
_

3.Dif
ferentacti
vit
ieshavebeenpl
annedf
ort
hisnewvi
siononFr
anco
-Af
ricanrelat
ions._
____
_____

4.Exhi
bit
ionsandacademicconf
erencesarenotpar
toftheevent
sto
promoteMrSarkozy’
snewvisi
ononFr anceandAf
rica._
____
___
_

5.TheAfri
canandFrencht
roopsmar chi
ngsi debysidefortheBasti
ll
e
Daycelebr
ati
onhasahist
oricalsi
gnif
icance,namelytheFranco-
Afr
icanfr
ater
nit
yofarmsagainstt
heNazii nWWI I
._ _
_ _
_____

6.Thegardenpar
tyi
snpotpar
toft
heshowonFr
anco-
Afr
ican
rel
ati
ons._
__

Text:Onr
enewed,
bal
ancedandt
ranspar
entFr
anco-
Afr
icanr
elat
ions.
Ont heeveoft
hisyear'
sBast
il
leDay,
theheadsofstateoff
ormerFrenchint
erest
sin
Afr
icaareduetogatherar
oundPresi
dentNi
colasSarkozy"
tohighl
ightandtobear
outtheevol
uti
on

Uni
tOne:t
heNor
thandt
heSout
h:onFr
anceandAf
ri
ca–Sect
ionOne–Par
tTwo

ofFr
anco-Af
ri
canrel
ationswhi
char
etor
emai
npr
ivi
legedwhi
lebei
ngr
enewed,
bal
ancedandtr
ansparent"
.

Thepr esidentexplainedinDecemberthatthepurposewas"toturnt
hepageoft he
debateon[ Fr ench]coloni
sat
ionandpost-col
onisat
ion"
.Exhi
bit
ions,
round-tabl
e
discussions, publi
cati
onsandacademicconf er
enceshavebeenscheduled
throughoutt hisyear.

Thehighpointofthefest
ivi
ti
esistobet he14Jul yparadeontheChampsEl ysees
whereFrenchandAf r
icantr
oopswi llmarchinlock-st
epsalut
ingPresi
dentSar kozy
andhisguestsofhonour.Themi li
taryshowi smeantt obeareminderofFranco-
Afr
icanf
raterni
tyofarms,notabl
yagai nstNazioccupati
oninWorl
dWarI I.

TheAf r
icanheadsofst at
ewi l
lal
soat t
endthetradi
tionalgardenpart
yatt heEl
ysee
Palacefoll
owingtheBast i
ll
eDaypar ade.Theevent'
st hemeis"Diver
sit
y-t he
humanr eali
tywhichlinksthecol
onialpasttopresent-dayimmi gr
antFrance,
"
accordi
ngt otheElyseecommuni que.

(
wit
haf
ewadapt
ati
ons)

10
Fur
t ng:Di
herReadi scovert
hei
deas.

1.Gooverthetextagainandpi
ckoutt
heevent
soract
ivi
ti
eswhich
havebeenorganizedorpl
annedt
oshowthatFr
anco-Af
ri
can
rel
ati
onsarearealit
y.

2.Apartf
rom Fr
ance,
DoyouknowotherEur
opeancountr
ieswhi
ch
usedtocol
oniseapar
torpar
tsofAf
ri
ca?Notethem down.

3.Thinkoft
heareasfor
merEuropeancol
oni
zer
scanbr
ingi
nthei
r
contr
ibut
ioni
nordertodevel
opAfr
ica?

Ti
ckwhatyout
hinki
sar
ightar
eaf
ori
nter
vent
ion.

(
-heal
thandeducat
iont
hroughf
undi
ngandt
rai
ning;

-heal
thandeducati
ont
hroughtechnicalassi
stance,
i.
e.sendi
nga
qual
if
iedper
sonnelt
oAfr
icancountr
ies;

-publ
icsaf
etybyt
rai
ningl
ocalsecur
it
yfor
ces;

-publ
icsaf
etybysendi
ngt
hei
rownsecur
it
yfor
cest
oassi
sta
count
ry;

-i
ndust
ri
alandcommer
cialpr
omot
ion;

-i
ndust
ri
ali
sat
ionpr
omot
edbyf
orei
gnbusi
nesspeopl
e;

-provisi
onofi
nvest
mentf
ori
ndust
ri
ali
sat
ionpr
omot
edbyl
ocal
businespeopl
e;

-i
nvestmenti
nexpor
t-or
ient
edpr
oduct
ioni
nagr
icul
tur
eand
manufact
uri
ng;

-devel
opmentofcomput
erordi
git
alt
echnol
ogy;

-i
nfr
ast
ruct
ures(
roads,
school
s,hospi
tal
s,et
c.;...)

_
___
___
___
_

UnitOne:devel
opednat
ionsandt
heSout
h:ont
heEUandACP
countr
ies–Secti
onTwo
Sect
ionTwo:t
heEUandACPcount
ri
es.

A.Pr
e-TextQuest
ions.
I
. Readthefol
lowing,t
henscanthef
ir
stpar
tofthet
extandanswert
hem.
1.Whatdot hefoll
owingacr
onymsstandfor?
a/EU.
11
 b/ACP.
c/EPAs.
d/WTO.
2.Whatdot heser ef
erto?
a/TheACPgr oup.
b/EPAs.
I
I. Readt hequest i
ons, t
henthetextandgi veyouranswer sintheform of
notes.
1.WhatdoACPcount r
iessel
lorexportt oEurope?
2.Accor dingt owhatyouknowandt hetext,whatdoEur opeancountri
es
especi all
yexpor ttoACPcount r
ies?I notherwords,whatdoACP
count ri
esi mpor tf
rom theEU?
3.Whathast heWTOaskedt heEUandACPcount ri
est odo?
4.Whi chcompani esespeciall
ydomi natethefarmtradebet weentheEU
andt heACPgr oup?
- Nowr eadt hetextforyouranswer s.

B.Text:THEEUANDACPCOUNTRI ES.
(f
rom bi
lat
eral
s.or
g/10August2019)

Debat esar oundt hepr oposedEconomi cPar tnershi pAgreement s( EPAs)bet ween
theEur opeanUni on( EU)andt he77count ri
esi ntheACPgr oup-most lyformer
Europeancol oniesi nAf rica, t
heCar ibbeanandt hePaci f
ic-haver ai sedmany
i
mpor t
antissues.TheseEPAsar edi fferentf rom ot herEur opeanf r
eet rade
agreement sbecauset heyemer gef rom asequent ialhist
or yofpr eviousconvent i
ons,
knownf orthecitiest heywer esi gnedi n:Yaoundé( 1959-1974) ,Lomé( 1975-1995)
andCot onou( 2000- ).Theset reatiesest abl ished, amongot hert hings, specialtr
ade
regi
mesf orthef ewcommodi tiest hatEur ope’ sformercol oni eshadcomet o
specialisein:bananas, sugar ,cot ton, cacao, t
eaandsoon.Assuch, they
perpetuatedaneocol oni alrelat i
onshi pt hroughwhi chpoorpeopl ei nt heSout h
wouldcont i
nuepr oduci ng“ rawmat er ial
s”andt her ichcapi talistsint heNor thwould
conti
nuebuyi ngt hem up-ataspeci alguar anteedpr i
ce.
Thewhol econceptof“ par tnershi p”isaccept edast hecommongoal ,despi t
ethe
grossinequal iti
est hatt heEU- ACPr elationshi pisf oundedon.TheWTOr equir
ement
thattheEUandi tsACPpar tner smustshi ftfrom auni lat
eralpr eferencesscheme
(whereEur opeal onecut sitst ariff
s)t oabi lateralone( wheret heACPcount r
iesnow
cuttheirsaswel l,thereby

Uni
tOne:devel
opednat
ionsandt
heSout
h:ont
heEUandACPcount
ri
es–Sect
ion
Two

dest
royi
ngt
hei
reconomi
es)i
sal
soappar
ent
lyaccept
ed.Thi
sisdest
royi
ngACP

12
economi
esf
ort
heyl
oset
her
evenuesf
rom t
ari
ff
s.

TheACPeconomi esar esti

llstuckinani ncredibledependencyonaf ewpri
mar y
export
s.Forallthetalkaboutagr icul
tureinthesedeal s-whi chiscruci
al,
sinceso
manypeople’slivel
ihoodsint hesecount ri
esr evolvearoundit-farmt r
adebetween
theACPcount ri
esandt heEUi saver ynarrowaf fairconcent
ratedonaf ewcountri
es
andaf ewcrops.Theent ir
er el
ationshipwithEur opeal lt
heseyearshassimplynot
broughtmuchbywayofdi versif
icati
on.

Accordingtot heACPf armers’networ ks,justfouroft he77ACPcount r

iesaccount
formor ethan66%ofal lACPf armt r
adewi t
htheEur ope.[5]Ont heexpor tside,
they
aremost l
ysel l
ingcocoa( pr
edomi nant lyfr
om I voryCoastandGhana) ,fish( Namibi
a
i
nt helead),sugar(Mauriti
usist hebi ggestsour ce),coff
ee( Et
hiopia,
Kenyaand
Tanzania)andbananas( Camer oonandDomi ni canRepubl i
cmostconcer ned).
Hardlyanypr ocessingisdonewi t
ht hesehar vest sbeforetheyleaveforEur ope,so
l
ocalincomesf rom t
hem arerest r
icted.

Worse,t
hankstomarketref
ormspushedbyt heWorl
dBankandtheInter
nati
onal
MonetaryFundi
nthe1980s,themarketformanyoft
hesegoodsisstr
uctur
all
y
cont
roll
edbyveryf
ewl ar
getransnat
ional
snow.

Fourcompanies-Barr
yCal
lebautfr
om Swi
tzerl
and,Host
af r
om Ger
many,Car
gil
l
andArthurDani
elMidl
andf
rom theUS-domi nat
etheworld’
scocoatr
ade.

Fourcompani
es-NKfrom Ger
many, Vol
caf
efrom Swi
tzer
land,t
heSwiss/Spani
sh
Ecom gr
oupandDreyf
usfr
om France-cont
rol40%ofthewor l
dcof
feetrade.

Fivefi
rms-Dole,Chi
quit
aandDelMontefr
om theUS, Fyf
fesofIrel
andandt he
Ecuadori
anNoboa-cont r
ol80%oft
heworld’
sbananabusi ness.Inthefi
sheri
es
sector
,mostofthebenef
it
sgototheheavi
lysubsi
disedEuropeant r
ansnati
onals
l
ikePescanova.

Eventheveget ableexporti
ndust
ryinKenya,oft
entout edasal ocalsuccessstory,i
s
contr
olledtodaybynomor ethanfi
velar
gecompani es( i
ncl
udi ngSunr i
peLtd,held
bytheShahf amily,andHomegrownKenyanowownedbyFl amingoHol di
ngsint he
UK).Thismeanst hatmuchofthevaluegenerat
edf r
om agriculturalt
radeis
deli
beratel
ycapt uredandcontr
oll
edbyaf ewagribusinessinterests,
mainlyinthe
USandEur ope.

Fol
low-
up:Di
scovermor
eont
rader
elat
ionsbet
weenTheEUandACPcount
ri
es.

1.Whichofthefol
lowi
ngsumsupthemai
nideaint
het
radeorcommer
cial
r
elati
onsbetweentheEUandt
heACPcountr
ies?

- TheEU-
ACPt
rader
elat
ionsar
efr
eef
rom anypol
it
icalconst
rai
nts.

- Thecommerci
alsi
deoft
heEU-ACPt
raderel
ati
onsmeanstheEU
expor
ti
ngf
arm pr
oducet
otheACPwhichi
nturnexpor
tthei
rown

13
 pr
oduct
sfr
om agr
icul
tur
etocount
ri
esonEur
ope.

UnitOne:devel
opednat
ionsandt
heSout
h–ont
heEUandACPconut
ri
es–
Secti
onTwo

- I
nmatter
softrade,
ACPcount
riesexpor
tfar
m pr oduceandraw
mat
eri
alstot
heEUwhich,i
ntrun,sel
lsi
tsfi
nishedproduct
st ot
hem.

2.I
fyouwerepartoft
hedecisi
on-maki
ngbodywi
thi
ntheACPgr
oup,
whi
ch
oft
hesewouldyouadvocatefor?

a/keeponexpor
ti
ngf
arm pr
oduceandr
awmat
eri
alst
otheEU.

b/optf
oranewpol
icyt
opr
ocessf
arm pr
oduceandr
awmat
eri
alsl
ocal
ly
bef
oreexpor
ts.

c/l
ookfornewmar
ket
sforf
arm pr
oduceandr
awmat
eri
alsi
nAsi
aand
Lat
inAmerica.

d/processf
arm pr
oduceandr
awmat
eri
alsl
ocal
lyf
ordomest
icand
ext
ernalmarket
s.

- Pr
epar
eabr
iefexpl
anat
ionofyourchoi
ce.

- Tel
la/yourpar
tneraboutyourchoi
ceandgi
veyourr
easons.

_
___
___
___
___
_

14
UnitTwo:emer
gingnat
ionsandt
heSout
h:onChi
naandAf
ri
ca–
Secti
onOne
I
. Vocabul
aryPr
evi
ew:

- Mat
cht
het
ermsandexpr
essi
onswi
tht
hei
rdef
ini
ti
onsorsynonyms.

a/l
oan;b/schol
arshi
p;c/moment
um ;d/pl
ummet;e/f
orei
gnexchange
ear
nings.

_
___
___
___
___

1.St
rengt
horf
orce._
___
___
___
__

2.Monet
arygai
nsi
nhar
dcur
rency._
___
___
___
___
_

3.Gr
ant
.__
___
___
___
___

4.f
all/descendr
api
dly._
___
___
___
___
___

5.moneyt
hati
sbor
rowedandi
sexpect
edt
obepai
dback._
___
___
___
_

- Fi
ndi
nthet
extt
heEngl
ishf
or:

1.Pr
êt/det
te.

2.L’
envel
oppe.

3.Dynami
quedecr
oissancer
api
de.

4.Co-
hôt
e/hôt
econj
oint
e.

I
I. Pr
e-TextQuest
ions.

tOne:Mul
Par ti
plesel
ect
ion.

- Thepartnershi
pbet
weenChinaandAfr
icai
sareal
it
y.Readthe
fol
lowi
ng,thenscanthet
extandt
ickt
hestat
ement
swhi chshowi
t.

1.Pr
esidentXiJi
npinghaspromi
sedadevelopmentai
dpackage
wort
haf ewbil
li
onsofdoll
arsi
nfavourofAf
ri
ca.__
____
___
__

2.I
nfavourofAf
ri
ca,
Presi
dentXiJi
npi
nghasmadeanof
ferofamul
ti

15
 -bill
iondoll
ardevel
opmentaidpackagewhi
chconsist
sofloans
andvar i
ousformsofassi
stancei
ntermsofschol
arshi
psand
tr
aining.__
____
___

3.TheChi
nesePr
esidenthasannouncedafi
nancialai
dpackage
l
imit
edt
oschol
arshipsfort
housandsofAf
ricans.__
___
_____

4.Chinahasor ganisedameet ingi

nJohannesbur
gbetweenChi
na
andAfri
caatt helevelofheadsofgover
nmentfort
hepromot
ionof
cooper
ation.__ _
_

5.Chinahasor gani
sedagat heri
nginJohannesbur
gbet
weenChi
na
andAfri
caatt helevelofheadsofst
atefort
hepromot
ionof
cooper
ation.____

6.I
nmat
ter
soft
rade,
Chi
nai
snotsoi
mpor
tantf
orAf
ri
ca._
___
___
__

7.I
nthear
eaoft
rade,
Chi
nai
sagr
eatpar
tnerf
orAf
ri
ca._
___
___
__

8.Af
ricaonlybenef
it
sfr
om asmall
ershareofChinesef
orei
gn
i
nvestmentandChinaimpor
tsver
yli
tl
lefr
om theconti
nent.
__
__ _
___
__

9.Chi
nar epr
esent
sabi gdest
inat
ionforAfr
icanexport
sandAfr
icai
s
agreatbenef
ici
aryofChi
neseforei
gninvetment._
_____
___
__

Sect
ionOne:Text:Chi
napl
edges$60bnt
odevel
opAf
ri
ca
 4December2015(
fr
om BBCNews/ht
tps:
//www.
bbc.
com/
news/
wor
ld-
af
ri
ca-ret
ri
evedonJune26,
2019)

Uni
tTwo:emer
gingnat
ionsandt
heSout
h:onChi
naandAf
ri
ca–Sect
ionOne

Chinahasannounced$60bn(£40bn)ofassist
anceandloansf
orAfr
icatohel
p
wit
ht hedevel
opmentoft
heconti
nent.Pr
esidentXiJi
npi
ngsaidthepackagewoul
d
i
ncludezero-

i
nterestl
oansaswel lasschol
arshi
psandt r
aini
ngfort
housandsofAfr
icans.The
Chineseleadermadetheannouncementatamaj orsummitbetweenChinaand
Afr
icainJohannesburg.Themoment um ofr
apidgrowt
hinAfri
cawas" unst
oppable"
,
MrXit ol
dmor ethan35Afri
canheadsofstate.

SouthAf r
ica'sPresidentJacobZuma, whoi sjointhostatthesummi t
,welcomed
Afr
icaandChi na'sdeepeningpartnership."
ChinahasbecomeAf rica'sl
argesttr
ade
part
ner,andAf ri
caisnowoneofChi na'smajorimpor tsourcesandf ourt
hlargest
i
nvestmentdest inat
ion.Thispart
nershipcanonl yyiel
dfurtherpositi
veresult
sfor
Afr
ica'
sdevel opment ,
"MrZumasai d.

16
 I
II
. Fol
l up:Speaki
ow- ng/Wr
it
ing.

- Couldyoutella/yourpar
tnerwhatyouknowaboutt
heSi
no-
Afr
ican
cooperat
ion

- Coul
dyouwri
teinaconti
nuouspar
agr
aphwhatyouknowaboutt
he
Si
no-Af
ri
cancoopeat
ion.

_
___
___
___
___

UnitTwo:emer
gingnat
ionsandt
heSout
h:onChi
naandAf
ri
ca–
Secti
onTwo
Secti
onTwoText:Anal
ysi
s:Kar
enAll
en,BBCNews,
Johannesbur
g
I
. Pre-
TextQuestons:Readt
i hefol
lowi
ngthenscanthetextandsay
whethert
heyareTRUEorFALSE.

1.Themassivemulti
-bi
ll
iondol
larfi
nanci
alassi
stancef
rom Chi
nawas
notasur
priseatal
l._
_____
___
_ _
_

2.Agreat
erpartoft
hismul
ti
-bi
ll
iondol
larpackagemaybeusedi
n
i
nfr
astr
uctur
eandeconomicdevel
opmentpr oj
ect
s._
___
____
__

3.I
nAf
ri
ca,
yout
hunempl
oymenti
snotyetabi
gpr
obl
em t
hatr
equi
resi
ts

17
 l
eader
stoadoptaj
obcr
eat
ionpol
icy._
___
___
___

4.Export
sprovi
deAf
ri
cawi
thi
tsmaj
orf
orei
gnexchangeear
nings.
____
_____
_

5.Thefir
stForum onChina-Af
ri
caCooper
ati
ont
ookpl
acei
nBei
ji
ngi
n
theyear2000.___
___
__ _

6.TheChinesef
inancialassi
stancewi
llj
ustcoveri
ndust
ri
ali
sat
ionand
peaceandsecuri
ty.______
___

I
I. Suppl
ythecor
rectver
sionwher
ethest
atementi
sfal
se.

I
II
. Compar
eyouranswer
swi
tha/yourpar
tner
.

Text:China'
sannouncementofgr
ants,l
oansanddevel
opmentf
undswaswi
del
y
anti
cipat
ed,al
thoughthef
igur
eexceededexpect
ati
ons.

Muchofthisaddi
tionalassistanceisli
kelytobefocusedoni nf
rast
ructur
eproj
ects,
tohelpboosteconomi cdevelopmentbutmor edetai
lsonthedealareyettoemerge.
Presi
dentZumasai dthatChi naandt heAfri
cancontinenteachmadeupat hi
rdof
theworld'
spopulati
on, br
ingingthepossibil
it
yofnewmar ketsandproducti
on
possibi
li
ti
es.Butperhapsoneoft hebiggestchal
lengesAfri
cancountri
esfaceis
youthunemploymentandl eadersareunderpressuretocomeupwi t
hdevelopment
planswhichcreat
emor ejobs.

Despit
eamajorsl
owdownathome, whi
chhasseenChi nesedemandforAfr
ican
expor
tsplummet-avi
talsourceoff
orei
gnexchangeearningsfort
heconti
nent-the
mainmessageist
hatdespit
eeconomicchal
lenges,
China'scommi t
menttoAfri
cais
l
ongterm.

Thetwo-dayFor
um onChi
na-Af
ri
caCooper
ati
on(Focac)isthesecondt
imeChi
na
hasbroughtt
oget
herAf
ri
canl
eader
ssi
ncethefor
um wasl aunchedinBei
ji
ngi
n
2000.

Accor di
ngt oChi
na'soffi
cialXinhuanewsagency,theassist
anceoverthreeyears
willf
ocuson10ar eas,incl
udingi ndust
ri
ali
sat
ion,t
hemoder ni
sati
onofagricul
tural
,
fi
nancialservi
ces,gr
eendevel opmentandpeaceandsecur i
ty.MrXisaidthiswas
hisseventhvisi
ttoAfri
caandhi ssecondasChi nesepresi
dentandoneacht ri
phe
sawpr ogressandchange.

Foll
ow-up:Digi
talski
ll
sanddeci sion-making.Lookforinformati
onont hei
nternet
andfindoutf
actsaboutrelati
onsbet weenEuropeortheWestandAf r
icaandt hen
compar et
hem wit
hwhatyouhaveseenonChi naandAf r
ica.Whichofthem
repr
esentsamajorpartnerforAf
rica?Explainbyreferr
ingt othef
act
st osupport
yourargument.

Uni
tThr
ee:I
ntr
oduct
iont
olegalEngl
ish:non-
exper
tmat
eri
al–Sect
ion

18
One
SAMSUNGSUEDOVERWATER-
RESI
STANTPHONECLAI
MS.

I
.Vocabul
aryPr ew:Mat
evi cht
hef
oll
owi
ngwi
tht
hei
rdef
ini
ti
onsorsynonyms.

a.
Tosuesomeone;b.consumerwatchdog;c.toall
ege;d.cl
aim(
noun);e.
l
aunchanact
ion;f.f
ine;g.misl
eading;h.al
legedl
y.

-Def
ini
ti
onsandsynonyms:

1.t
oclai
m,sayorasser
tthatsomeonehasdonesomet
hingi
ll
egalorwr
ong,
wit
houtpr
oof._
___
_____
____

2.somet
hingsai
dwi
thoutpr
oof
.__
___
___
___
___
___
_

3.f
alse/decei
ving._
___
___
___
___
_

4.t
oaccusesomeonei
ncour
tofdoi
ngsomet
hingwr
ongori
ll
egal
.
___
___
___
____

5.st
artanact
ion._
___
___
___
___
__

6.organi
sat
ionwhi
chadvocat
esf
ort
axpayerorconsumeri
nter
est
s.
____
_____
___
_

7.sum ofmoneyt
hatmustbepai
daspuni
shment
.__
___
___
___
___
__

8.appar
ent
ly/r
epor
tedl
y._
___
___
___
__

-Di
scovermor
eaboutnewt
erms:I
P68

-I
P=Ingr
essPr
otect
ion,
iti
ndi
cat
eshowgoodi
tisatst
oppi
ngst
uffget
ti
ng
i
nsi
de.

-6:t hi
sthir
ddigiti
sthenumbert hatindicat
eshowgooditisatpr
otect
ing
aginstsmallsol
ids(dust/sand,et
c.)
, wit
hamaxi mum r
ati
ngof6.This
rangesfrom noprot
ectionatal
l,
smal ldustoral
ldust
.

-8:t
hel
astdi
giti
sthel
iqui
dorwat
err
esi
stancer
ati
ngwi
thamaxr
ati
ngof8.

Inot
hernwords,i
fyouseeI
P68,
itof
fer
sthehi
ghestI
Prat
ingf
orbot
hdust
andwaterr
esi
stance.

I
I.Pr
e-TextQuest
ions:Readt
hef
oll
owi
ng,
thent
het
extandchoosecor
rectanswer
.

1.a/TheAustral
ianCompeti
ti
onandConsumerCommi ssi
onthinksSamsungi
s
real
ist
icwhenitsaysi
nit
sadvert
sthati
tsphonesar
ewat er
-resi
stant
.

b/TheAust
rali
anCompeti
ti
onandConsumerCommi ssi
onthi
nksSamsungi
s
wrongwhenitsaysi
nit
sadver
tsthati
tsphonesar
ewater-
resi
stant
.

19
 c/TheAust
ral
ianCompeti
ti
onandConsumerCommissi
ont hinksSamsungi
s
ri
ghtwheni
tsaysini
tsadvert
sthati
tsphonesar
ewat
er-
resistant
.

2.a/TheACCChast
akenSamsungt
ocour
tbecauseoff
alsedecl
arat
ionsi
nit
s
ads.

b/TheACCChasnott
akenSamsungt
ocaour
tdespi
tef
alsedecl
arat
ionsi
nit
s
ads.

c/TheACCChast
akenSamsungt
ocour
tdespi
tecor
rectdecl
arat
ionsi
nit
sads.

3.a/TheACCCrhinksanIP68waterr
esist
ancerat
ingmeanst
hephoneshaveno
probl
em wi
thseawaterandswi
mmi ngpools.

b/TheACCCdoesnotr
hinkanIP68wat
err
esi
stancerat
ingmeanst
hephones
havenopr
obl
em wit
hseawaterandswi
mmingpools.

c/TheACCCisconvi
ncedanIP68waterr
esist
ancerat
ingmeanst
hephones
havenopr
obl
em wit
hseawaterandswimmingpools.

Uni
tThr
ee:I
ntr
oduct
iont
olegalEngl
ish:non-
exper
tmat
eri
al–Sect
ionOne.

4.a/I
ncourt
,evenifSamsungisdecl
aredi
nnocent
,it
’spossi
blet
hati
twi
llpaya
l
otofmoneyforpunishment
.

b/I
ncourt
,ifSamsungisnotdecl
aredi
nnocent
,it
’spossi
blet
hatit
wil
lpayal
ot
ofmoneyf
orpunishment.

c/Incour
t,i
fSamsungi
sdecl
aredgui
lt
y,i
t’
spossi
blet
hati
twon’
tpayahuge
fi
ne.

Sect
ionOneText:SamsungSuedOverWat
er-
Resi
stantPhoneCl
aims.
Samsungisbei
ngsuedbyAust
ral
ia'
sconsumerwat
chdogf
oral
legedl
ymaki
ng
misl
eadi
ng

l
aimsaboutthewat
er-r
esist
antproperti
esofitsphones.TheAustral
ianCompetit
ion
andConsumerCommission(ACCC)al l
egesSamsung' sadvert
smade" fal
se"cl
aims
aboutusi
ngit
sphoneswhileswimmi ngandsur fi
ng.TheACCCsai dithadrevi
ewed
morethan300Samsungadvertsbeforelaunchingit
slegalact
ion.

Samsungt oldReutersitwoulddefendthecaseandst oodbyitsadver

ts.Init
s
stat
ement,theACCCsai dSamsungadver t
sdepictedphonesbeingexposedt o
seawat
erandswi mmi ngpoolsandclaimedthatthiswouldnotaff
ectthedevice
duri
ngit
swor ki
nglif
e.AlthoughSamsungadver t
ssayi tsphoneshaveanI P68
waterr
esistance,sai
dt heACCC,thisrat
ingdoesnotcoversaltwaterorthatfoundi
n
swimmingpool s.

Samsung'
sownwebsiteadvi
sespeopleagai
nstusi
ngt
heGalaxyS10ina
swi
mmi ngpooloront
hebeach,sai
dtheconsumerwat
chdog.Samsunghadnot

20
doneenought est
ingt
omakeit
sadver
ti
sedcl
aimsaboutt
hel
ongevi
tyofi
ts
product
s,al
legestheACCC.

"Samsungshowedt
heGalaxyphonesusedinsi
tuat
ionst
heyshoul
dn'
tbe,t
oatt
ract
cust
omers,
"sai
dtheACCC.IfSamsungisf
oundguil
tyofmisl
eadi
ngconsumer
sit
coul
dfaceahugefi
ne.

Furt ng:Di
herReadi scoverwhet
hert
hefoll
owingareTRUEorFALSE.Readt
hem,
thengoovert
hetextagainandmakeyourdecisi
on.

1.TheACCCsaysSamsungmakesf
alsedecl
arat
ionsi
nadver
ti
singi
ts
phones.
___
___

2.TheACCCdi
dn’
tst
artanyact
ioni
ncour
t.
___
___
__

3.Samsungpr
omi
sedt
osuppor
tanddef
endi
tsadver
ti
sement
s._
___
___
_

4.Theadver
tdescr
ipt
ionisexposur
etoseawat
erandswi
mmi
ngpool
swi
llnot
af
fectt
hephones.
____
___

5.TheACCCt hinksanIP68water
-resi
stantr
ati
nggivesSamsungt
heri
ghtto
saythatexposuret
oseawaterandswi mmingpoolshasnoi
mpactonit
s
phones._
______

6.I
nst
ruct
ionsforuseoftheGal
axyS10onSamsung’
swebsi
tei
sinl
inewi
th
t
headvert
isements._
_____
__

7.TheACCCt
hinksSamsungmakesi
tspubl
ici
tycl
aims,
inpar
ti
cul
ari
tsphones
have

8.nopr
obl
em wi
thwat
er,
justt
oat
tr
actcust
omer
s._
___
___
_

9.Samsungmaybeaskedt
opayahugef
ineeveni
fit
’sdecl
aredi
nnocent
.
___
___
_

Uni
tThr
ee:I
ntr
oduct
iont
olegalEngl
ish:non-
exper
tmat
eri
al–Sect
ion
Two
A.Vocabul
aryPr
evi
ew.

I
. Mat
chwi
tht
hei
rdef
ini
ti
onsorsynonyms:

- a.launchanattack;b.cyber
-at
tack;c.weapon;d.pulloutof;e.
disable;f
.inr
etali
ati
on;g.nucl
eardeal;h.t
ri
gger.i
.economi c
mel t
down.

- Def
ini
ti
onsandsynonyms:

1.Agr
eementnott
odevel
opnucl
earweapons(
her
e):_
___
___
___
_
21
 2.I
nar
evengeat
tack._
___
___
___
_

3.Makeunabl
etowor
k:_
___
___
___
__

4.Cause:_
___
___
___
_

5.Anat
tackusi
ngcomputertechnol
ogyt
odi
sruptt
heact
ivi
ti
esofan
or
gani
sati
on:__
___
____
_ _
_

6.Economi
cfai
lur
e:_
___
___
___
_

7.Ar
m :_
___
___
__

8.Abandon/gi
veup/wi
thdr
awf
rom :_
___
___
___
_

9.Engageanat
tack:_
___
___
___
__

I
I. Coul
dyougoogl
ethef
oll
owi
ngandf
indt
hei
rmeani
ngsi
nFr
ench.

- a.shootdownadr
one;b.oi
ltanker;c.wor
ldpower;d.hunt
ing
l
icence.

B.Pr
e-TextQuest
ions:Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngandt
henscant
het
extt
odi
scover
whet
hertheyar
eTRUEorFALSE.

1.Iranisaccusedofhavi
ngshotdownaUSdroneandatt
ackedoi
ltanker
s,
theninresponse,
theUShasusedcomput
ertechtoat
tackIr
anweapons
systems._____

2.TheUSisreadytoi
mposesanct
ionsonI
rant
ost
opi
tfr
om get
ti
ngnucl
ear
weapons._
____
__

3.Thedet
ail
soft
hesanct
ionsar
eal
readyannounced._
___
___
_

4.I
ranhasgotanucl
earagr
eementwi
tht
hegr
eatpower
s._
___
___

- Nowr
eadt
het
extandgi
veyouranswer
s.

Sect
ionTwoText:US'
l
aunchedcyber
-at
tackonI
r ems'23June2019
anweaponssyst
US&Canada
TheUSl aunchedacyber-att
ackonI r
anianweaponssyst emsonThur sdayas
Presi
dentTr umppul
ledoutofairstr
ikesonthecountry,USreportssay.Thecyber-
att
ackdisabledcomputersystemscontrol
li
ngrocketandmi ssil
elaunchers,the
WashingtonPostsai
d.Itwasi nret
ali
ati
onfortheshootingdownofaUSdr oneas
wellasattacksonoi
ltankersthatt
heUShasbl amedI ranfor,
theNewYor kTi mes
said.

Ther
eisnoindependentconf
ir
mationofdamaget oIr
ani
ansystems.TheUSi ssett
o
i
mposefurt
hersancti
onsonIranthatPresi
dentTrumphasdescri
bedas" maj
or".He
sai
dthesanct
ionswereneededtopreventTehranfr
om obt
aini
ngnuclearweapons,

22
andeconomicpressur
ewouldbemaintai
nedunlessTehranchangedcour
se.
Speaki
nginJerusal
em,USNati
onalSecuri
tyAdviserJohnBol
tonsai
dthedet
ail
sof
thenewsancti
onswereli
kel
ytobe

Uni
tThr
ee:I
ntr
oduct
iont
olegalEngl
ish:non-
exper
tmat
eri
al–Sect
ionTwo

announcedonMonday.Nobodyhadgr
ant
edI
ran"
ahunt
ingl
icencei
ntheMi
ddl
e
East
,"headded.

Tensionsbet
weent heUSandIranhaver
isensi
ncetheUSlastyearpul
ledoutofa
2015nucleardealbet
weenIranandworl
dpowersandrei
nstat
edsancti
ons,
tr
iggeri
ngeconomicmeltdowninIr
an.

Fur
t ng:Answeri
herReadi nful
lsent
ences.

- Di
scovert
her
easonsbehi
nd:

1.TheUScyberat
tackonI
ran’
sweaponssyst
ems.

2.Thesanct
ions.

_
___
___
___
__

23
Uni
tFour
:regi
onaleconomi
cgr
oupi
ngs
Pr
eli
minar
yTasks:
-Thefoll
owingareregionaleconomicgroupings.Whichofthem doesMadagascarbelong
t
o?
1.theMaghrebUnion 2.ECOWASorEconomi cOrganizat
ionof
WestAf
ricanStates
3.Souther
nAfri
canDevel opmentCommuni tyorSADC
4.CommonMar ketforEasternandSouthernAfri
caorCOMESA
5.I
ndianOceanCommi ssion
-Nowr eadthet
extandseewhi chofthem istal
kedaboutinit.
ONTHEFREETRADEAREAWI THINCOMESA
(
fr
om BBCWor ldService/TuesdayOct ober31,2000)

Today,Af
ricaoralargepartofitatleastwi l
ltryonceagai ntosetupaf r
eetradearea.Some
ofthepoorestcountr
iesonthecont inentwi l
lsignadealt ocreat
eat ar
if
f-f
reezonefrom
Egyptint
heNor thtoZimbabwei ntheSout h.Suppor ter
ssayabi ggermarketwil
lmean
great
erprosperi
tyforthewholeregion, butnotever yoneisconvi
nced.ThePacthasbeen
organi
zedbyt hetwenty–nati
onCommonMar ketforEaster
nandSout hernAfr
icaor
COMESA.Acor r
espondentfortheBBC, inLusaka, hasbeentalki
ngt ot
heSecretaryGener
al
ofCOMESAabouthi shopesforfreet r
adei nAfrica.

MRSECRETARYGENERAL:Theexi sti
ngindustri
esareki
ndofineff
ici
ent,andther
efore,
giventhereal
it
ythatnowweli
veinagl obaleconomy.Therei
saneedf orthesecountri
est
o
startt
olearncompeti
ti
onatt
heregionalleveli
norderf
orthem t
obepar toftheglobal
economy.

BBCCORRESPONDENT:Somepeopl eaguethatunderCOMESA, t
hedeindust r
ial
izat
ionwil
l
actuall
ybeaccelerat
ed.Manufact
urer
sinZambiaaresayi
ng,well,whenallthetrade
barri
erscomedown, we, inZambi
a,wi
thourhighel
ectr
ici
tycost,
hightransportcost,hi
gh
fuelcost,
cannotpossiblycompet
ewithacountr
yli
keKenya,forexample.So, i
t’
sobvious
we’regoingtolosemor eofouri
ndust
ry.

MRSECRETARYGENERAL:I fthereisapr oductt

hatcanbemanuf act
ured,sayinacount ry,
Kenyaandt r
ansportedtoZambi a.Giventheproblemsoft
ransportat
ion,andtheywillbeat
product
scomi ng,say,f
rom SouthAfricaorEurope,ont
heZambi anmar ket.Andthatisan
i
ndicati
onthatthatproduct
,perhaps, onehastolookati
ttwicet
oseewhet heryouhavea
comparati
veadvant agetoproduceit.

24
Fur t
herr eadi
ng:
I.TRUEORFALSE?Just i
fyyouranswer sbyquot i
ngf r
om t het ext.
1.Onl yasmal lerpartofAf ri
cai sinterestedi nthecreat i
onofaf r
ee- tradear ea.
2.Theagr eementt osetupat ariff
-freezonef r
om Egyptt oZi mbabwei nvolvesr ich
count r
ies.
3.TheCommonMar ketforEast ernandSout hernAfricaisal argeor gani zationoft en
count r
ies.
4.Si nceaf reet r
adear eameansacompet it
ionatther egionall evel
, fortheSecr etary
Gener alofCOMESA, i
tcannotof feranoppor tunit
ytopr eparememberst atesf orthegl obal
economy.
5.Manuf acturersinZambi athinkt heyhavenopr oblem compet i
ngwi thot hercount r
ies
fortheirproduction-rel
atedcost s, i
npar t
icularelectr
icit
y, f
uelandt ranspor t,
ar elower .
II.Answerwi thfullsentences.
1.Accor di
ngt oi t
ssuppor t
ers,whyi st hecr eati
onofaf reet radear eai nAf ricaagood
thing?
2.Whydosomepeopl esayt hatt herewi llbedeindust ri
alizationunderCOMESA?
3.I fyourcompar ati
veadvant agei swhatyouar egoodatpr oducingorwhatyoucan
producet oyouradvant age, doyoust il
lhaveacompar ati
veadvant ageornott o
produceani tem orarticl
ewhi chismor eexpensi vet hant hei mpor tedone?

Uni
tFi
ve:I
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
zat
ionsandcooper
ati
on Sect
ionOne

Pr
e-TextActi
vit
ies:Readthefollowingthenr
eadt
hetextandgiveyouranswers
I
.Choosecor r
ectanswer .
-Thetexttalksabout:
a/di
ff
erentwaysofr educingdebt
b/di
ff
erentwaysofr educingpoverty
c/di
ff
erentwaysofhavi ngf ai
rtr
ade
I
I.Answerintheform ofnotes.
1.I nt
hel i
ghtofthewhol ereport,
whatweret
heissuesdebatedatt
heDar-Es-
Sal
am meet ing?
2.Thistextt al
ksaboutanumberofwayst or
educepovert
y.Whatarethey?

TheI
mfAndTheWor
ldBankMeet
ingWi
thAf
ri
canLeader
s.
-Ont
heQuest
ionofdebtandPover
tyReduct
ion-
(
fr
om BBCWor
ldServi
ce:Satur
dayFebr
uary24,2001)

Theheadoft heInternati
onalMonetaryFund,HurstKoehler
,tol
dAf r
icanheadsof
stateatameetinginTanzani athatt
hemai nwayt oreducepovertyontheconti
nent
i
sf orAfr
icancountri
est ogetaccesstothemarketsofdevelopedcountri
es.Mr
Koehlerwasaddr essing12headsofst at
efrom East
ernandSout hernAfr
icaduri
ng
theclosi
ngstagesofat wo-daymeetingintheTanzaniancapit
al,DarEsSalam.
From DarEsSalam El i
sabethBluntr
eports,

- I
nternati
onaldebtcampai gnhasalongroute.Evenhere,i
nTanzani a,ahandful
ofbraveyoungmenbr iefl
yunf ol
daposteri
nf r
ontoftheconf erencecent r
e
beforebei
ngbundledawayt ohelppol
icewiththei
renquir
ies.Butal thoughdebt
wasoneoft hetopicsdiscussedattheendofthemeet i
ng,bot ht hehost
Presi
dentBenjaminMukapaandt hetwovisit
orsfr
om Washi ngt oncautioned

25
 agai nsttoogr eatemphasi sondebtcancel l
ationasawayofendi ngpover t
yi n
Africa.Pr esi
dentMukapasai dt hatdebtr eli
efwasi mpor tant ,
butnoti nitselfthe
answer ,‘
Af t
eryougetyourdebtr eli
ef,youst il
lhaven’ tgr
owneconomi cal l
y,and
ifyouhaven’ tgrowneconomi cally,you’llstil
lhavet ocont i
nuebor rowi ng,even
afteryougett hedebtr eli
ef.So, thechal lengenowi st omakesur et hatyou
producemor e,yousel lmore, andbyf airtradepr acti
ces,youear nmor esot hat
youdon’ thavet obor rowsomuchort obor rowatal l.’
Thequest i
onoff ai
rt radingpr acticesi sonewhi chhasbeenr aisedbot hher ein
DarEsSal am andi nt heear l
iermeet ingwi t
hWestAf ri
canl eadersi nBamako.
Ther e’skeenr esent menti nAf ri
cat hatdespi teprogressivelyopeni ngthei rown
mar ket s,Afr
icanpr oducer sst il
lfindt hemsel vesexcl udedf rom sellingmanyof
theirpr oductstoNor thAmer i
caandEur ope.Bot htheManagi ngDi rectoroft he
IMF, Hur stKoehler, andhi sWor ldBankcount erpart,JamesWol f
enson, said
theywoul ddoever ythingtheycoul dtosuppor tthi
sdemand, andt hati twas
il
logicalt ogivedevel opmentai dt omakeAf r
icaneconomi esmor epr oduct i
ve
andt hent odenyt hem accesst oi nternationalmar ketstosel ltheirgoods.

(
Eli
sabet
hBl
unti
nDarEsSal
am)
__
___
___
___
___
___

FurtherReadi ng
I
.TRUEORFALSE?Just i
fyyouranswersbyquoti
ngfrom t
hetext
.
1.Accesst omar ket
sintheNor t
hcannotcontr
ibut
etopovert
yreducti
onin
Afr
ica,accor dingtotheHeadoft heIMF.
2.I nternationaldebtcampaignerscoul
dnotreachtheI
MFandt heWor l
dBank
meet i
ngwi thAf ri
canleaders.
UnitFive:Internati
onalorgani
zati
onsandcooperati
on Secti
onOne

3.TheDar -Es- Salam meet ingf ocusedi t

sdi scussi onsonasi ngl
etopic,namel
y
debt.
4.TheTanzani anPr esidentandt hevisit
or sfr
om Washi ngt
onwer einfavourof
debtcancel l
ationast heonl ywayt or educepover ty.
5.Accor di ngt oPr esidentMukapa, i
ncreasingpr oduct ionispartofthe
conditionsacount ryhast omeeti nor dernottobor rowanymor e.
6.Af ri
cadoesnothaveanypr obl em sell
ingitspr oduct stoNor t
hAmer icaand
Europe.
I
I.Answerwi thf ullsentences.
1.Onwhatcondi tioncanacount rynolongerbor r ow?
2.Asf arast radei sconcer ned, whati sthemai npr oblem withAfri
ca’srel
ati
ons
withthedevel opedwor l
d?
3.Whatdi dt heManagi ngDi r
ect orsoftheI MFandt heWor ldBankpr omise?
Whatdot heyt hinki sill
ogical?
I
II.Vocabulary.
1.Fi ndint het extsynonymsf or:
a/greatdi ssat i
sfaction
b/asmal lnumberof
c/just
2.Coul dyougi vesynonymsf or?
a/debtr elief
b/towr i
teof fdebt

26
 3.Whati
stheFrenchfor
?
-Managi
ngDirect
or
(
seeAngl
aisdesAffai
res)

Languagef
ocus:Repor
tedSpeechr
evi
sit
ed.

I
NDI
RECTSPEECH
-wi
thani
ntr
oduct
oryver
bint
hePr
esent(
Per
fect
)ort
heFut
ure.

1.Exami
necar
eful
ly:

a/Hehasmadecl earthatthedayswhenFr anceact edasani ndependent

gendar mei naSub- Sahar anAf ri
caar eover .
b/Theor gani zersofthemeet ingsayoneoft hemai nchal l
engesisto
persuadeAmer i
cansthatAf ri
cai sr i
chi nbusi nessoppor t
uniti
es
c/TheBanksayst hemoneyi tal locatesmustbeputwher eitcandomost
good.
d/TheWor ldBanksaysi tshoul denabl epeopl eindesperateneedt oborr
ow
enought obuyl i
vestockormat erialswhi chwoul dhel pthem become
productive
e/TheWor l
dBanksayst herear eabout1, 000mi l
li
onpeopl ewhoar ehungry
andmal nour i
shedt hroughoutt hewor ld.
f/Bankof f
icialssayoneoft her easonsf orholdingtheWashi ngton
conferencei st oreviewthepol iticalprofileoftheissue

2.Pr
act
ice:

a/Couldyouexpressthedi
rectst
atement
sinthesent
encesabove.
b/Reportyouranswersin(
a)putt
ingthei
ntr
oduct
oryver
binthePresent
Per
fect/theFuture.

Uni
tFi
ve:I
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
zat
ionsandcooper
ati
on Sect
ionTwo

Bef
orereading
.Mat
I chsynonyms:
1.layer a.topic,quest
ionorpr
obl
em
2.cur r
ency: b.pl anned
3.issue: c.i nt
ernati
onal
4.global: d.ext end
5.schedul ed: e.provisi
onal,t
empor
ary
6.spillover: f.level
7.interi
m: g.monet aryunit

I
I.Readthef ol
lowi
ngthenscant hetextandsaywhethertheyar
etrue(T)orfalse(F).
I
fthestatementisfal
se,corr
ectit.
1.TheAf ri
canUnionhasagr eedonthecreati
onofaUni t
edStat
esofAf r
ica,as
pr
omot edbytheorgani
sation’
snewchai r
man,theLi
byanleader,
Colonel
Gadhaf i
.
2.Pr esidentGadhaf
iisinfavourofacloseruni
on,andsoareotherAfr
icanleaders.
27
 3.OtherAfri
canheadsofst at
efoundt heLibyanleader’
sproposalint
erest
ingand
wouldconsiderit
slegali mpli
cati
ons.
4.TheAf r
icanUnionisa53- memberor ganisati
on.
5.TheAUmeet i
ngofheadsofst atehasendedaspl annedfori
tonlyfocusedon
thecreati
onofagover nmentf ortheUnion.
6.TheAf r
icanUnionmeet inggoingintoanext radayisnotsomet hi
ngnewt o
Eli
zabethBlunt
.
7.MrGadhaf ihasbeeninsi st
ingonhisuni t
ypr oposal.
8.Changingthenameoft heAUCommi ssi
oni ntoanAUAut hor
ityisaninter
im
movet owardsaUni ongover nment.

Sect
ionTwoText
:Ont
heAf
ri
canUni
onmeet
ingi
nAddi
sAbaba:ear
lyFebr
uar
y2009.
(
Stor
yfr
om BBCWor
ldSer
vice/Febr
uar
y04,
2009)

TheAf ri
canUni onhasendedamar at
honmeet ingi ntheEthiopiancapi talwi t
hout
agreementont hecont roversialissueofcr eat i
ngaUni t
edSt atesofAf ri
ca.Many
l
eader ssaidt hepr oposal ,promot edbyt heLi byanl eader,ColonelGadhaf i, woul d
addal ayerofbur eaucr acyt hatt hecont inentdoesnotneed.Theydi dreacha
consensus, however ,onchangi ngt henameoft heAUCommi ssiont oAUAut horit
y.
MuammarGadhaf iwasel ectedast heor gani zation’snewchai rman.TheLi byan
l
eadersai dcl oseri ntegr at
ionbet weenAf ricanst atesshoul dstartimmedi ately.He
envisagesasi ngleAf ricanmi li
taryf orce, asi nglecur rencyandasi ngl
epasspor tf
or
Afri
canst omovef reelyar oundt hecont i
nent .Butot herAfricanheadsofst atesai d
theLibyanl eader’spl anwasnotpr actical.Af ri
canl eaderssaidtheywoul dst udyt he
l
egali mpli
cat ionsoft hisuni typr oposal ,makear eportandmeetagai nint hree
mont hs’ti
me.
I
not herwor ds,saysBBC’ sMar kDoyl ei nt heEt hiopiancapi tal
, AddisAbaba, they
arekickingt hebal lintot hel onggr asst osl owi tdown.Onepar t
icipantint hecl osed-
doormeet ingoft he53- count ryUni onsai dt heLi byanl eaderappear edtoadmi t
defeatandl aidhisheadont het ablei ndespai r.

Uni
tFi
ve:I
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
zat
ionsandcooper
ati
on Sect
ionTwo

Andatt hesummi t
, i
ssuest hatwer eont het abl eincludedhowAf ri
cami ghtcope
wit
ht hegl obaleconomi ccr i
sisaswel last hefor mationofanAf r
icanUnion
government .But,inanext r
aordinaryt urnofevent ,
thesummi tdi dnotendas
scheduled.BBCcor respondentEl i
zabet hBl untexpl ainswhathappened,
- “ Thi shasbeent hemostext r
aor dinar yAf r
icanUni onsummi t.I
’vebeento
manyAf ri
canuni onandOAUsummi tsandI ’veknownt hem goonver ylate
i
ntot heear l
yhour soft hemor ning.Butt hisist hefi
rsttimeI ’veknowni t
actual l
yspi l
loveri ntoanext raday.We’ vegotaf ourthday.Theyhaven’ thad
thecl osingcer emony.Theyhaven’ thadt hepr essconf erence.Basicall
y,
Presi dentGadhaf iistryingt oper suadet heot herdelegat esintopushingthis
unitypr oposalt hroughf asterthant heywanti t,andfast erindeedtheysay
thani slegallyallowedundert heAf ricanUni onConst it
ut i
on.
Africanl eadershave, however , agreedt oacceptt her ecommendat iontomove

28
 towardsaUni ongover nment .Andasani nteri
m st ep,theyaregoi ngtot
urn
theCommi ssionintoanAf ri
canUni onAut hori
ty.Butt hishasl egal
i
mpl i
cati
onsbecauseanAf ricanUnionCommi ssioni swr i
tt
eni nt
othe
Constit
uti
onoft heorgani zation;so,t
urningitintoanAut hori
tymeans
changingtheConst i
tutiveAct .Andthat’sactuallydiffi
cult,i
tneeds2/3ofthe
memberst atestoagr ee,andi thastober at
if
iedbyt heirParl
iament.Andthi
s
i
sapr ocesst hati
nevitablyisgoi ngtotaket i
me. ”

Fur
therReadi
ng:

Answerwi
thf
ullsent
ences.

1.Whydi dmanyAf ri
canl eadersrejectthei deaofaUni t
edSt atesofAfrica?
2.Whowasel ect
edast henewchai rmanoft heAU?Whati shei nfavourof ?In
pract
icalter
ms, whatdoeshet hi
nkaUni t
edSt atesofAf r
icashoul dhave?
3.WhodoesMar kDoyl ecompar eAf ri
canl eader swith,whent heysaidtheywoul d
st
udyt helegali
mplicationsoftheuni t
ypr oposalandmeetagai ni nthree
months’ t
ime?
4.Whatissueswer ediscussedatt heAf ricansummi t?
5.AccordingtoBBCcor respondentEl izabethBl unt,whatisver yunusualf orAUor
OAUsummi ts?
6.WhatisPr esi
dentGadhaf it
ryingt odo?I st hi
sallowedornotundert heAU
Constit
uti
on?(but)
7.WhathaveAf ri
canleader sagreedon?
8.Whyist hechangefrom AUCommi ssiont oAUAut hori
tynotaneasymat ter
?

Ext
ensi
on/Recycl
ing:

1.Putawayyourt
extandsummar i
zethepassageor
all
y(indi
vidual
lyori
ngr
oups)
2.Progr
essi
vesubst
it
uti
on:basedonanswerstoQuest
ions1–4and7above.
____
____
____
__

Uni
tSi
x:l
aw–r
elat
edt
opi
cs Sect
ionOne–Par
tOne
COMMONLAW
(
fr
om I
t’
stheLaw/BBCWS:
26/
08/
91)

TheCommonLawbeganl ifeasthelawofEngl and.Ast heBr it

ishEmpi respread,the
commonl awspr eadtooli
ketheEnglishlanguageunt i
litcoveredal ar
gesliceofthe
globe.Whent hecommonl awwast ransplantedtoot hercount r
ies,itwasof ten
adaptedtosui tl
ocalcondit
ions,
butitusuallystayedmuchl iket heEngl i
shlaw.Thi s
commonl awwassocal l
edbecausei twast hesingleuni f
orml awt hatwascommon
toallpar
tsofEngl andasagainstthediff
erentlocalcustomsofeachar ea.I
tt ook
overfrom t
hel ocalcust
omsbecauset heNor manki ngswhof avour edapol i
cyof
stronggovernmentencour agedthei
rsubjectstot aketheirdisput esdirect
lyto

29
them. (Int hisway, acent rali
zeduni quesyst em wasusedt odealwi ththevar ious
casescomi ngf rom di fferentar easorl ocal i
ties) .
JohnBaker ,Pr ofessorofEngl ishLegalHi st oryatCambr idge,
“Thekeyt oi tallwast henot iont hatt heKi ngcoul ddel egat ehi sroyalaut hor ityto
t
h
j
ust icest oheardi sput esonhi sbehal f
.-I nt he12 cent ur y,kingsbegant oappoi nt
j
ust icest ocar ryoutt heirkinglyf unct ionsi ndeal i
ngwi thdi sput es.”
Fr om t heKi ngs’ Cour tsatWest mi nst eri nt heear lyMi ddleAges, anewl egal
syst em gr ewup.I thadi tsownr ules, itsownl awyer s, andi tsownschoolf ort rai
ning
them, whi chl aterbecamet heInnsofCour tst illexi stingt ot hisday.Andi tal sohad
i
tst echni call anguage, intheoryFr ench, butnotasor tofFr encht hatwoul dhave
helpedyouonpackagehol i
dayi nmedi evalPar i
s.Mostofourl egalt erms, even
today, coul dbeseent ohavecomef rom Fr ench, like“ t
or t”meani ngawr ongf or
whi chyoucanmakesomebodypaydamages, whi chcomesf rom t heFr enchwor d
“tort”meani ng“ wr ong” .
Oneoft hebestknownandmostt radi t
ionalgoodi esi nt hecommonl awcooker y
booki stheconceptofpr ecedent ,meani ngl awt hat ’sbasedonpr eviousdeci ded
casesandt hatdoesn’ tstem f r
om t hest at utor ycodel i
ket he“ codeCi vil
”i nFr ance,
forexampl e.
Anot hert raditionali ngr edientoft hecommonl awi st hej ur y,agr oupofl aymen
whodeci det hef act soft hecaseaccor dingt ot heevi dence.
Aswel lasj ur ies, somet hingel sewhi chi sver ychar act eristicofcommonl aw
met hodsi st heaccusat or i
alsyst em oft rial,asagai nstt hei nqui sitorialsyst em whi ch
i
susedi nmostcount riesinEur ope..I nt hei nqui sitor i
alsyst ems, thet rialisbased
ont hei deaofani nqui ry.Thecour tplaysanact iver oleinget t
ingt ot het r
ut h.The
j
udgecal lsandquest ionst hewi t
nesses, andi nsomepl acesl i
keFr ance, aspeci al
j
udge, cal l
eda“ juged’ i
nstruction” ,issomet imesi nvol vedi nt hepr eliminar y
i
nvest i
gat ionsaswel l
.Thebasi soft heaccusat or i
alsyst em i sthatt hePr osecut i
on
hast opr ovet hegui ltoft hedef endantonachar gewhi chhasbeensel ected.The
evidencei scal l
edf irstbyt hePr osecut i
onandcanbechal lengedbyt heDef encei n
cross- exami nat ion.Thej udgesi tsast heumpi reorr efereet oensur ethej ust iceof
thet ri
alandt hef actf indingt ri
bunali st hej ur y
(withsomepoi nt sl eftoutandot her sadded)

Reading:
I
.Answerwi t
hf ullsent
ences.
1.Howdi dthecommonl awbeginlif
e?Whydi ditgett hatname?Whatdi ditt
ake
over
from?Why?Whatcoul daKi ngdoi nthe12thcentury?Howdi dthecommonl aw
spread?
2.Whathappenedwhent hecommonl awwasadopt edinothercountries?
3.Whatdi dthenewl egalsystem oft
hekings’CourtsatWest minsterhave?
4.Whatwast hemainmi ssionoftheInnsofCour t
?
UnitSix:l
aw–r elatedtopi
cs Sect i
onOne–Par tOne

5.Whatistheori
ginofmostlegalter
msi nEngli
sh?Whatexampl
eisgi
veni
nthe
text
?
6.Whatarethemaincharact
erist
icsoringr
edient
soft
hecommonl aw?
a/Whatdoestheconceptofprecedentmean?
b/Whatisajury?

30
I
I.Compl
etewi
thi
deasf
rom t
het
ext
.

- Onemaj ordif
ferencebetweenthecommonl awandthecivi
llawsystemsisi
n
theform ofatri
al.
1.Thecommonl awoper at
eswiththeaccusat
ori
alsyst
em.(Whatisit
sbasis?)
____
_ _
______
________
____
_ _
___
_____
____
_____
____
_____
___
__ _
____
____
__ _
_
____
_ _
______
________
____
_ _
___
_____
____
_____
____
_____
___
__ _
____
____
__ _
_
____
_ _
______
________
____
_ _
___
_____
____
_____
____
_____
___
__ _
____
____
__ _
_
____
_ _
______
________
____
_ _
___
_____
____
_____
____
_____
___
__ _
____
____
__ _
_

2.Ci
vill
awcountr
iesusetheinqui
sit
ori
alsyst
em.(Whati
sthetr
ialbasedon?)
__
______
___
___
_____
____
_ _
______
_____
____
_____
___
___
___
____
_______
_____
_
__
______
___
___
_____
____
_ _
______
_____
____
_____
___
___
___
____
_______
_____
_
__
______
___
___
_____
____
_ _
______
_____
____
_____
___
___
___
____
_______
_____
_
__
______
___
___
_____
____
_ _
______
_____
____
_____
___
___
___
____
_______
_____
_
__
______
___
___
_____
____
_ _
______
_____
____
_____
___
___
___
____
_______
_____
___
____
_
__
______
___
___
_____
____
_ _
______
_____
____
_____
___
___
___
____
______

I
II
.Vocabul
ary:

- Choosecor
rectanswer
.
1.“Thecommonl awtookoverf
rom thelocalcust
oms”means:
a/Thecommonl awusedthelocalcustoms.
b/Thecommonl awrepl
acedthelocalcustoms.

2.“Anewl
egalsystem gr
ewupf r
om t
heKings’ Court
s”means:
a/Anewlegalsyst
em devel
opedf
rom t
heKi ngs’Court
s.
b/Anewlegalsyst
em becamemoreimportantfrom t
heki
ngs’Cour
ts.

3.Theter
m“Middl
eAges”r
efersto:
a/t
heperi
odofEur
opeanhistor
yfrom aboutAD1100toAD1500.
b/t
heperi
odofEur
opeanhistor
yfrom aboutAD600toAD1000.

_
___
___
___
___
___
___

Uni
tSi
x:LegalEngl
ish:nonexper
tmat
eri
al(
cont
.)Sect
ionOne-Par
t
Two

Bef
orer
eadi
ng.

.Act
I ivi
tyOne:Gi
veyourownanswer
stot
hef
oll
owi
ng.
31
 1.Doyouknowt heFr
enchfort
hef
oll
owi
ng?
-respectforhumanright
s -moneylaunder
ing
-corrupti
on -embezzlement
-racketeeri
ng -mi smanagementofpubl
icaf
fai
rs
-goodgover nance -abuseofpower

a/Whichofthem areoft
enhear di
nnewsr eport
sonMadagascar ?
b/Whichofthem maybr i
ngtroublet
opeopl eandleadt hem t
ocourt
?
2.WhatdoyouknowaboutSout hAfr
ica?
a/Whatdoesitspopulati
onconsistof?
b/Whichracediditusetober ul
edbybef orethe1990’s?Whatwasitspol
icy
basedon?
c/Whyisitcall
edar ai
nbownat i
on?
3.Whatdoyouknowaboutt hesepeople?
=JacobZuma -TaboMbeki -Nel sonMandel a.

I
I.Act
ivi
tyTwo:Readt hef oll
owingthenscanthetextandcompl
ete:
1.JacobZumai s.........
2.JacobZumai schar gedwi t
h...........
3.JacobZuma’ sl egalt roubl
esarenotoverbecause...........
4.Thecour t
sofl awment i
onedinthetextar
e..........
5.ChrisNichol
soni s............
6.Thecount r
y’shi ghestcour ti
s.........
7.MrZuma’ sPar tyi s...............
8.Fort hi
syear’
sel ections,thePartyhasdeci
dedt hat
.....

Readi
ng:JACOBZUMAFACI
NGREI
NSTATEMENTOFCORRUPTI
ONCHARGES.
(
BBCWor
ldSer
vice/NewsHour
:Januar
y12,
2009)

Today,
theHeadofSouthAfr
ica’
srul
ingPar
tycoul
dfacet
ri
alagai
n.ACour
tsays
cor
rupt
ionchar
gessti
llst
and.

TheSupremeCour tofAppeali
nSouthAfri
cahasovertur
nedar ul
ingthatt
hrewout
cor
rupt
ionchargesagainstt
heleaderoft
hegoverni
ngANC, JacobZuma.Thej udge
sai
dtherewereseveraler
ror
sintheprevi
ousrul
ing.Pet
erBil
esreport
s,

JacobZumawashopi ngthattoday’
sjudgementwouldt akehim astepcloserto
beingclear
edofanyi nvol
vementi ncorr
upti
on.Buthi
sl egaltr
oublesarenotover ,
theSupremeCour tofAppealinBloemfontei
nhasoverturnedtheruli
ngl astyearby
theHighCourtj
udgeChr i
sNicholson,whodeclar
edthepr osecut
ionofMrZumat o
havebeeninval
id.Italsosai
dt heCourthadoverst
eppedt heli
mitsofitsauthori
tyin
expressi
ngpoli
ti
calviews.

Uni
tSi
x:LegalEngl
ish:nonexper
tmat
eri
al(
cont
inued) Sect
ionOne-Par
t
Two

St
atePr
osecut
orssayt
heyar
epl
easedwi
tht
oday’
sjudgement
.Andasf
arast
hey

32
areconcerned,JacobZumanowr emainschar gedi nconnect ionwithamaj orarms
deal.Thecloutofcorrupt
ion,fraud, r
acket
eer i
ngandmoneyl aunderingwi l
lbe
hangingoverhim dur i
ngthefor t
hcomi ngelectioncampai gn.However ,heisnow
certai
ntoappealt othecountry’shighestcour t
, t
heConst i
tuti
onalCour t
.
MrZuma’ sParty,t
heAfricanNat ionalCongress, remai nsfi
ercel
yl oyalandis
standingsoli
dlybehindhim.TheANCsayst oday’sj udgementwi llnotaffectthe
Party’
sdecisionthatMrZumashoul dbeitspr esidentialcandidateinthisyear ’
s
el
ect i
ons.

Fur
therReadi
ng:
-Answerwithful
lsentences:
1.Whydi dtheSupremeCour tofAppealrej
ectear
li
err
uli
ngbyt
heHi
ghCourt?
2.HowdoPr osecut
orsfeelwiththej
udgement?Whatdoesi
tmeani
nrealt
erms?
3.Whatwi l
ltheANCl eaderprobabl
ydo?
4.Whati st
heANC’ spositi
on?

Str
uctures.
- Coul d:expr
essi
ngpossi
bil
it
iesorsomethingpossi
bleinthef
utureorpresent
.
Ex:TheHeadofSout hAf
ri
ca’
srulingPar
tycouldfacetr
ialagai
n.
=Itispossi
blet
hatt
heHeadofSout hAf
rica’
sruli
ngPar t
ywil
lfacetr
ialagai
n.

- Nowuse‘ coul
d’inthef
ollowing:
1.Iti
spossibl
ethattheprosecutionofMrZumai sinval
id.
2.Iti
spossibl
ethatMrZumawi llappealt
othehi ghestcourt.
3.Iti
spossibl
ethattheConstit
utionalCour
twillclearMrZumaofcor rupti
on
charges.
4.Iti
spossibl
ethattheConstit
utionalCour
twillrejectt
heSupr emeCourtrul
ing.
5.Iti
spossibl
ethattheANCwi llchooseadiff
erentcandi dat
eincaseMrZumai s
convict
ed.

Ext
ension:
1.Pai rdiscussi
on:Whencor rupti
onchargessti
llst
andagainstafavour
ite
poli
tici
aninyourparty,ar
eyouagai nstori
nfavourofchoosingthem asa
candidateforthepr
esidency?
2.Revi ew:Progressi
vesubstitut
ionbasedonFur t
herReadi
ng.
_
__ __
____
______
_

33
Languagef ocus
1.LANGUAGEFUNCTI ONS:( DIS) AGREEI NG.
1.1.Exami necar efully:
1.Thef ol lowi ngi sfrom t het ext:
-Thef ourmor eliber aljust i
ceshar shl ydi ssent ed.(par a-3)
=Thef ourmor el i
ber alj usticesent irelydi sagr eed.
(Her e, thewr iterexpr essesdi sagr eement )
2.Mor eexampl es:
(i
)A:Devel opi ngcount rieshaveneveradopt edacommonappr oacht odebt
problems.
B:Yes, that ’sr i
ght .
(i
i)
A:Weneedsever epuni shment si fwedon’ twantpeopl et obr eakt hel aw.
B:Idon’ tt hinkt hat ’sr i
ght .
3.Lingui sticexpr essions.
a/AGREEI NG b/DI SAGREEI NG
-Yes, that ’sr ight/t hat ’
st rue. –Idon’ tt hinkt hat ’
sr i
ght .
-Ient ir elyagr ee. –Ient ir
elydi sagr ee.
-Yes, Iagr ee. –Oh, Idon’ tagr ee.
-Oh, exact ly/def initely/absol ut ely. –That ’swr ong/nott rue( sur el
y).
-You’ rer ight . –Youmustbej oki ng.
1.2.Pr act ice.
1.2.1.Askf oropi nionont heunder li
nedwor dsorexpr essi ons, expressopi nion
usingthest atement ,thenr eactt oi tbyagr eei ngordi sagreei ngandgi ver easons.
1.Aneconomi cgr oupi ngi sj ustanot herf orm ofpr otect ioni sm atar egional
level
.
=i tissomet imescl osedt ot heout sidewor ldi nmat t
er soft rade.
=i tr emai nsopent ocooper ationandt radewi ththeout sidewor ldtoal ar ge
extent.
2.Aneconomi cgr oupi ngi sagoodwayofpr omot i
ngt r adeamongdi ff
erent
count r
iesi n
apar ti
cul arr egi on.
=mostoft hem f i
ndi teasyt ot radebet weent hemsel ves.
=t hepr obl em i st heirmaj ort radi ngpar t
ner sar eoftenout sidet heregion, t
ake
within
SADC, M/ car ,whosemaj ort radi ngpar tneri sFrancei nEur ope.
st
3.Chi nawi llbeakeypl ayeri nwor l
daf fairsint his21 cent ury.
=now, chi nai stradi ngnear l
ywi thever ycont i
nent ,it
’sexpandi ng
economi cal l
y;
=Chi nai sst il
lfarbehi ndEur opeandJapan.
4.Pr e- trialdet ent ioni sanecessi ty.
=mostcr imi nal swi l
lr unawayunl esst heyar ekepti ncust odybef or ethei r
tri
al.
=i tisof t
ent ool ongi nourcount ryassomepeopl emayspendupt o10or15
yearsin
pr isonwi thoutbei ngt ri
ed.
1.2.2.Compl et et hef ollowi ng.
1/A:Somei nnocentpeopl earewr ongl yi mpr isoned.
B:_ _ __ ____ ____ ______ _____ __
__ _( agr eeing)
2/A:Al otofar mychi efst hinkabat t l
efieldist hebestpl acet oendl ife;
B:_ _ __ ____ ____ ______ _____ __
__Per hapst hegener alsandt hecol onelsf eelso,

34
 butnott
her
ecr
uit
s.(
disagr
eei
ng)

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

2.STRUCTURES:PASSI VETRANSFORMATI ON
2.1.Exami necar eful l
y.
1.Thef ollowi ngi sf rom t het ext :
-Jur orsmustbet oldofevi denceofment alretardat i
on.(lastpara-)
Thi si sthepassi vet ransf ormat i
onof :
-Thecour tmustt elljur or sofevi denceofment alretardation.
2.Mor eexampl esonpassi vet r
ansf ormat ion.
a/Si mpl et ransf ormat ions.
A:Int heU. K., thegover nmentwr it
est hespeechf ortheQueen.
P:Int heU. K., thespeechi swr itt
enf ort heQueenbyt hegover nment.
A:Theyhaveacqui ttedt hepol iceof fi
cerofchar gesofmur der.
P:Thepol i
ceof ficerhasbeenacqui ttedofchar gesofmur der.
b/Ver b+pr eposi t
ion.
A:Theyhavet ur neddownani ndependentenqui ryont heaf fai
r.
P:Ani ndependentenqui ryont heaf fairhasbeent urneddown.
c/Ver bswi tht woobj ect shavet wopossi bl etransf ormations:give,off
er,show,
pay,
promi se, tell,teach, recommend, ...
A:Thel awyerhasgi vent hecour tnewevi dence.
P:(i
)Thecour thasbeengi vennewevi dence.
(i
i)Newevi dencehasbeengi ven( to)t hecour t.
d/Theconst r uct ions“ Peopl et hink/consi der/know...t hathei s...“havetwo
possibl
e
passi vefor ms:
(i
) I tist hought/consi dered/known...t hathei s...
(i
i) Hei st hought/consi der ed/known...t obe...
A:Al lthewi tnessescl aimedt hathewasgui l
ty.
P:(i)Itwascl ai medt hathewasgui l
ty;
(ii
)Hewascl ai medt obegui lty.
e/Ver b+i nf i
ni tivewi thout“ to”i ntheact ive.
A:Isawt hel awyerent ert hecour troom.
P:Thel awyerwasseent oent ert hecour troom.
Not ethat“ let ”r emai nswi t
hout“ to”int hepassi ve:
A:Thepol i
cel ett heconvi ctgoaway;
P:Theconvi ctwasl etgoaway.
2.2.Pr actice.
1.Rewr itewi tht hebegi nni nggi ven
a/Thepol i
cehavemadehi mt ellthet ruth.
He_ __ _
__ __ ___ _____ __ ___ ________ _
b/Peopl et hinkt hathecommi tsacr imeagai nstt hest ate.
He_ __ _
__ __ ___ _____ __ ___ ________ _
_ _
c/Theyknowt hathehasr obbedt hebank;

35
 I
t____
_ _
_____________________
______
d/Youshoul daskf ortheadvi ceofabar r
ist
er;
Theadviceofabar rister_______
_______
__
e/Someonewi llshowyout hewayt otheOldBail
ey, t
heLondonCent
ral
Cri
mi nal
Cour
t.
Thewayt otheOl dBai ley______
_______
_____
____
__ __
_
2.Turnintothepassi ve
a/Thecer emonyf orthest ateopeningofParli
amentisheldi
ntheHouseof
Lor
ds.
b/Ther ighttoaf airt
rialcannotbeenj oyedful
lyunlessyoucanaf
for
dalawyer
.

Uni
tSi
x:l
aw-
rel
atedt
opi
cs–t
hel
egalpr
ofessi
on Sect
ionTwo

Pr
eli
minaryquestions:
- Readt hefoll
owingthenreadthet extandcomplet
ewi t
htheter
m whi ch
mat chesthedefini
ti
on.
1._ ______
________
____
___:agroupof12peopl ewhoar er
esponsibleforlooking
atthefactsanddecidewhet hersomeonei si
nnocentorgui
ltyinacr i
mi nal
case.
2._ ______
________
____
___:i
nacr iminalcase,
apersonwhot el
lsthejuryabout
thelawanddeci desonthepuni shments.
3._ ______
________
____
___:alawyerwhopr esent
scasesandappear sinhi gher
courtsinEnglandandWal es.
4._ ______
________
____
___:alawyerwhohascont actswit
hmember softhe
public.

LEGALVOCABULARY
=lawyer–sol
icit
orandbarr
ist
er–judgeandjury=
(
fr
om BBCWor ldServi
ce/Engl
ishi
nQuestion:23November1998)

TheBr i
ti
shlegalsystem i
swell-
knownt hroughoutt
heworld.Andthereisalotof
vocabular
yconnect edwithi
t,i
npar t
icul
arthewords“l
awyer,sol
ici
torandbarri
ster
,
judgeandjury”ref
ertopeopleinthelaw.Inwhatfol
lows,
thesetermsar eexpl
ained
throughaninter
viewwi t
haBar r
isterinLondon.

INTERVI EWER:Fi rst

,whati sabarrist
er?
BARRI STER:Abar ri
sterissomebodywhowor ksi ntheCour tinEngl andandWal es.
Abar r
isterisaqualif
iedlawyer,butalawyerwhoi st r
ainedpar t
icularlyi
npr esenti
ng
casesandi sspeaki
ngi ncourt
.Abar rist
erthereforeappearsi nfrontofaj udgeand
j
ur y,orinsomecasesi nf r
ontofaj udgealone.
INTERVI EWER:Howi st heposit
ionofabar ri
sterdi f
fer
entfrom thatofasol i
citor
?
BARRI STER:Bar r
ist
ersarelawyerswhospeci ali
zeinappear inginCour t
.Barrist
ers
appeari nt hehighercourtsinEnglandandWal es.Andatt hemoment ,soli
citors
aren’tallowedt odoso.Asapr acti
calpoint,barri
stersarenotal l
owedt ohave
cont actswi thmember softhepublic.Andthati swher ethesol i
citorcomesi n.A
solicit
ori sthepersonwhohasanof fi
ce,t
owhom t hemember soft hepubl i
cwi llf
ir
st
gowhent heyhaveapr oblem.Andasol i
cit
ori sresponsibl
ef ortheircasef r
om t he

36
beginning,fr
om t hatfir
stini t
ialmeet i
ngunt i
ltheendoft hecase.Thebar ri
stermay
wellbecomei nvolvedatdi fferentpoi ntst ogiveadviceonapar ticularissueort o
appeari ncour t
.Buti ngener al,thesol icit
orhasconductoft hecasei nt hatway.
INTERVI EWER:So, soli
cit
or sandbar r
istersarebot hki ndsofl awyer s.
BARRI STER:Thatwoul dbef air,yes.Thewor d‘l
awyer ’ i
sver yconf using, becausein
manycount ri
es, t
hereisnodi stinct i
onbet weenasol icit
orandabar rister.So, i
n
Amer i
ca, f
orexampl e,alawyerwi llalsoappeari ncour tandwi l
ldealwi ththecl i
ent
onever ydaybasi s.InEngl and, however ,becauset hereisadi st
inction,thewor d
‘
lawyer ’i
saver ygener alter m, andi tseemst hatitcoul dcoveranybodywho’ sdone
alegalunder graduat edegr ee,andt hereforecouldal soi ncludenotonl yasol ici
tor
andabar ri
ster,butalsoacademi cl awyer ,orsomebodywhodoesal aw- degr eeand
thengoest owor kinacompanyasal awyert here.
INTERVI EWER:Youment ionedt hatabar ri
sterpresent sthecaset oaj udgeandj ur
y.
Canyout el
luswhatt her ulesar ef orthej udgeandt hejur y,i
nat rial?

Uni
tSi
x:l
aw-
rel
atedt
opi
cs–t
hel
egalpr
ofessi
on Sect
ion
Two

BARRI STER:Havi ngaj ur yof12member soft hepubl icisoneoft hemai ntradi ti

ons
oftheEngl ishl egalsyst em.I nacasewher ether ei sjustthej udge, s/heis
responsi blef ordeci dingal lthei ssuesi nt hecase.Buti nacr iminalcase, therewi l
l
beaj udgeandaj ury.I nt hat
sit
uat ion, t
hej udgei sr esponsi blefordeci dingt hear easofl awi nt hecase, andt he
j
ur yar eresponsi blef orl ooki ngatt hef acts.So, ifIcangi veyouanexampl e,ifi na
cri
mi nalcase, amani schar gedwi thhi tti
nganot herman, thejur ywi l
ldecide
whet herornothei sgui lt
y, andt hej udge, attheendoft hetrial,havingcont rolledthe
l
egali ssuest hroughoutt het ri
al,willthendeci dewhatpenal tyheshoul dgeti fhei s
foundgui lty.
INTERVI EWER:So, aj uryi sagr oupof12peopl e.Thei rjobist odeci deifsomeonei s
i
nnocentorgui lt
y, andaj udgecont rolstheCour t,advi sest hej uryaboutt hel awand
decidesont hepuni shment s.
_
_ __
__ ________ __
Furtherr eadi ng:
- Answerwi t
hf ullsent ences.
1.Whati sthedi fferencebet weenasol i
citorandabar ri
steri nEngl and?
2.Wi thregar dt ot hei deaofl awyer ,whatdi f
fer enceist her ebet weenAmer i
ca
andEngl and?Whatcanyousayaboutt hesi tuati
oni nM/ car ?
3.Thi stextt al
ksaboutt womai nchar acteristicsoft heBr i
tishl egalsyst em.
Whatar et hey?
4.Doest hej udget akeupt hesamer oleornoti nacasewher et hereisj usta
judgeandi nacasewi thaj udgeandaj ur y?Expl ain.
___ ________
Funct ions:enqui ri
esaboutl anguage
I
.Exami necar efull
y.
1.Thef oll
owi ngi sf rom t het ext:
=Whati sabar rister ?
2.Mor eexampl es:
a/Whati saPr osecut or ?
=Whatdoes“ Pr osecut or”mean, please?

37
 b/Whatisadefendant?
=What’
sthemeani ngofthewor d“
defendant ”
,pl
ease?
c/Whatisaplai
ntif
f?
=Whatdoesthewor d“plai
nti
ff
”mean, please?
d/Whatisawitness?
=Idon’
tknow/understandtheword“wi t
ness”.Canyouhel
pme?

I
I.Linguist
icexpressi
ons:
- Whati s____
______
_______?
- Whatdoes( theword)“ _
______
_______
__”mean, please?
- Whati sthemeaningoft heword“ _
_______
__”,pl
ease?
- Idon’ tknow/understandthewor d“____
_____
__ ”
.Canyouhelpme?
- Whati stheFrenchfor“____
___”,
please?/Whati stheEngl
ishf
or“
___
___
__”
,
please?

II
I.Pr
act
ice:I
npai
rs,pr
act
iseenqui
ri
ngaboutandgi
vingthemeani
ngoft
he
f
oll
owing:
- penallaw–ajury–ajudge–asol i
cit
or–abarr
ister
.

Uni
tSi
x:l
aw-
rel
atedt
opi
cs–t
hel
egalpr
ofessi
on Sect
ionTwo

St
ruct
ures:
I
.Examinecaref
ullytheseexampl esfr
om thetext
:
- Abarrist
erworksinthecour tinEnglandandWales.
- Abarrist
erappearsinfrontofajudgeandj ur
y.
- Barri
ster
sspeciali
zeinappear i
ngincour t
.
- Barri
ster
sappeari nthehighercourt
si nEngl
andandWal
es.
- Abarrist
erpresentsthecaset oajudgeandjury.

I
I.Quest
ions.

1.Whattenseisusedi
nt hoseexampl es?Whyisit?Whendoweusei
t?What
canyousayaboutthet hi
rdpersonsingul
ar?
2.Coul
dyout hi
nkofotherusesoft heSimpl
ePr esentt
ense?

I
II
.Pr
act
ice.
- Coul
dyout al
kaboutwhatthefoll
owingdo?
1.ajudge( i
nacrimi
nalcase),
2.ajury(i
nacasewi t
haj udgeandjury),
3.asolici
tor(i
ntheBr
it
ishlegalsyst
em),
4.alawyer(inAmeri
ca),
5.alawyer(intheMal
agasylegalsystem).

Fur
theract
ivi
ti
es
- Practi
sereadi
ngoutt
het
alki
npai
rs.Changer
olesaf
tereachpr
act
ice.

_
___
___
___
___
___

38
Uni
tSi
x:l
aw-
rel
atedt
opi
cs–const
it
uti
onall acy–Sect
aw/democr ion
Thr
ee

Pre-TextQuest ions:
-Accordi
ngt owhatyouknow, saywhet hert
hefol
lowi ngar eTRUEorFALSE.Ifyou
thinkthestatementi sf al
se, correctit
.
1.Inademocr acy, peoplegot ot hepollsregul
arl
y,whet hert oel
ectaParl
iament
oraPr esi
dent .
2.Inanel ectioni nademocr acy,peopl eareusual
lygi vent hechoi
cebetweenat
l
easttwocandi dat es.
3.Peopledonotenj oyther ighttovot einademocr acy.
4.Inademocr acy, peoplecannotspeakandexpr esst heiropini
onf r
eel
y,t
heydo
notenjoyther ightt oaf r
eedom ofexpr essionandopinion.
5 Atat i
meofel ect ions,theremaybel ongqueuesatpol lingstati
ons.
6.Biometr i
cel ectionsar enotsomet hingnewi nAfrica.

-Nowr
eadt
het
extandseewhet
heryouranswer
sar
econf
ir
med.

ELECTI
ONDAYINGHANA:Fri
day7December,
2012
(BBCWor
ldSer
vice–NewsBri
ef/Fr
iday7December2012)

Ghanahasbeenwi delypraisedasanef fect

ivedemocracyi nAfri
ca>Sincetheendof
mi l
it
aryr ul
ether
e20year sago, powerhasbeenhandedoverpeacef ul
lytwice.And
withGhanai anstodayagai nvot i
ngtoelectaParli
amentandanewPr esident,
outon
thestreetsofAccra,peopl eexpectthi
ngst ogosmoot hlyoncemor e.
-“Ithinkthi
selecti
oni sveryimpor t
antforGhanaians.Iwanteverybodyt ocome
outandvot emassively,andthenever yt
hingisgoi
ngwel l,ever
ythi
ngiscool .
”
-“It
’sgoingtobever ygood.We’ r
egoingt odeci
de,wel l
,ononeperson.So, we’
re
notgoi ngsecondr ound.Ibelieveso.”
39
 I
nt hepr esident ialr ace, t
hepol lspr edictatightracebet weent het womai n
candi dates.So, ar et herel ongqueuesatt hepol li
ngst ations?Justbef or ewewenton
air,
IaskedBBC’ sSammyDar ko, i
nAccr a,
-“
Yes, i
ndeed, t her earel ongqueuesi nalmostal lt he26, 000pol l
ingcent r
esint he
count rywher evot ingi staki ngpl acer i
ghtnow.Thequeuesext endbeyondt he
perimet erthathasbeendesi gnat edf orvoti
ng.Andpeopl ecamei nqui teearly,some
camei nasear lyasf ourhour sbef orepol l
sopenher e.Andt hatdoesexpl ai
nwhy
therei ssomechaosi ncer taincent resbecausepeopl ear ecompet ingoverwho
shoul dvot efirst.It hinkpeopl ear ever yenthusi asti
candpassi onat eaboutvot i
ng.”
Andt heseel ect ionsar eput tingsomewest ernnat i
onst oshame, aren’tthey?,
becauset hesear ebi omet ri
cel ect i
ons,
-“I
ndeed, thisi st hef i
rstt i
meGhanai sstar t
ingbi omet ri
cvot erexer cise.Andi t’
s
beenver ysmoot h, Imean, befor etheel ecti
ons, peopl ewer ewor r
iedabout
breakdownofequi pment s,aboutpeopl enotknowi nghowt odoi t.Buti nter
estingly,
manypeopl ear egoi ngt hrought hepr ocesssuccessf ull
y.”
Andwhatbi omet ricinformat i
ondot hevotersact ual l
yhavet osuppl y?
-“Dur ingther egi stration, allthatyouneedi syourI Dcar d.Andi nt hi
sI Dcar d,it
hasyournameandyournumber .So, whatyoudoi st hatyoupr esentyourI Dcardt o
theof fi
ceri nchar ge.Theywi llscani t
,andt henyouwi l
lhavet obr ingt hreeofyour
fi
nger s,justfort hem t obeabl et or ecordandseei fi tmat cheswi tht hedat aont heir
screen.I fitmat ches, yougo
UnitSi x:law- r
elat edt opics–const ituti
onallaw/democr acy Sect i
onThr ee

through, andt henyouj ustdipyourl ef tthumbi ntoani nk, andt henyou’ r

egi vent he
papert hathast hephotographsorpi ctur esofthevar i
ouscandi dates.So, yout humb
theonet hatyouwantt ovotefor .Andt henyoupl acei tinabal lot-box, andyou’ r
e
done.“
Nowt herear etwomai ncandi datesi nt hepresidentialrace.JohnDr amani
Mahamaonl ytookoveraspr esi dentl astJul yafterthesuddendeat hofJohnAt t
a
Mi l
ls,whi leMrAkuf o-
Addo, henar rowl ylostthelastelectionsf ouryear sago.So,
coul dtheseel ecti
onsgoei therway?
-“Indeed, somehavecal l
edi tacl oser ace, t
oocloset ocal l.Andt hati sthe
situati
onher e.So,asIspeakt oyou, t het wocampsar ever yunsur e.Ther e’sanxi ety
alloverbecausei tcouldgoei t
herway.Ther earesever alpollst hathaveputei therof
them ahead.Butonet hingiscer tai
n, manyoft hesepol lsandmanypeopl eher e
believet hatit’
sgoingtobeaf i
r stroundel ecti
on,sot hatwhoeverwi llwinwi llnot
needgot oasecondr oundbef or ehecanbedecl aredasaPr esident.Andt hatist he
expectat ionsofmanyGhanai ans, t
hatt heyvot eonceandf orallsot heycoul dget
i
nt otheChr i
stmasmood. ”

-I ncasesomeofyouranswer sar enotconfir

medbyyourr eadi
ng, askforyour
Teacher’sopi ni
on.
_ _
_ ___
____
_
FurtherReading.
-Readt hefoll
owing, thengobackt othetextandwr i
tetheanswer sintheform of
notes.
1.WhyhasGhanabeenpr aisedasanef f
ectivedemocracyi nAfr
ica?
2.AsGhanahasal readyli
vedt hroughtwopeacef ultr
ansfersofpower ,whatdo
peopleint hestreet
sofAccr aexpect ?
3.I nthepr esi
dentialrace,whatdot hepol l
spredict
?

40
 4.Whatar ethereinal mostallpooli
ngcentresinthecountry?
5.Whatsor tofelectionisi
nitsfir
stusei nGhana?
6.Intermsofbiomet ri
cinf
ormat i
on,whatdovot ershavetosupply,apartfr
om
fi
ngerpr
int
ing?
7.Whathappensaf t
erthevoterhasgiventheirbiometri
cident
ifi
cation?(Gi
vethe
vari
ousstepsthevot erhastogot hrough)
8.Whoar et
hetwomai ncandidatesi
nt heGhanaianpresident
ialrace?
9.Whyar ethetwocampsver yanxious?
10.Whatdopol l
sandmanypeopl ebelieve?

I
I.I
nparagraphone,
findasynonym f
oreachofthef
oll
owi
ng:
1.tr
ansferr
ed,
2.goingtothepol
ls.
3.gowi t
houtanyprobl
em norcompli
cat
ion.

I
II
.Fi
ndt
wosynonymoust
ermsi
nthef
ir
sthal
foft
het
ext
.

_
___
___
___
__

Uni
tSix:l
aw-
rel
atedt
opi
cs-cr
imi aw-USchi
nall l
dgui
lt
yofmot
her
’s
murder Sect
ionFour

Bef
orer
eadi
ng.

1.Doyout
hinki
tisagoodt
hingt
oteachchi
ldr
enhowt
ouseagunoraweapon?

2.You’
regoingtor
eadanart
icl
ewhoseti
tl
eis‘USchil
dguil
tyofmother
’s
murder
’.Guesswhet
hert
hesesent
encesar
et r
ue(T)orf
alse(F)
:
a.AnAme r
icanteenagershotandki l
ledhisownmot her
.T/F
b.Theboys hothismot hereightti
meswi thhergun.T/F
c.Theboy ’
smot hertaughthim howtouseagunf orsel
f-def
ense.T/F
d.Themot heralwaystreatedhersonwi thgreatloveandkindness.T/F
e.Theboyhasbe ensentencedt o23yearsinprison.T/F
f.USlawsayschi ldr
encanonl yserveamaxi mum of18year sinprison.T/F
g.Theboy ’
slawyersaidhewast ooyoungt ounder st
andwhathedi d.T/F
h.Aps ychol
ogistsaidtheboywasment all
yandphysi cal
lyabused.T/F

3. Mat
chthei
temsi
ncol
umnAwi
tht
hosei
nB
A B
1.argument a.shoutedat
2chor es b.youngster
3.j
uvenile c.att
orney
4.witnessed d.fi
ght
5.scolded e.jobs
6.l
awyer f.saw

41
 7.r
uled g.deci
ded

4.Mat cht hefoll

owi ngphrases:
A B
1.foundgui lt
y a.onwi t
hherson
2anar gument b.scoldingandsl appinghim
3.uset heweaponf oremer genci
esand c.ofmur der
4.MsMadr i
ddidnotget d.handsofanAr izonajudge
5.Madr idhadaqui ckt emperandoft
en e.f orsel
f-defense
6.Thef utureoftheboyi snowinthe f
.overhischor es
7.ajuveni l
ecanonl ybehel d g.andment alabuse
8.theboydi dnotevenunder standwhath.yel l
edatandsl appedtheboy
9.heonl ywant edtogetbackatherf or i .wasgoingon
10.theboyhadsuf fer edphysi
cal j.unti
lhebecomes18

5.Nowr
eadt
hear
ti
cleandseewhet
heryouranswer
sin(
2)and(
4)ar
econf
ir
med.

UnitSi
x:l
aw-r
elat
edt
opi
cs-cr
imi aw USchi
nall ldgui
lt
yofmot
her
’smur
der
Secti
onFour

Readi
ng: U.
S.chi
ldgui
lt
yofmot
her
’smur
der
A12- year-oldboyi ntheUnit
edSt at
eshasbeenf oundgui l
t yofmur der.
Thechi ldshotandki l
ledhismother,Sar
aMadr id, 34,afteranar gument
overhi schores.Hecannotbenamedbecausehei sst i
llaj uvenile.The
courthear dhewassoangr ythathegothismot her ’sgunf rom her
bedroom andshotherei ghtt
imes.MsMadr i
d’spar tner,AlfonsoMunoz,
witnessedt heshooting.Hesaidtheboyhandedhi mt heempt ygunaf ter
hehadf i
nishedshoot i
ng.Munozt ol
dthecourthet aughtt heboyhowt o
uset heweaponf oremergenci
esandf orself
-defense.Localnewspaper s
reportedthatMsMadr iddidnotgetonwi t
hherson.Hersi st ertoldthe
courtthatMadr idhadaqui cktemperandof t
enyel ledat ,scol dedand
slappedt heboy.

Thefutureoftheboyisnowi nthehandsofanAr i
zonajudge,JamesL.
Conlogue.Hewi l
lsent
encethe12- year
- ol
donJanuar ythe23rd.
Prosecutorswanttheboytoreceivethesamesent enceasanadul t.
However, t
hisi
simpossibl
eunderU. S.law,whichst atesajuvenil
ecan
onlybehelduntilhebecomes18.Theboy' slawyer ,SanfordEdleman,
arguedthattheboycouldnotbet ri
edasanadul tbecausehewasso
young.Edlemansai dt
heboydi dnotevenunder standwhatwasgoi ng
on.Hesai dtheboydidnotintendtokil
lhismot herandt hatheonly
wantedtogetbackatherf orscoldi
ngandsl appinghi m.Thejudgeruled

42
thecaseshoul
dstayinthejuveni
lecourtaf
terapsychol
ogi
stsai
dthe
boyhadsuffer
edphysicalandmentalabusefrom hi
smother
.

Fur
therReadi
ng:
- Readt hefol
lowingthengot hr
oughtheart
icl
eagai
nandanswerthem.
1.Anumberoft hingshaveledtothemurderofMsSaraMadri
d,whatar
ethey?
2.WhatdoPr osecutor
swant ?Whyisthi
snotpossibl
e?
3.Whatar gument sdidtheboy’sl
awyerputfor
wardforhi
sdef
ence?
4.Whatdi dthejudgedecide?Why?

St
ruct
ures:Pickoutinstancesof:
1.modal s+i nfi
nit
ive–t o.
2.reportedspeechandputt hem i
ntodi
rectspeech.
3.acombi neduseofsi mplepastandpastperfect
.
_
______

U.
S.chi
ldgui
lt
yofmot her’
smur der–4t
hJanuar
y,2009
Fr
om www.Br
eakingNewsEnglish.
com
_
_____
_ _
_____
_

Uni
tSi
x:l
aw-
rel
atedt
opi
cs=penall
aw/cr
imi
nall
aw Sect
ionFi
ve

Befor
er eading:
I.Mat
chsynonyms.
1.convi ct a. high-ranking
2.widespr ead b.hor r
ible/fri
ghteni
ng
3.civilwar c.judgedi ncourt
4.count( n.) d.washappywi th
5.seni or e.per i
odoft enyears
6.appal li
ng f.fi
ndsomeonegui l
ty
7.decade g.accusat ion
8.wel comed h.overal argearea
9.tr
ied i
.warbet weengr oupsinthesame
countr
y.

I
I.Readthefollowingthenr eadt hereportandsaywhet hertheyar etrue( T)orfalse
(
F).
1.I ti
snotasur priseiftheUN- backedCour thasf oundt hreeRUFl eader sguil
tyof
cri
mesagai nsthumani tyandwarcr imesbecauset heRevol uti
onar yUni t
ed
Frontcarri
edoutl otsofat r
ociti
esduringt hecivilwari nSierraLeone.
2.I nter
msofconvi cti
on,therei snodiff
erencebet weent hethreemenf oral
lof
them arefoundgui l
tyonsi mi l
arcountsofcr imesagai nsthumani tyandwar
cri
mes.
3.Theseat r
ocit
iesr el
atedt otwot hi
ngs:cut t
ingof ft
hel i
mbsofci vil
iansandt he
useofchildsoldiers.
4.Thet hreemencoul dbesentt oprisonforaf ewyear s.
5.TheCour thasincor poratedforcedmar ri
agei ntocr i
mesagai nsthumani t
y

43
 alt
houghmostwomenandgir
lswer
efreetochooset
hei
rhusbandsamongt
he
rebelcommander
s.
_
_____
___
___
_ _
____
_

Readi
ng:ONTHEUN–BACKEDSPECIALCOURTFORSIERRALEONE.
(BBCWorl
dServi
ce/26Febr
uar
y,2009)

TheUN- backedSpeci alCour tforSi erraLeonehasconvi ctedt hreel eader softhe

RevolutionaryUni tedf r
ontr ebelgr oupofcr imesagai nsthumani tyandwarcr i
mes.
TheRUFcommi tt
edwi despr eadat r
oci tiesdur ingt heci vi
lwarwhi chendedi n2002.
OurWestAf ri
cacor r
espondent ,WillRoss, repor ts,
- “ IssaSesayandMor ri
sKal l
onwer econvi ctedon16count sofwarcr i
mesand
crimesagai nsthumani t
y.August ineGbaowasf oundgui ltyon14count s.The
threemenwer et hemostseni orsur vivingmember soft heRevol utionary
Uni t
edFr ontofRUF, ar ebelgr oupr esponsi bl ef orthemostappal li
ng
atrocit
iesinSi erraLeone.Thesei ncludedsexualvi olence, cut t
ingof fthe
li
mbsofci vili
ansandusi ngchi l
dsol dier s.Thet hreemencoul dnowbesent
tojailf
orsever aldecades.ThePr osecut oratt heSpeci alCour tforSierra
Leone, StephenRapp, wel comedt hedeci si
onandsai di tsentoutast rong
message, ‘
Wewantt osendasi gnalt ol eader swhocanmakedeci sions,who
canmakedeci sionsabouthowt heyar egoi ngt oconductt hemsel veswhen
theymi ghtt rytobei npower , ifthat’swhatt heyseek.Weneedt ohavet hat
messaget ot hem i fpeopl ear egoi ngt obepr ot ectedf rom theki ndof
atrocit
iesthatweoccur redher ei nthiscount r
y.’
Forthef i
rsttime, t hesel atestconvi cti
onsi ncludedf orcedmar ri
ageasa
cri
meagai nsthumani t y.Dur i
ngt hewar ,manywomenandgi rl
swer ef orcedto
j
oint herebelsandwer eor deredt obecomet hewi vesofcommander s.Onl y
thosewhobor ethegr eat estr esponsi bi
lityforcr imesdur i
ngSi erraLeone’ swar
havebeent r
ied. ”
(Wi l
lRoss)
UnitSix:law-relatedt opics=penall aw/cr iminall aw Sect i
onFi ve

Af
terr
eadi
ng:

.Answerusi
I ngf ul
lsentences.
1.Whataret hethreeRUFl eadersconvict
edof?Why?
2.Asfarastheirconvict
ioni sconcerned,whatdif
fer
encei
sther
ebet
weent
hem?
3.Whatdidtheat roci
ti
esrel at
eto?
4.Howdi dthePr osecut
orf eelaboutthedeci
sion?Why?

I
I.Pr
ogr essi
vesubst i
tut
ionorvanishingwords.Usethef
oll
owingforthattask.
1.TheRevol utionaryUni t
edFrontrebelgr
oupcommi t
tedappal
li
ngat r
oci t
iesin
SierraLeone.
2.Theseat rociti
esincludedsexualviol
ence,cut
ti
ngofft
heli
mbsofci vi
liansand
usingchildsol di
ers.
3.TheCour thasconvi ct
edthethreeRUFl eader
sofcr
imesagainsthumani t
yand
warcr i
mes.
4.I ssaSesayandMor risKall
onwer econvict
edon16countsofwarcr i
mesand
crimesagai nsthumani ty.
5.August i
neGbaowasf oundguilt
yon14count s.

44
 6.Thet
hreemencoul
dnowbesentt
ojai
lforsever
aldecades.

I
I.Repor
I t:Nowcouldyouputyourt
extasi
deandtal
kabouttheUNSpeci
alCour
tfor
Si
err
aLeone,whati
thasdoneandWhy?
(
Usewhatyouhavememor izedf
rom pr
evi
oustask)

_
___
___
___
___
__

Uni
tSi
x:l
aw-
rel
atedt
opi
cs=penall
aw/cr
imi
nall
aw Sect
ionSi
x

Ont
heI
nter
nat
ionalCr
imi
nalTr
ibunalf
orRwanda

TheroleoftheInt
ernat
ionalCriminalTri
bunalforRwandai
stotrysuspect
sor
peopleinvol
vedinthe1994genoci deinRwanda.Thegenocidewassparkedbyt
he
deathoftheRwandanpr esidentJuvenalHabyari
mana,aHutu,whenhispl
anewas
shotdownaboveKi gal
iairporton6Apr i
l1994.

Mostofthedeadwer eTutsi
s-andmostofthosewhoperpetrat
edtheviol
encewere
Hutus.Et
hnictensi
oninRwandaisnothi
ngnew.Ther
ehaveal waysbeen
di
sagreementsbetweenthemajor
it
yHutusandminori
tyTutsis,
buttheanimosi
ty
bet
weent hem hasgrownsubst
anti
all
ysi
ncethecol
onialper
iod.

Thetwoet hni
cgroupsareactual
lyverysimilar-theyspeakthesamel anguage,
i
nhabitthesameareasandf ol
lowthesamet radi
ti
ons.Butwhent heBelgi
an
col
onistsarri
vedi
n1916,theyconsideredtheTutsisassuperiort
ot heHutus.Not
sur
prisi
ngly,t
heTutsi
swelcomedt hisi
dea, andforthenext20yearstheyenjoyed
bet
terjobsandeducati
onalopportuni
ti
esthant heirnei
ghbours.

45
WhenBel gi
um reli
nquishedpowerandgr antedRwandaindependencei
n1962,t
he
Hutustooktheirplace.Oversubsequentdecades,
theTutsi
swereportr
ayedast
he
scapegoatsforeverycrisi
s.

I
nt hisUnit,
theICTforRwandahassecuredtheconvictionofaRwandanPr ime
Ministeratthet
imeofthegenocide.Thef
oll
owingactiviti
eswil
lhelpyouasmostof
t
het ermsandexpr essi
onspresent
edhereareusedint herepor
tsforreadi
ng.

1.Coul
dyougi
vetheFr
enchf
or“pl
eadguil
ty”?
2.Fi
ndonther
ightt
hemeani
ngorsynonym ofwhati
sont
hel
eft
.

-convi ct
ed pleadguil
ty
-genoci de accusati
on/char ge
-count sofgenoci
de accusati
on
-char ge(n.
) foundguilt
y
-crimesagainsthumani
ty i
nprison
-makeapl eaguil
ty makeaf ormalaccusat
ion
-indict hugeanduni maginablecri
mesagai
nst
i
nnocent
peopl
eorser
iouscr
imessuchasmur
der
,
t
ort
ure,
ext
ermi
nat
ion,
depor
tat
ion,
per
secut
ion,
or
r
ape
whencommi
tt
edaspar
tofasyst
emat
ic
pol
icy
di
rectedagainstanycivi
li
anpopulat
ion
-indi
ctment statementmadei nacour tofl
aw
-behindbars chargesofgenocide
-plea condemnation
-convict
ion t
heabsoluteintent
iontoexter
minatea
whol
e
peopl
eorpar
toft
hepeopl
eonet
hni
c,r
aci
al
or
r
eli
giousgr
ounds

Uni
tSi
x:l
aw-
rel
atedt
opi
cs=penall
aw/cr
imi
nall
aw Sect
ionSi
x

-def
endant personwhostar
tsalegalact
ionagai
nst
somebodyi nacourtofl
aw
-pl
aint
if
f personaccusedofdoi
ngsomet hi
ngil
legal

3.Pre-textquesti
ons:Readthef ol
lowingthenreadtherepor
tandsaywhether
theyar eTRUEorFALSE.Cor rectiff
alse.
a//Thef ormerPr i
meMi ni
sterofRwandawasnotf oundguil
tyofcri
mes
againsthumani t
y.
b/MrJeanKambandawasi nKenyabef orehishandovert
otheUNWarCr imes
Tribunal.
c/TheUni tedNat i
onsTri
bunalinAr usha,Tanzani
a,i
sanadhoccour tf
ortr
ying
allperpetr
atorsofcri
mesagai nsthumanity.
d/Al t
hought heformerRwandanPr imeMi nist
erhasmadeagui l
typl
ea,t
he

46
 Cour
twi
llr
equi
rehi
mtogi
veevi
dence.

Nowr
eadt
het
extandanswert
hesequest
ions.

-Ont
heI
nter
nati
onalCr
imi
nalTr
ibunalforRwanda-
=THEFORMERPRI
MEMINISTEROFRWANDACONVI CTEDOFGENOCI
DE=

TheI nternat ionalCr i

minalTr ibunalf orRwandahasconvi ctedt hecount ry’
sf ormer
Pr i
meMi nist er ,JeanKambanda, ofsi xcount sofgenoci deandr elatedchar ges
i
ncl udingcr i
mesagai nsthumani ty.Att heUni t
edNat i
onsTr ibunali nTanzani a,Mr
JeanKambandahaspl eadedgui ltytoal lchar ges.Hewasi nt erim Pr i
meMi nister
fouryear sagowhenupt oonemi l
lionTut si
sandmoder at eHut uswer eki l
led.He
wasmaki nghi sf i
rstappear anceatt heRwandaTr ibunalsi ncehi sar restand
extraditi
onf rom Kenyal astyear .
Speaki ngataspeci alsessi onoft heWarCr i
mesTr ibunal , JeanKambanda
admi ttedthathehadcommi ttedgenoci deandcr i
mesagai nsthumani tydur ingt he
1994ki l
li
ngs.Hei sthef i
rstper sont omakeagui l
typl eaatt heTr ibunalwhi chwas
setupspeci fical lytot r
yt hel eader sandmast ermi ndsoft hegenoci de.Racki aOmar ,
from thepr essur egr oupAf ri
caRi ght s,isunequi vocalabouthi si mpor tance,
- “ Oh, hei sabsol utelyoneoft hebi ggestf ish.Hei ssof ari nf actthebi ggestf ish
thatt heyhavei ndicted, andcer tai
nl ythebi ggestf isht hatt heyhavebehi nd
barst oday.Hewasr eall
yabr eakt hroughf ort heI nternat ionalTr i
bunal .”
Kambanda’ spl eai ssai dt ohavebeenpar tofanagr eementwi tht hePr osecut i
on
whi ch,exper tssay, meanshewi llnothavet ogiveevi dencet ot heCour t.However ,it
i
spossi blet hathi sgui ltypleacoul dbedamagi ngf orot hergenoci desuspect shel d
atAr usha.Thi si samaj ordevel opmentf ortheTr i
bunalwhi chhasbeenr epeat edly
crit
icizedf ori tsf ailuretogetmovi ngont het r
ialsoft hoser esponsi blef orthe
genoci de.To- dat e,theTr ibunalhasnotyetsecur edasi ngl econvi ction.Twent y-two
othersar ei ndet entioni nAr usha, butonl ythreet r
ialsar epr oper lyunderway.Those
otherdef endant shavepl eadednotgui lty.
(fr
om BBCWor l
dSer vice/May1, 1998)

Fur
therreading:Answerusingcompl et
esent
ences.
1.Wast heconvictionofMrKambandaaneasymat terornotfortheRwanda
Tri
bunal?Explain.
2.Thi sUNWarCr imesTribunali
nTanzaniahasauni quefuncti
on.Whatisit
?
3.Inwhatwayi st hearr
estofJeanKambandai nter
esti
ngfortheUNCour t?
4.TheUNCour tforRwandahasbeencr i
ti
cizedfornotbei
ngsuccessfuli
ni t
s
mission.Why?

47
Uni
tSeven:Economi
cs

Pr
e-Readi
ngAct
ivi
ti
es.

1.Theunder li
nedwordsinthesesentencesareusedinthetext
,couldyoumatch
them withthei
requi
valentsint
helistbel
ow?
a/Farmer shaveusedfert
ili
zer
s.Thiswil
lboostri
ceproducti
on.
b/Somef ar
merswillwit
hholdthei
rpaddyfortheyarenotsati
sfi
edwiththe
price.
c/Wedonothaveenoughsuppl yofeggsforyoucanonlyseeaf ewofthem i
n
themar ket.
d/Thenewbooki singreatdemandaspeopl eoft
enaskforit.

48
 -boost
: off
erorsomethingprovi
dedfororgi
ven
-wit
hhold: needforsomething
-suppl
y: i
ncrease
-demand: ref
usetogiveorsell/notr
eleasef
or
sale.
2.Whi chofthef oll
owingsi t
uati
ons,doyout hink,canleadtoanincr
easeinprices?
a/suppl yisgreaterthandemand.
b/demandi sgreat
ert hansuppl
y.
2.Accor di
ngt oyourper sonalknowledge,whichst r
ategydopeopleuseinorderto
i
ncr easethepr i
cesofgoodsi nt
hemar ket?
a/keept hest ockorreducet hequanti
tyforsalesot hatdemandwillbehi
gher
thansuppl y.
b/releaset hestockori ncr
easethequantityforsalesothatsuppl
ywi l
lbe
higherthandemand.

=Nowr
eadt
het
extandseewhet
hersomeofyouranswer
sar
econf
ir
med.

ONASTRATEGYTOBOOSTTHEPRI CESOFGOODS
- Ont
heACPCmeet
inginLondontopushupthepri
ceofcof
fee–
(
BBCWor
ldServi
ce:Fr
iday29Sept
ember,2000)

TheAssoci ati
onofCoffeeProducer sorACPCsaysi thassecur edagreementfrom
allit
smember s.The14producer -
countri
essayt heywi llwi
thholdstockinorderto
drivepri
cesup.Ther etent
ionplanwasor iginal
lyarguedbacki nMay.I thasbeen
aggressivel
ypushedbyBr azilandCol ombia,anditstipulat
esthatACPCmember s
andt hei
ralli
eswi l
lwi
thhold20%ofexpor tunt i
laninternati
onalindi
catorpri
ce
reaches95cent sapound.Cof feeAnalystCaroli
neEagl eattendedthemeetingt oday,
whyi ssuchaschemenecessar y?

- “Thepr oducers,forquitesomet ime, havebeenwor r

ied,becauset hepr i
ces
havef all
en,correctly,
becausei nfactsupplyisgr eaterthandemand.Butt he
concer nisthatthest ockshavebeenbui l
dinginconsumi ngcount r
ies,and
whatt heywoul dl i
ketodoi stot r
yandbui ldupt hest ocksatpr oducing
countrylevels,andt herebyregulatethefl
owofexpor tandhopef ull
y,thiswill
pusht hepricehi gher.Onethingt heyarestressingi sthatt heydonott he
pri
ceshi gherassuch;t heywantt ostabil
izethei nternati
onalpr ice.Andwhen
thepr i
cereachescer t
ainlevel
s,theyhopet osel lthosest ocksbackont he
mar ketagaininar egularf
ashion.Andt hatwillhopef ull
yt aketheheatof fany
ri
singpr i
ce.“

Ther
eis,however
, astrai
nedsit
uat
ionwit
hVietnam,anewproducerwho,j
usta
fewyearsago,real
lydidn’tpr
oduceanycof
feeatall
,andt
hisyearbecomesthe
secondlargest
UnitSeven:Economi cs

producer.AndVi etnam i
snoitaformalmemberoft heAssoci
ati
onofCof f
ee
ProducingCount ri
es.Asanewcount ry,
itt
hereforedoesnothavetheregulati
ons
andtheadmi nistrati
oninplacetobeablet
ocont rolt
hefl
owofexport.Iti
st hena
probl
em forVietnam t obeabletocommiti
tselftot
all
ytocontr
oli
tsexport.Ithas
workedver yhardi nthepastthr
eemonthstobeabl etotr
yandgivethis

49
commi t
menttotheACPC.Andt
hismorni
ng,i
nfact
,theambassadori
nLondon
rei
ter
atedt
hiscommitment.
_
___
____
___
___

Fur
therReadi
ng

I.Readt
hef
oll
owi
ng,
thengoovert
het
extagai
nanddeci
dewhi
chonei
sthecor
rect
answer.

1.a/Coffeeproducer
sarei nf
avourofreducingexportinordert
oraisecoffee
pri
cesatt he
i
nternati
onalmarket.
b/Coffeeproducer
sdonotact uall
ywi shtoreduceexporti
nordertoraise
cof
feepr i
cesattheint
ernati
onalmar ket
.
2.a/Vietnam i
snotsosi gni
fi
cantasanewcomert otheinter
nat
ionalcoff
ee
market.
b/Vietnam i
sanewheavywei ghtfortheint
ernati
onalcoff
eemarket.

I
I.Answerusi
ngf
ullsent
ences.

1.Whendi dtheACPCmember sagreeforast ockret

entionandwhy?
2.Whatdoest hisagreementaskACPCmember stodo?
3.What ’sthereasonbehi ndthef al
linthepriceofcoff
eeatt heinternat
ional
mar ket?
4.Whatwoul dtheAssoci ati
onofCof feeProducersli
ketodoi nor dertopushthe
priceofcoffeehigher ?
5.Whati stheirrealobjecti
veintryi
ngt oretainthest
ocksatt helevelofproduci
ng
countries?
6.Whenwi llt
heysellthosest ocksbackont othemarketagain?
7.WhymayVi et
nam beapr oblem forthesuccessoft hepri
cepol icyadoptedby
theACPC?
8.Vietnam woul dprobablydoi tsbesttoabidebyt heACPCpol icy.Explai
n.

Extensi
on:
= Thepr i
ceofvanil
laattheinternat
ionalmarkethasfal
lendowndrast
ical
ly.
Imagineyouwer etherepresentati
veofyourcountrywit
hintheAssoci
ati
onofVanil
la
ProducingCountri
es,whatwoul dyouar gueforandwhy?Whatmeasur esshouldt
he
Associati
ontaketoensuret hattheagreementisful
lyi
mplemented?

St
ruct
ures:Thefol
lowingarefrom thetext
.
1.Ther et
enti
onplanwasor i
ginal
lyagreedbackinMay.
2.Thepr i
ceshavefall
enbecausesuppl yisgreaterthandemand.
3.Justaf ewyearsago,Vietnam didn’
tproduceanycof f
eeatal
l.
4.Vietnam hasworkedhar dinthepastthreemont hs.

= Whataret
hetensesusedint
hesesent
ences?Coul
dyouf
indt
hreeexampl
est
o
i
ll
ust
rat
eeachuseofeachtenset
here?

50
Uni
tEi
ght
:Exam Ti
me
Facul
téDEGSS–L1 Angl
ais:1H45

St
eal
ingf
oodi
snotacr
ime,
saysI
tal
iancour
t
7t
hMay,
2016
Fr
om ht
tp:
//www.
breaki
ngnewsengl
ish.
com/
1605/
160507-
food-
thef
t.
html

AnI tali
ancour thasr uledthatfoodt hef tbroughtaboutbyhungeri snot
i
llegal.It
aly'shi ghestcour tofappeal ,theSupr emeCour tofCassat i
on,
threwoutt heconvi ctionofahomel essUkr ai
nianman, RomanOst ri
akov,
whowassent encedt osi xmont hsinj ailforsteali
ngcheeseanda
sausagewor th$4. 50.MrOst r
iakovwasal sofined$115byt het r
ialcourt.
Hislawyer si niti
all
yappeal edf orareduct i
oni nthatfi
neandwer e
surpr i
sedwhent hewhol econvicti
onwasquashed.Thecour tsaidMr
Ost r
iakovt akingt hef ood,"doesnotconst itut
eacr ime"becausehest ole
asmal lamountoff oodoutofdesper ation.Thecour tofappealr uledthat
stealingsmal lamount soffoodt ostaveof fhungerisnotacr ime.

Manypeopl ehopeMrOst ri
akov’scasewi l
lhi
ghlighttheextentofpover ty
andhomel essnessi nI tal
y.Theyal sobelievether uli
ngmaymeanot her
hungrypeopl ewhoar earrestedf orshoplif
ti
ngwi llnotbeconvi ct
ed.
CriminallawyerMaur izioBel l
acosasai dtheOstriakovcase, "i
sanew
princi
ple,andi tmi ghtleadt oamor efr
equentappl i
cati
onoft hest ateof
necessitylinkedt opover tysituati
ons".Thecour truledinast atement
that:"
Peopl eshoul dnotbepuni shedif,f
orcedbyneed, t
heyst ealsmal l
quantit
iesoff oodi nor dertomeett hebasicrequirementoff eeding
themselves. "It
aly'
sLaSt ampanewspapersai d:"Thecour t
'sdeci sion
remindsusal lthatinaci vil
isedcount ry,nooneshoul dbeal lowedt odi
e
ofhunger ."

A.COMPREHENSI ON.
I
. TRUEORFALSE?Gi vecorrectstatementi ffalse.
1.Thecour tinthear ti
cleisItal
y'shi ghestcour tofappeal .
2.Themanwhost ol ethefoodwasf rom Milan.
3.Themanwasgi vena$1, 000f i
ne.
4.Thecour tsaiditwasn' tacr i
mebecausei twasasmal lamount.
5.Peopl ehopet hecasewi l
lputaf ocusonhomel essnessi nIt
aly.
6.Aj udgesai dnoonewoul dbear restedforst eali
ngf ood.
7.Al awyersuggest edmor epeoplemi ghtbel etoffforst eal
ingfood.
8.AnI tali
annewspaperdi sagreedwi t
hthecour t'
sdeci sion.
I
I. Choosecor rectanswer .
1.a/AnI t
aliancour thasdeci dedt hatsteali
ngf oodfor cedbyhunger
mustbeanof fence.
b/AnI t
aliancour thasdeci dedt hatsteali
ngf oodf orcedbyhunger
cannotbeanof fence.

51
 c/AnI tali
ancour thasdecidedt hatst eal
ingf oodf orcedbyhunger
maybeanof f
ence.
2.a/I taly’sSupr emeCour tofCassat ionappr ovedoft heconvi cti
onof
anUkr ainianman.
b/I taly’sSupr emeCour tofCassat ionr et
ainedt heconvi ctionofan
Ukr ainianman.
c/I taly’sSupr emeCour tofCassat ionr ej
ect edtheconvi cti
onofan
Ukr ainianman.
3.a/MrOst ri
akov’ sconvict
ionwasnotsoser iousf orhedi dnotgeta
jailsent encebutonl yhadt opayaf ine.
b/MrOst riakov’sconvict
ionwasser i
ousf orhegotaj ailsentence
andhadt opayaf i
ne.
c/MrOst ri
akov’ sconvict
ionwasnotsoser iousf orhegotaj ail
sent encebutdi dnothavetopayaf i
ne.
4.a/Her e, theI t
aliancourtseemst orelatethenot ionofcr imet oa
smal l
erquant ity.
b/Her e, theI t
al i
ancourtseemst orelatethenot ionofcr imet oa
smal l
eramount .
c/Her e, theI t
aliancourtseemst orelatethenot ionofcr imet oa
gr eaterquant ity.
5.a/MrOst ri
akov’ scaseshowst hatpover tyisnott ot
allyer adicated
inI tal
y.
b/MrOst riakov’scaseshowst hatpover tyisent irel
yer adicatedi n
Italy.
c/MrOst ri
akov’ scaseshowst hatpover tyispar tial
lyer adicatedin
Italy.
6.a/TheI taliancour tofappealruledt hatsteal i
ngasmal lquant i
tyof
foodbecauseofhungeri sacr ime.
b/TheI taliancour tofappealruledt hatsteal i
ngasmal lquant i
tyof
foodbecauseofpover tyi
sacr i
me.
c/TheI tali
ancour tofappealruledt hatsteal i
ngasmal lquant i
tyof
foodbecauseofhungeri snotacr i
me.
7.a/TheI taliancour tofappealrulingisi nrelati
ont oast ateof
necessi tyconnect edtohunger .
b/TheI taliancour tofappealrulingisi nrelationt oast ateof
necessi tyconnect edtopoverty.
c/TheI tali
ancour tofappealrulingisi nrelati
ont oast ateof
necessi tyconnect edtohomel essness.
I
II
. Fi
ndi npar agraph2asynonym f or‘fundament alneed’ .

B.GENERALQUESTION.
- Givef
ourcount
ri
esusi
ngEngl
ishasamot
hert
ongueorL1?

C.STRUCTURES.

52
- Rewri
teasindicated:
1.Whydon’ tyour eadt
hatbook?
- Sheaskedme. . . . .
2.It
’spossibl
ef ormetoreadtheConst i
tut
ionnow.
- Now,I. . . . .
3.Hesentheramessageyest erday.
- She. . . . . .
_
____
_ _
_ _
____
_

53
UNIVERSI
TEdeFIANARANTSOA
Facul
téDEGSS:Droi
tL1 Angl
ais:1H45

:Ont
Text heAfri
canUnionmeeti
ngi
nAddisAbaba:ear
lyFebr
uar
y2009.
(St
oryfr
om BBCWorldSer
vice/Febr
uar
y04,2009)

TheAf ricanUni onhasendedamar athonmeet i

ngi nt heEt hiopiancapi talwi t
hout
agreementont hecont rover siali ssueofcr eat ingaUni tedSt atesofAf rica.Many
l
eader ssai dt hepr oposal ,pr omot edbyt heLi byanl eader ,Col onelGadhaf i,woul d
addal ayerofbur eaucr acyt hatt hecont inentdoesnotneed.Theydi dr eacha
consensus, however ,onchangi ngt henameoft heAUCommi ssiont oAUAut hor ity.
MuammarGadhaf iwasel ect edast heor gani zat ion’snew chai rman.TheLi byan
l
eadersai dcl oseri ntegr ationbet weenAf ricanst at esshoul dst ar timmedi at ely.He
envi sagesasi ngleAf ri
canmi l
itar yf orce, asi ngl ecur rencyandasi nglepasspor tfor
Africanst omovef r eelyar oundt hecont inent .Butot herAf ricanheadsofst atesai d
theLi byanl eader ’
spl anwasnotpr actical .Af ricanl eader ssai dtheywoul dst udyt he
l
egali mpl icationsoft hi suni typr oposal ,makear epor tandmeetagai ni nt hree
mont hs’ ti
me.
I
not herwor ds,saysBBC’ sMar kDoyl ei nt heEt hiopiancapi tal,Addi sAbaba,t hey
areki ckingt hebal lintot hel onggr asst osl owi tdown.Onepar t
icipanti nt hecl osed-
doormeet i
ngoft he53- count ryUni onsai dt heLi byanl eaderappear edt oadmi t
defeatandl aidhi sheadont het ablei ndespai r.
Andatt hesummi t,issuest hatwer eont het abl ei ncludedhowAf r i
cami ghtcope
witht hegl obaleconomi ccr i
si saswel last hef ormat ion ofan Af rican Uni on
gover nment .But ,inanext raor dinar yt ur nofevent ,thesummi tdi dnotendas
schedul ed.BBCcor respondentEl i
zabet hBl untexpl ainswhathappened,
- “ Thi shasbeent hemostext r
aor di nar yAf ri
canUni onsummi t.I’
vebeent o
manyAf r
icanuni onandOAUsummi tsandI ’veknownt hem goonver yl ate
intot heear lyhour soft hemor ni ng.Butt hisi st hef irstt imeI ’
veknowni t
act uallyspi lloveri ntoanext raday.We’ vegotaf our thday.Theyhaven’ thad
thecl osing cer emony.Theyhaven’ thad t hepr essconf erence.Basi cally,
Pr esidentGadhaf ii stryi ngt oper suadet heot herdel egat esi ntopushi ngt his
uni typr oposalt hroughf astert hant heywanti t,andf asteri ndeedt heysay
thani slegal l
yal lowedundert heAf ricanUni onConst i
tution.
African l eader shave,however ,agr eed t o acceptt her ecommendat i
on t o move
towar dsaUni ongover nment .Andasani nter im st ep,t heyar egoi ngt ot urnt he
Commi ssioni ntoanAf ricanUni onAut hor ity.Butt hi shasl egali mpl icationsbecause
anAf ri
canUni onCommi ssioni swr itt
eni ntot heConst i
tut i
onoft heor ganizat ion;so,
turningi tintoanAut hor itymeanschangi ngt heConst itutiveAct .Ant hat’sact ual l
y
diff
icult, i
tneeds2/ 3oft hememberst atest oagr ee, andi thast ober atif
iedbyt hei r
Par l
iament .Andt hisi sapr ocesst hati nevi tabl yi sgoi ngt ot aket i
me. ”

54
A.COMPREHENSI
ON.

I
. Choosecor
rectanswer:

1.a/TheAfri
canUnionhasgotanagr
eementont
hecr
eat
ionofa
Uni
tedSt
atesofAf
ri
ca.

b/TheAf
ri
canUnionhasr
eachedanagr
eementont
hecr
eat
ionofa
Uni
tedSt
atesofAf
ri
ca.

c/TheAfr
icanUni
onhasnotsecur
edanagr
eementont
hecr
eat
ion
ofaUni
tedStat
esofAf
ri
ca.

2.a/ManyAf r
ican l
eaderswereinfavourofPr
esi
dentGadhaf
i’
s
pr
oposalf
oraUnit
edSt at
esofAf
ri
ca.

b/Many Afr
ican l
eader
s were opposed t
o Pr
esi
dentGadhaf
i’
s
pr
oposalf
oraUnit
edStatesofAf
ri
ca.

c/ManyAf r
ican l
eaderswereinter
est
ed i
n Pr
esi
dentGadhaf
i’
s
pr
oposalf
oraUnitedStat
esofAf
rica.

3.a/Thesummitagr
eed t
heAU Aut
hor
it
ywoul
drepl
acet
heAU
Commi
ssi
on.

b/Thesummitagr
eed t
heAU Aut
hor
it
ywoul
d changet
heAU
Commi
ssi
on.

c/Thesummi
tagr
eedt
heAU Commi
ssi
onwoul
dremai
ntheAU
Aut
hor
it
y.

4.a/Fort
heLibyanleader,theadopt
ionoftheAfr
icanUnionwoul
d
i
mplyonet
hing:thecreati
onofasingl
eAfr
icanmili
tar
yfor
ce.

b/ Fort
heLibyanleader
,theadopti
onoftheAf
ri
canUnionwoul
d
i
mplymorethanthecreat
ionofasingl
eAf
ri
canmili
tar
yfor
ce.

c/FortheLibyanleader,t
headopti
onoftheAf
ri
canUnionwoul
d
i
mplylesst
hant hecreat
ionofasi
ngleAf
ri
canmi
li
tar
yfor
ce.

5.a/Wi t
hintheAfr
ican Uni
on,theLi
byan l
eaderthinksi
twillbe
possi
bleforAf
ri
canst otr
avelacr
ossthecontinentwit
houtany
probl
em.

b/Wi
thi
ntheAf
ri
canUni
on,t
heLi
byanl
eaderdoesnott
hinki
twi
ll

55
 bepossi
blef
orAf
ri
canst
otr
avelacr
osst
hecont
inentwi
thoutany
pr
oblem.

c/Wi t
hintheAfr
icanUni
on,theLibyanl
eaderinsi
stsi
twillbe
possi
bleforAf
ri
canstotravelacr
ossthecont
inentwit
houtany
probl
em.

6.a/MrGadhaf
i’
spl
angott
heagr
eementofal
lAUl
eader
s.

b/MrGadhaf
i’
spl
andi
dnotgett
heagr
eementofal
lAUl
eader
s.

c/MrGadhaf
i’
spl
angott
heappr
ovalofal
lAUl
eader
s.

7.a/TheAUleader
sfai
ledt
ogi
vet
her
easonsf
ort
hei
rdi
sappr
ovalof
theLi
byanl
eader
’spl
an.

b/TheAUleader
sgavesomer
easonsf
ort
hei
rdi
sappr
ovaloft
he
Li
byanl
eader
’spl
an.

c/TheAUleader
sdidnotgi
veanyr
easonsf
ort
hei
rdi
sappr
ovalof
theLi
byanl
eader
’spl
an.

8.a/TheLi
byanl
eaderwasunhappywi
tht
hef
ail
ureofhi
spr
oposal
.

b/TheLi
byanl
eaderwashappywi
tht
heAUl
eader
s’deci
sion.

c/TheLi
byanl
eaderwashappywi
tht
hesuccessofhi
spr
posal
.

9.a/Thef
ormat
ionofanAf
ri
canUni
ongover
nmentwast
heonl
ytopi
c
att
hesummit
.

b/Theformat
ionofanAf
ri
canUni
ongover
nmentwaspar
toft
he
topi
csatt
hesummit.

c/Theglobaleconomi
ccr
isi
sandAf
ri
cawast
heonl
ytopi
catt
he
summit
.

10.
a/TheAUmeetinghasendedaspl
annedal
thoughi
thasgoneover
int
oanext
raday.

b/TheAUmeeti
nghasendedaspl
annedf
ori
thasgoneoveri
nto
anext
raday.

c/TheAUmeet i
nghasnotendedaspl
annedf
ori
thasgoneover
i
ntoanext
raday.

11.
a/Thewayi
thasended,
thi
ssummi
tisdi
ff
erentf
rom t
heot
her
s.

b/Thewayi
thasended,
thi
ssummi
tissi
mil
art
otheot
her
s.

c/Thewayi
thasended,
thi
ssummi
tisnotdi
ff
erentf
rom t
heot
her
s.

56
 12.
a/Accordi
ngt odel
egat
es,t
hewayMrGadhaf
iwant
stopusht
his
uni
typroposali
sperf
ect
lyi
nli
newi
tht
heAUConst
it
uti
on.

b/Accordi
ngtodelegat
es,thewayMrGadhafiwantstopusht
his
uni
typr
oposali
slegal
lyi
nlinewit
htheAUConsti
tut
ion.

c/Accordi
ngt odel
egat
es,thewayMrGadhaf
iwantstopushthi
s
uni
typroposali
snotper
fect
lyinl
inewi
tht
heAUConsti
tut
ion.

I
I. TRUEORFALSE?Cor
recti
ffal
se.

1.TheAfri
canUni
onhasacceptedthecreat
ionofaUni
tedSt
atesof
Afr
icaaspr
omotedbyCol
onelGadhaf
i.

2.TheAUmeet i
nggoi
ngi
ntoanext
radayi
snotsomet
hingnew t
o
El
isabet
hBl
unt.

B.STRUCTURES.

I
.Uset
hecor
rectmodalwi
thcor
rectver
bfor
m.
1.I
t’
sver
yprobablet
hatAlf
onsoMunozr
egr
ett
edt
eachi
ngt
heboy
howtouset
hearm orweapon.
2.I
t’
spossi
blet
hatt
heU.
S.gover
nment
’spol
icyongunowner
shi
pwi
ll
change.
I
I.Gi
vet
hei
ndi
rectspeech.
1.“
Howhast
heboyki
ll
edhi
smot
her
?,”t
hej
our
nal
istasked.
2.“
Donotinsi
stont
hatquest
ionf
ort
het
eacherwi
llexpl
aini
t
t
omorrow,
”hesaid.
I
II
.Tur
nint
othepassi
ve.
1.Thel
awyert
alkedt
othewi
tnessesyest
erday.
2.Peopl
ethi
nkl
if
eisdi
ff
icul
t.(
onef
orm)
.
_
___
___
___
___
___
_

57
UNI
VERSI
TEDEFI
ANARANTSOA

Facult
éDEGS:Dépar
tementDr
oit/L1
Anglai
s:2H

Readi
ng:U.
S.CHI
LDGUI
LTYOFMOTHER’
SMURDER.

A12- year-ol
dboyi ntheUni tedStateshasbeenf oundgui ltyofmur der.Thechild
shotandki ll
edhismot her,SaraMadr i
d,34,afteranargumentoverhi schores.He
cannotbenamedbecausehei sstil
lajuveni
le.Thecour thear dhewassoangr ythat
hegothi smot her’
sgunf rom herbedroom andshotherei ghtt i
mes.MsMadr i
d’s
partner,Al
fonsoMunoz, wi t
nessedtheshoot i
ng.Hesai dtheboyhandedhi mt he
empt ygunaf t
erhehadf inishedshooting.Munozt oldthecour thetaughttheboy
howt ouset heweaponf oremer genciesandf orself
-defense.Localnewspaper s
reportedthatMsMadr iddi dnotgetonwi thherson.Hersi stertol
dt hecourtthat
Madr i
dhadaqui cktemperandof tenyelledat,scol
dedandsl appedt heboy.

Thefutureoftheboyi snowi nthehandsofanAr izonajudge, JamesL.Conl ogue.

Hewi l
lsentencet he12- year-ol
donJanuar ythe23rd.Pr osecutorswantt heboyt o
recei
vethesamesent enceasanadul t.However,thisisimpossi bleunderU. S.l
aw,
whichstatesaj uvenil
ecanonl ybeheldunt i
lhebecomes18.Theboy’ slawyer,
SanfordEdleman, arguedt hattheboycoul dnotbet ri
edasanadul tbecausehewas
soyoung.Edl emansai dt hattheboydidnotevenunder standwhatwasgoi ngon.He
saidtheboydi dnotintendt okillhi
smot herandthatheonl ywant edtogetbackat
herforscoldi
ngandsl appinghi m.Thejudger ul
edt hecaseshoul dst ayinthe
j
uvenilecourtafterapsychol ogistsai
dtheboyhadsuf feredphysi calandment al
abusefrom hismot her.

NOTES:

a/chores:everydaytasksathome; b/shoot:ki
llorhur
tsomeoneusi ngagunor
revol
ver
c/getonwi thsomeone:beongoodt ermswit
hsomeone;d/scol d:(gr
onder)
e/slap:st
ri
kewi ththepalm oft
hehand;f
/getbackats.o.
:getone’srevengeon
someone
A.COMPREHENSI ON.
I
.Choosecor
rectanswer
:
1.a/Theyoungboyhasbeensentencedbecauseofmur der.
b/Theyoungboyhasbeenconvictedofmur der
.
c/Theyoungboyhasbeenpunishedbecauseofmur der.
2.a/Thechil
dputanendtohismot her’sl
if
eusinghisowngun.
b/Thechil
dputanendtohismother ’sl
if
eusinghisf
ather
’sgun.
c/Thechi
ldputanendtohismother ’sl
if
eusingherowngun.
3.a/Theboykil
ledhi
smotherwit
hmanyshot s.
b/Theboykil
ledhi
smotherwit
haf ewshots.
c/Theboykil
ledhi
smotherwi
thasi ngl
eshot.

58
 4.a/Af
tercompl
eti
ngt
heshoot
ing,t
heboysentt
heguntothewit
ness.
b/Af
tercompl
eti
ngt
heshoot
ing,
theboygavet
heguntothewit
ness.
c/Af
tercompl
eti
ngt
heshoot
ing,
theboyt
hrewtheguntothewi
tness.

5.a/Theboygotsomet rainingonhowt ousethearm orweapon.

b/Theboyhadnot r
ainingonhowt ousethearm orweapon.
c/Theboydidn’tgetanyt rainingonhowt ousethearm orweapon.
6.a/Accor
dingtonewspaper s,MsMadr idgotonwellwit
hherson.
b/Accor
dingtonewspaper s, MsMadr i
dwasongoodt ermswithherson.
c/Accor
dingtonewspaper s, MsMadr i
dwasnotongoodt ermswithherson.
7.a/Withr
egardtosentencing, U.
S.lawdoesnotmakeanydif
fer
encebet
weenajuveni
le
andanadult
.
b/Withregar
dtosentencing,U.S.lawmakesadi f
ferencebet
weenaj uveni
leandan
adul
t.
c/Wit
hregardtosent
encing,U.S.lawstatesnodif
ferencebet
weenaj uveni
leandan
adul
t.
8.a/Theboy’sl
awyerandpr osecutorsdonothavethesameopi nion.
b/Theboy’sl
awyerandpr osecutorshavethesameopi ni
on.
c/Theboy’sl
awyerandpr osecutorshavetot
all
ydiff
erentopi
nions.
II
.TRUEORFALSE?Cor recti ffal
se.
1.Theboy’ smot hertaughthi m howt ouset hegunf orsel f
-defense.
2.Theboy’ sl awyersai dhewast ooyoungt ounder standwhathedi d.
II
I.Answerusi ngf ul
lsent ences.
1.WhatdoPr osecut orswant ?Whyi sthisnotpossi ble?
2.Whatdi dt hej udgedeci de?Why?
B.FUNCTI ONS:Whatdoyousayi nthef oll
owi ng?
1.Youaskf orsomeone’ sopi nionont her uleofl awi nM/ car.
2.Youasksomeonef ort hemeani ngof“ slap”.
C.STRUCTURES.
I.Uset hecor rectmodalwi thcorrectver bform.
1.It’
sver ypr obablet hatAl f
onsoMunozr egr etsteachi ngtheboyhowt ousethe
arm orweapon.
2.It’
spossi blet hattheU. S.gover nment ’spol i
cyongunowner shipwil
lchange.
II.Givetheindi rectspeech.
1.“Howhast heboyki lledhi smot her ?,
”thej ournalistasked.
2.“Donoti nsi stont hatquest ionfort heteacherwi llexplaini
tt omorr
ow,”hesai
d.
III.Tur
ni ntot hepassi ve.
1.Thel awyert al
kedt ot hewi t
nessesyest erday.
2.Peopl ethi nkl if
eisdi fficult
.(onef orm).
___________________

59
60