-

:Chi
l
dHeal
thNur
sing:
-
2-Mar
ksQuest
ions.
Uni
t:01Moder
nConcept
sofChi
ldCar
e:-. -pavàn dàzzling prinçe
01)Whati
sChi
ldMor
tal
it
yrat
e? 06)Di
ff
erent
iat
eb/
wGr
ief&Ber
eav
ement
.
 Theannualnumberofdeathsofthechil
dren  Gri
ef:Griefi
sanemot ionalresponsetoal oss.
under5yearsper1000li
vebirt
hs.  Gri
efcanbedescr i
bedast heintense
no.ofdeathsofchi
ldren<5years emotional&physicalr
eactionthatanindividual
ofageingivenyear experi
encesfol
lowingthedeat hoflovedone.
CMR= X1000.  Bereavement:Anemot i
onal st
ateoflonging&
no.ofli
vebirt
hsinthesamey ear depri
vati
onthatischaracteri
zedbyf eel
ingsof
gri
ef&adeepsenseofl oss.
02)WhatisChi l
dMor bidi
tyrat
e?
 Mor bidit
yr eferstosomeonebei ngunheal
thy. 07)Menti
on4-CausesofUnder -
fiv
emor
tal
it
y.
 Childmor bi di
tyrateist
heexami nat
iondoneto  Preterm bir
thcompl i
cations.
calculatehowmanyofchi ldr
engotacertai
n  Pnuemoni a( I
nfecti
ons).
diseasei naspeci f
icpopulat
ionataspecif
ic  Neonat alsepsis.
geogr aphical l
ocati
onduringaspecifi
cti
me  Mal nutr
it
ion&undernut ri
ti
on.
period.  Diarrhea.
 Acut eRespirat
oryinfecti
ons.
03)Li
stthesi deef fectsofPhot other apy.  Interpar
tum-rel
atedev ents.
 Phot ot her aphy:Phot ot herapy( l
i
ghtt her
apy)i
s  Congeni t
alanomal i
es.
wayoft reat i
ngj aundi ce.Speci all
ightshelp
breakdownt hebi l
irubi niny ourbaby '
sskinso
thatitcanber emov edf r
om hi sorherbody .
Thislower st hebi l
irubinl evel i
nyourbaby '
s
blood.
 Si deef fect s:
 I ncr easedi nsensi blewat erl
oss.
 Loosest ool s.
 Ski nr ashes.
 Br onzebabysy ndr ome.
 Hy per ther mi a.
 Dehy dr ati
on.
 El ect rolytedi sturbance.

04)St
agesofgr ief
:
I
. Deni al
.
I
I. Anger.
I
II
.Bar gai
ning.
I
V.Depr essi
on.
V.Accept ance.

05)Menti
on4- CausesofPer i
natalDeat
h.
 Pre-t erm bi
rth.
 Lowbi r
thweight.
 Trauma.
 Hemor r
hage.
 Infantrespir
atorydi
str
ess.
 Congeni talmalf
ormati
ons.
 Birthasphy xi
a.
 Infect
ions.
 Uni
t-02TheHeal
thyChi
ld:
-

01)Menti
onthet ypesofpl ayi
nchi
ldr
en. 07)WhatisOedipuscompl ex?
 Unoccupiedpl ay.  Theat t
achmentoft hechildtotheparentoft
he
 Independentorsol i
tory
. oppositesex, accompaniedbyenv i
ous&
 Onlookerpl ay. aggressiv
ef eelingstowardstheparentofthe
 Parall
elplay . samesex.
 Associati
vepl ay .  Aboyi sfixatedonhi smot her&compet eswi
th
 Social/Cooper ati
ve. hisfat
herf ormat ernalat
tenti
on.
 Mot or/Phy sicalplay.
 Constructi
v e. 08)Whatispentavalentv acci
ne?
 Expressiv
e.  Av accinethatcont ai
nsfiveant
igens.
 Fantasy/dr amat ic. (diphtheri
a,pertussis,t
etanus,
&hepatit
isB&
 compet i
ti
v e. Haemophilusinfluenzaetypeb).
 Virt
ual/digi t
al.
09)whatisAnalst age?
02)Li
stthei mpor t
anceofant hr
ometri
cassessment.  Anal Stage: I
tincl
udestoddlerperi
od
 Pr imar ymeasureofpastorcur rentnut
ri
ti
onal approximatelyinb/wtheages18mont hs&
st
at us. 3years,inwhi chthechi
ld'
sgr eat
estpleasure
 Toi denti
fyPEM &obesi t
y. i
nvolvest heanusortheeli
mi nati
vefunctions
 Di stingui
shb/ wstunting&wasting. associatedwithit
.
 Moni torchangesaf t
ernutri
ti
oninter
venti
on.
 Publ i
chealthscreening. 10)WhatisWeani ng?
 Moni tori
ngchil
dgr owt h.  ''
TheSy stemat i
cprocessofi
ntroduct
ionof
suitablefoodatt heri
ghtti
mei naddit
iont
o
03)Li
sttheadv antagesofbr eastfeedi
ng. mot her'smi l
kinordertoprov
ideneeded
 Itissaf est,cheapest&bestpr otect
ivef
oodf or nutrientstot hebody''
.
i
nfants.
 Nut rit
ive&pr otecti
vev al
ue.  WeaningorCompl ementaryfeedi
ngi st
he
 Itcont ainsant ibodieshelpstobodyt of
ightoff processofgradual&progressi
vetransf
erof
v
iruses&bact eri
a. thebabyfrom thebr
eastfeedingtotheusual
 Itpr eventsmal nutri
ti
on. famil
ydiet
.
 Di gestibil
it
y-easi lydigestabl
e.
 Psy chol ogicalbenef i
ts. 11)Wr
it
eVi tamin-
Aprophylaxi
sschedul
e&dose.
 lowr i
skofi nfection.  Inf
ant s 6-12months.100,000I
U
(every4-6months)
04)Li
stt
het y
pesofbr eastmi
lk.  Children<12months. 200,000IU
 Colostr
um. (every4-6monthsuptoageof5years)
 Transit
ional mi
lk.
 Maturemi lk. 12)Li
sttheCommonacci dent si
nt oddl
ers.
 Preter
m mi lk.  Fal l
s( f
rom f urnit
ures&. .
.etc).
 Foremi l
k.  Bei ngst ruckbyoragai nstanobj ect.
 Hindmi lk.  Mot orv ehi
cleacci dents.
 Bur ns-bat hwat er.
05)WhatisCol dchai n?  Dr owni ng-bat ht ub,sink,wel l
.
 The' Coldchai n'i
sasy stem ofstorage,  Bites&St i
ngs(i nsects&ani mals).
ttr
anspor t&di st
ribut
ionofv acci
nesi nthestat
e  Cut s&Punct ure.
ofef f
icacy&pot encyatrecommended  For eignbodi es.
temper at urefrom themanuf acturertothe
actual recipientofthev acci
ne. 13)Li
stthe4-opt i
onalv acciner ecommendedfor
chi
ldr
en.
06)Menti
ont hepr oblemsassoci at
edwi thar t
if
ici
al  MMR.
f
eedi
ng.  Ty phoid.
 Regur gitation.  Rot av i
rus.
 Vomi ting.  Hepat i
tisA
 Sucking&Swal l
owingdi f
fi
culti
es.  Var icell
a.
 Dehy drationFev er.
 Excessi veCr ying.
 Under feedi ng.
 Ov erfeedi ng.
14)Twomeasur estomanaget empert antr
ums. 22)Def
ineGrowthandDev el
opment .
 Giveplentyofposit
iveatt
enti
on.  Gr owt
h:Iti
stheprocessofphysi
cal
 Sti
cktot hedail
yday&ni ghtti
mer outi
ne. mat ur
ati
onresul
ti
ngani ncr
easei
nsizeoft
he
 Encouragey ourchi
ldtotal
k. body&vari
ousorgans.
 UnderstandtheChild'
sfeel
ing.
 Devel
opment:
Iti
stheprocessoffuncti
onal
&
15)Whati sSi blingr i
val r
y? phy
siol
ogi
calmatur
ati
onoftheindiv
idual
.
 Compet it
ionamongchi ldrenoft hesamef ami l
y
fort heirpar entsaf fect ionsorf ordomi nancei s 23)Li sttheDev el opment alprobl emsofapr eschooler
cal l
edsi blingr ivalry.  Communi cat i
on/l anguagepr obl ems.
 Mot orski ll
spr oblems.
16)Ment i
ont hei mpor tanceofGr owt hchar t  Pr obl em sol ving.
monitor i
ng.  Soci al &adapt i
vebehav iourpr oblems.
 Toi dentifychi ldrenwi thgr owt hdev iation.  Al ear ningdi sabi li
ty .
i
.e, undernut ri
tion&ov ernut r
ition.  Dev elopment aldi sabi l
ities:
 Toi dentifydi seases&condi ti
onst hatmani fest  Aut ism.
throughabnor mal growt h.  Behav i
ourdi sor der.
 Todi scussheal thpr omot ionr /tt of eedi ng.  Cer ebr al palsy .
 Sensi tizet ousegr owt hchar ts.  I ntellect ual disabi l
i
t y.
 Spi nabi fi
da.
17)Whati sPul sePol i
oI mmuni zat ion?
 I tsi sani mmuni zat i
oncampai gnest abl i
shedby 24)Li stthe4-pur posesorr easonsf orUnder-5
thegov t
.ofi ndiat oel imi nat epol iomy elit
is(polio) Cl
ini
cs/wel lbabycl i
ni cs.
i
ni ndi abyv acci natingal l childrenundert heage  Heal theducat ion.
of5y ear sagai nstt hepoi lov i
rus.  Adequat enut riti
on.
 Immuni zat i
on.
18)Whati sExcl usiv ebr east feedi ng?  Car eini llness.
 Excl usivebr east f
eedi ngmeanst hatt hei nfant  Rehabi l
itat i
ons.
reci evesonl ybr eastmi l
k, noot herl i
qui dsor  Gr owt hmoni toring.
sol i
dsar egi vennotev enwat er, wi t
ht he  Fami l
ypl anni ng.
except i
onofor al r
ehy drat ionsol ut i
on, ordr ops/  Pr ev ent i
v ecar e.
sy rupsofv i
tami ns, mi ner al sormedi cines.
25)Mention4-pr inciplesofGr owt h&Dev el
opment .
19)Ment i
ont hei mpor tanceofchi l
dgui dancecl inic.  Cont inuous.
 Pr ov i
dingcar ef orchi ldr enwi thl ear ning  Sequent ial.
difficulti
es.  Gener altospeci fi
c.
 Pr ov i
dingcar e&gui dancef orchi ldrenwi th  Di fferent ialit
y.
ment al r
et ardat i
on.  Rat eofgr owt h&dev elopmenti snotuni f
orm.
 Pr ov i
dinghel pf orchi ldrenwi thbehav ioral  Var iesf rom per sont oper son.
probl emsl ikepi ca, bed- wet ti
ng, speechdef ects,  Itisapr oductofbot hher edity&env i
ronment.
etc.  Dev elopmenti spr edictabl e.
 Pr ov i
dingcounsel l
ing, gui dance&i nfor mat iont o
par entsr egar dingcar e. 26)Namet hecausat i
v eor gani sm f orfourv accine
pr
evatabl edi seases.
20)Namet hePsy chosexualst ageofadol escent .  Hepat it
isB
1) Or al. *Soci al dev elopment .  Di pht her i
a
2) Anal . *I net ellectual .  Tet anus.
3) Phal l
i
c. *Mor al.  St rept ococcusPnuemoni a.
4) Lat ency . *Dev elopmentofbodyi mage  Pol io
5) Geni t
al. *Spi ritual dev elopment .  Per tussi s
 MMR( Measul es, Mumps, Rubella).
21)whati sEl ectraCompl ex?
 TheTheEl ect racompl exi sapsy choanal yti
c 27)4-Psy chosoci alpr obl emsf acedbyToddl er .
term usedt odescr ibeagi r l
'ssenseof  Tempert ant rums.
compet i
tionwi thhermot herf ort heaf fections  Shar espossessi ons.
ofherf ather .  Tr ustv /sMi strust .
 Initiativev /sGui l
t.
 Infer iority.
 Fear s-separ ationanxi ety, l
ossofcont rol.
28)Whatismeantbypar all
elplay
? 35)Wr
it
eaboutconceptofGr owt h.
 Parall
elplayisaform ofpl
ayi nwhichchi
ldr
en  Itistheprocessofphy si
cal maturat
ion
playadjacenttoeachother,butdonottr
yto resulti
ngani ncreasei nsizeoft hebody&
infl
uenceoneanot her
'sbehaviour
. variousorgans.
 Itoccursbymul ti
plicati
onofcel ls&an
 Achildisplaysordoesthesameact
ivi
tyas increasei
ni ntracellul
arsubst ance.
othersaroundthem att
hesameti
me, butmay  Itisquanti
tativechangesoft hebodywhich
notinter
actwiththem. canbemeasur edi ninches/cm &pounds/kg.
 Itisprogr
essi ve&measur ablephenomenon.
29)Whati smeantbypr imar ydent ition?  Itrefer
stoani ncr easei nsizeornumber .
 I tist hef irstst ageoft oothdev el opmenti n
chi ldren. 36)WriteaboutConcept sofDev elopment .
 Thepr i
mar ydent itioni scompr isedof20t eeth.  I tist hepr ocessoff unct ional &phy siological
of tent heset eet har er eferredt oasdeci duous mat ur at i
onoft hei ndi vidual .
teet h.  I tispr ogr essi vei ncr easei nski ll&capaci t
yt o
 I neachar choft hemout h, ther ear e2- cent r
al  f unct ion.
i
nci sor s, 2- later al incisor s, 2- cani nes, &4- mol ars  I tincl udespsy chol ogi cal ,emot ional &soci al
i
neachj aw.  changes.
 I tisquant i
tat i
veaspect sofmat uration&
30)Whati smeantbyThumbSucki ng? difficul ttomeasur e.
 I tisabehav i
orf oundi nhumans, Itusual ly
i
nv olv espl aci ngt het humbi nt othemout h& 37)Descr ibet eethi ngi nt oddl ers.
rhy thmi cal lyr epeat ingsucki ngcont actf ora  Teet hi ng:Ist hepr ocessbywhi chani nfant's
pr olongeddur at i
on. firstt eet h( deci dioust eet h/mi lkt eeth)
sequent i
allyappearbyemer gingt hrought he
31)Suppl ement ar yf eedi ng. gums, typical l
yar rivingi npai r
s.
 Thepr ocessofgi vingani nf antot herf oods&
l
iqui dsal ongwi thbr eastmi lkornon- human Themandi bul arcent ral incisor sar ef i
rst
mi lkasbr eastmi lkal onei snol ongersuf fi
cient primar yt oer upt, usual lyb/ w6- 10mont hsof
tomeett henut ri
tional requi rement s. age.
 Teet hi ngsy mpt oms:
32)Li
stt hepr ecaut i
onst akenwhi lei nt roduci ng o I rritability.
weani ngdi eti ni nf ant s. o Dr ool i
ng.
 Washi nghandswi thsope&wat erbef ore o Coughi ng.
pr epar i
ngt hef ood. o Lowgr adef ev er.
 Pr act icegoodhy giene&pr operf oodhandl i
ng o Bi ting&Gnawi ng.
techni ques. o Cheekr ubbi ng.
 Pr act iceexcl usiv ebr eastf eedi ngf r
om bi r
t h o Di ar r
hea.
upt o6mont hs.
 Foodshoul dbef reshf orweani ngpr epar e 38)Li
stt hechangesoccur i
ngi nadol escent sbef or e
i
mmedi at elycooked&wi l
l notst or emor et han Puber ty.
2hour s.  Chi ldr enbecomest rongerast heirmuscl e
massi ncreases.
33)Whati smeantbySenseofi ndust ryV/ sI nferiority
.  Mot orski ll
s-i nbot hst rengt h&coor dination
 I toccur sb/ wages6- 12y ear s.  i mpr ov e.
 SenseofI ndust ry:Dev elopi ngasenseof  Sexual mat ur i
ty.
compet enceatusef ul skill
s&t asks.  Text ur e&appear anceChi ld'sski ngr adual l
y
-School pr ov idesmanyoppor tuni ti
es.  changes.
 I nf erior ity:Pessi mi sm &Lackofconf idencei n  Rapi dsomat icgr owt h.
ownabi l
ityt odot hi ngswel l.  Br aindev elopment .
-Negat i
v er esponsesf rom f ami ly ,t
eacher s,&
peer scancont ribut et onegat ivef eelings. 39)Whati sEmbr y o?
 Thet er m, Embr y o, isusedt odescr i
bet heear l
y
34)Writ
eanot eonphal licst age.  st agesoff etal growt h, from concept iont othe
 Phal licst age:I toccur sb/ wt heagesof3- 6y r
s.  ei ght hweekofpr egnancy .
 Oedi puscompl exdev elopsi nt hisst age.
 Dur i
ngt hisst agepl easur ef ocusesont he
geni talsast hechi l
ddi scov er sthatsel f
stimual tioni senj oy abl e.
40)Dr
awt
hesy
mbolofunder
-fi
vecl
ini
c. 45)Li
sttheRul esf orsel ectionofpl aymat eri
al.
 Thepl aymat eri
alsshoul dhav efoll
owing
* Healtheducation. char act er i
st i
csl i
ke,
 Saf e.
Careinil
lness.  Washabl e.
 Li ghtwei ght.
 Real istic.
Familyplanni
ng.  At tract ive.
bv v Promot i
veserv i
ce.  Const ruct i
ve.
Preventi
vecare.  Si mpl e.
 Dur abl e.
 Easyt ohandl e.
 non- br eakabl e.
41)Principlest obef oll
oweddur i
ngWeani ngdietin  of ferpr oblem- solv i
ngoppor t
uniti
es.
Infants.
 Mi lki sthemai nf oodofi nfantsoaddi ti
onal 46)Li
stadv erseef fectofar tificialfeeding.
feedsshoul dpr ov i
deext rarequir
ement sasper  Mal nut ritionduet odilut i
on.
needsofbaby .  Mor edi ar rhea&Respi ratoryinfecti
onsdueto
 Goodqual ityfoodi t
emssel ected&shoul dbe cont ami nat ion.
manmade.  Mor eal lergy&mi lkint olerance.
 Bet ween4- 6mont hsofage.  Sal tsensi tivehy per t
ensi on.
 Foodshoul dbef resh, prepareimmedi atel
y,  Hy per chol esterolemi a.
cooked&boi ledwel l.  Dehy drat ionFev er.
 Usecl eanwat erf orpr epari
ng.
 Notst or ef ormor et han2hour s. 47)Li
stthescopeofser vicesi nI ntegratedChild
DevelopmentScheme( I
CDS) .
42)Listcommonacci dent samongt hepreschooler.  I mmuni zat ion.
 Fal linjuri
es.  Suppl ement arynut ri
tion.
 Bur ns.  Heal thcheckup.
 Cut sandabr ations.  Ref erral Ser v i
ces.
 For eignbodi es.  Pr e- school educat ion
 Dr owni ng.  Heal th&Nut r
it
ioneducat ion..
 Ani mal bites.
 Suf focat ion.
 Cr ushi njur i
es.
 Poi soni ng.
 Scal ds&bur ns.

43)Li
stcomponent sofpr enat
alprevent
ivepedi
atr
ics.
 Growthmoni toring.
 Nutri
tional
ser veilance.
 Promot i
onofbr eastf eedi
ng.
 Oralr
ehy dr
ation.
 Immuni zat
ion.
 Regularhealthcheckup.
 Healt
hsuper v i
sion.
 Controlofinfectionsdiseases.

44)Li
st4-factorsaffectinggrowth&Dev el
opment.
 Genet i
c-Her edity.
 Environment alfactors.
1. Prenatal-mat ernalmalnutri
ti
on,mat
ernal
2. i
nfection,hormones.
3. Postnatal-Nut ri
ti
on,socio-
economicstat
us,
physicalenvir
onment ,exreci
se&health.
 Uni
t-
03Nur
singCar
eofNeonat
es:
-

01)Menti
on2-Benef itsofKangar oomot hercar e. 08)Ment i
on4-St epsinnewbornresusci
tati
on.
 KMChel psint hermal control&met abol
ism. 1. Reci eving.
 KMCr esult
si nincreaseddur ati
on&r ateof [
pr ov i
dingwar mt hbyr
adiantheatsource.
]
breastfeeding. 2.Posi ti
oni ng.
 Impr ovi
ngbondi ngwithy ourbaby. [headi nasni f
fi
ngposit
ion.]
 Increasingy oursenseofcont r
ol. 3.Suct i
oni ng.
 DuringKMC, bayhasmor eregularbreat
hi ng,
& [ai
r waycl ear
ence.]
lesspredisposi ti
ontoapnea. 4.Dr yingt hebaby .
 KMCpr otectsagai nstnosocomi ali
nfecti
on. [Stimul atingbreathi
ng.
]

02)WhatisMor orefl
ex? 09)Enumar ateanyFourcongeni talanomal
iesof
 Mor or efl
ex,isar esponset oasuddenl ossof Newbor n.
suppor t&i nv
ol vest hreedisti
nctcomponent s:  Downsy ndrome.
spreadi ngoutt hear mspul li
ngthear msi n  Cer ebr alpal sy.
crying.Itisdistinctfrom thestartl
er ef
lex.  Cleftlip&Cl eftpalate.
 Mor or efl
exisani nv ol
untaryprotecti
vemot or  Hy per bili
rubinemi a.(
Jaundice)
responseagai nstabr uptdisrupti
onofbody  Neonat eSei zures.
balanceorext remel ysuddenst imulati
on.  Spinabi fida.
 Cyst icf i
br osis.
03)whatisBabinskirefel
x?
 Itisoneoft henormalref
lexesininf
ants. 10)Ment
ion4Modesofheatl
ossi
nanewbor
n.
I
toccursafterthesol
eoft hefoothasbeen i. Evapor ati
on.
fi
rmlyst
roked.Thebigtoet henmov esupwar
d i
i. Conduct ion.
ortowar
dst hetopsurf
aceoft hefoot ii
i. Conv ecti
on.
iv. Radiation.
04)Def
ineLowBirt
hweightbaby?
 Ababywhosebi rt
hweightisl
essthan2.5kg 11)Def
ineKangar ooMot herCare.
(2500gm)regar
dlessofthegest
ati
onalage  Kangar ooMot herCareisatechniqueof
takenwit
hinhourofbir
th. newbor ncarespeciall
ylowbirt
hwei ght&
pre-ter
m babies,arekeptski
n-t
o-skin&Chest -
05)Listtheequi pment sneededf
orneonat
al to-Chestcontactwithaparent,t
ypical
lythei
r
resusci t
at i
on. mot her.
 Gl oves.  Itpromot esthei
rhealt
h&wel li
ngbyef fect
ive
 Towel s/Cl oths. thermal cont
rol,br
eastfeedi
ng&bondi ng.
 Headcov er
ing.
 Sci ssors. 12)FourNewbornrefl
exesinrel
ationt
ofeedi
ng.
 Ti es. a) Sucki
ng/Swallowingref
lex.
 Suct iondev i
ce. b) Tonguethr
ustref
lex.
 Vent ilati
ondev ice. c) Rooti
ngref
lex.
 St ethoscope. d) Gagrefl
ex.
 Cl ockwat ch(t
ime)
 I ntubat ionequipment . 13)WhatisRootingRef l
ex?
 Medi cations.  Rootingreflex: Ar ef
lexthati
sseeni nnor mal
 Lar yngoscope. newbor nbabi es,whoaut omaticall
yturnthe
 Bul bsy ringe. facetowar dst hest i
mulus&makesucki ng
(root
ing)mot ionswi ththemout hwhent he
06)Def
ineWilm'sTumor. cheekorl i
pi st ouched.
 Wi l
m'stumorornephr
oblastomaismali
gnant  Ithel
pst oensur esuccessful
br east
feeding.
tumoroft heki
dneyst
hattypical
l
yoccur
sin
chil
drenages3-4year
s. 14)Menti
on4Causesofl ateneonat
aldeath.
 Preterm bir
th/int
rapart
um compli
cati
ons.
07)Li
st4-Causesofear l
yneonat
aldeath.  Birthdefects.
-Prematurebi
rth. -Congenit
alanomali
es.  Diarrhea.
-Lowbirthweight. -Hy poxi
a.  Pnuemoni ai nf
ect
ion.
-Bir
thdefect
s. -Neonatali
nfect
ion.  Infecti
on.
-Bir
thasphyxi
a.
-Sepsi
s.
15)Ment i
ont hecl assi ficat i
onofl owbi r
thwei ghtbaby . 22)Ment ion4cl i
nicalmani fest ationsofr espi ratory
 Accor dingt owei ght . di
stresssy ndr ome.
1) Lowbi rthwei ght .(
LBW)[ <2500gm]  Tachy pnea.
2) Ver yl owbi rthwei ght.(VLBW)[ <1500gm]  Dy spnea.
3) Ext remel yl owbi rt
hwei ght (ELBW) [<1000gm]  Rest lessness.
 cl assifi
edaf tercor r
elati
ngbot hbi rt
hwei ght&  Tachy car dia.
gest ati
onalage.  Cy onosi s.
1) Pr eterm.  shor tnessofbr eat h.
2) Smal lforgest ationage( SGA) .  Nasal flaring.
 Respi rat oryGr unt ing.
16)Classi f
yCongeni talhear tdef ect s.
 Cy anotic. 23)Defi
nesmal lforgest at i
on&l owbi rthwei ghtbaby
 Acy anot i
c.  Smal l-f
or -Gest ationalage:Ababywhosebi rth
I
. Lef t-ri
ghtshunt s. wei ghtorest imat edf etal wei ghti sbel owa
 Vent ri
cularsept al. speci fiedcent il
e( usual l
y10t hcent i
le)f orits
 At ri
al sept al def ects. gest ation.
I
I. Out flowobst r
uct i
on. (Babi eshav ingi nt ra-
ut erinegr owt hr et ardation)
a) pul monar yst enosi s.
b) Aor ticst enosi s. 27)Li
stt hef act orsl eadi ngt ohi ghr isknewbor n.
 Lowbi rthwei ght .
17)ListTheI ndicat i
onsf orneonat alr esusci t
at ion.  pr eter m del ivery .
 Pr eterm del ivery .  Hy pot her mi a.
 Fet al di
st r
ess.  Hy pogl y cemi a.
 Del iveryot hert hannor mal .  Apnoea.
 Sev ereIUGR.
 Ant epar tum haemor rhage. 28)Defi
neSpi nabi fida?
 Congeni tal hear tdi sease.  I tisadev el opment al congeni taldi sor der
causedbyt hei ncompl et eclosi ngoft he
18)Whati sExt rusionRef lex? embr yoni cneur al tube.
 Ext rusionr eflexort ongue- thr ustreflexi st he
refl
exmot i
oint hatcausesy ourbaby '
st onguet o  I tisacongeni tal defectoft hespi nal col umn
mov eforwar dassoonashi sl i
psar et ouched. duet of ailur eoft hef usi onofv ertebr al arches
wi thorwi thoutpr ot r
usi onofmeni nges&
19)Ment i
onany2meausr est opr ev entneonat aldeath displ asi aoft hespi nal cor d.
 Pr ev enti
ngBi rthdef ects.
 Addr essingpr eter m bi r
th,LBW, &t heirout come 29)List4-Nur singcar eofnewbor ni nI ncubat or.
 Get t i
ngpr e-pregnancy&pr enat alcare.  Pr e-war medt oat emper atur eappr opr iatet o
 Cr eat i
ngasaf ei nf antsleepenv ir
onment . thei nfant 'sage, size&condi tion.
 I mpr ovet hecar eofbabi es.  Check&r ecor di ncubat ort emper at urehour l
y .
 Posi tionawayf r
om dr aught 'sordi rectsunl i
ght.
20)TwoDi fferenceb/ wTer m &Pr et erm baby .  Car eofbaby( temper at uremai ntenance) .
Ter
m Baby Pr
eter
m baby
30)Def
ineIct
erusNeonat
rum.
 Iti
salsocall
edPhysi
ologi
cal
jaundi
ce.
*Theinfantbornaft
er *Theinf
antbornbefore
(appearsaf
ter
24hours).
37weeksofgest ati
on. 37weeksofgest at
ion.
*Themat ureinf
antsear *Earcart
il
agesare
 I
trefer
st oexcessiv
eaccumul at
ionof
car
til
agesarewell poorl
ydeveloped.
unconj
ugatedbili
rubini
nbloodresul
ti
ngi
n
for
med.
yel
lowi
shdi scol
orati
onofskin&mucus
membr ane.
24)Li
st4Congeni talCNSdi
sor
der
s.
a) Hydrocephalus.
31)WhatismeantbyOpht hal
mianeonat r
um.
b) Spi
nabi f
ida.
 Opht halmi
aneonatrum (Conjuncti
vit
isof
c) Meningit
is.
newbor n)i
saney einfecti
onthatoccurswithi
n
d) Epi
lepsy.
fir
st30day sofli
fe.Iti
scaughtduringbirt
hby
cont actwi
ththemot her'
sbirt
hcanalthatis
infectedwit
hasexual l
ytransmit
teddisease.
33)Li
st4-Primaryneedsofpr eter
m baby. 41)Whati
sOralThrush?
 War mth.(Kangaroomothercare)
.  Iti
sfungali
nfectionoftheoralcav i
ty&tongue
 Frequentbreastf
eeding. bycandidaal
bicunsi nthelatef
irstweekor
 Protect
ionfrom i
nfecti
on. secondweekofage.
 Stimualt
ion.  Iti
sthesuperfi
cialfungali
nfect
ionont he
 Safety&Lov e. mucousmembr aneofor alcavi
ty.

34)Li
st4-CausesofRespi rat
orydi
str
esssy
ndr
ome. 42)Def
ineEryt
hemaMar gi
nat
um.
 Sepsis.  Iti
sapi nkmacularnon-i
tchingr
ashesfound
 Tachy pnea. mainlyovertr
unksomt i
mesont heextr
emiti
es
 Tachy cardia. &mostcommonl yassociat
ionwit
hacute
 Cy anosis. rheumaticfev
er.
 Chestwal l
r et
ract
ions.
43)Li
stanyFourcongeni t
alabnormali
ti
esofCVS
35)Fourcongeni
talanomaliesofGIt
racti
nchi
ldr
en. Syst
em.
 Cleftli
p&Cl ef
tpalate.  Vent ri
cularseptaldefect
(VSD)
.
 Esophageal at
resi
a.  Dext r
ocar di
a.
 Py l
ori
cstenosis.  Aor ti
catresia.
 Her ni
a.  At r
ialseptaldefect(ASD).
 Intest
inal
obstructi
on.  Roger '
sdi sease.
 Lev ocardia.
36)Ment
ion4-Char acter
isticsofpret
erm baby
.
 Lowbodyt emper ature.
 Disproporti
onatel
yl argehead.
compar edtobodysi ze.
 Lowbi rthweight.
 Skinisthin.
 Ofteninactive&Li stl
ess,post
ureofext
ensi
on.
 Lacksf atdeposit
s.
 Verysmal lsize.

37)Li
stthedangersi gnsi nanewbor
n.
 Conv ulsions.
 Hy pothermi a.
 Fastbr eathing.
 Sev ereChesti n-dr
awi ng.
(
diff
icult
yi nbreathing).
 Weakness/Let hergy.
 Cy anosis.
 Poorf eeding.

39)whatissmal lf
ordat
ebaby?
 ''Babieswhosebi
rthwei
ghtisbel
owthetent
h
percenti
l
eoftheaver
ageforthegest
ati
onal
age''
.

40)Def
ineFull
-t
erm baby.
 Aninfantbornwithagestat
ionalageof
42weeksr egar
dlessoft
hebirthweight
.
 Uni
t-
05Nur
singManagementi
nCommonChi
ldhooddi
sease.

01)Defi
neCer ebr alpal sy? 07)Ment ionanyt wor ehabi li
tat ionmeasur esf or
 Cer ebr al pal sy( CP)i sagr oupofnon Bli
ndchi ld.
pr ogr essi v edi sor der sr esulti
ngf rom  Educat ional Rehabi l
itat ion.
mal funct ionoft hemot orcent ers&pat hway sof  Vocat ional Rehabi l
itation.
br ain.  Tr ai
ni ngf ordai lyact iv iti
es&mobi l
i
ty .
 Agr oupofdi sor der st hataf fectaper son' s (Tr ainingi nmusi c,comput ert raining)
abi lityt omov e&mai ntai nbal ance( mot or
bal ance)&post ure. 08)Li
stt hecommonacci dent si nschoolagechi ld.
 Fal l
s, spor tsi njur i
es.
02)whati sOr tolaniSi gn?  Bur ni njury.( Hotwat erbat h,openf ires,
 Apal pabl e&audi blecl ickel i
citedbyadduct ion cooker s,irons)
&abduct i
onoft hei nf antf emuri ncongeni t
al hi
p  Cr ushi njur i
es.
disl ocat i
on.  Mot orv ehicleacci dent s.
 For eignbodi esaspi rat ion.
03)Defi
neMent al lyChal l
engedChi l
d.  Cut&abr assi ons.
 I tisgener alizeddi sor derchar acterizedby  Ani mal bites.
signi ficant lyimpai redcogni tivef unct i
oni ng&
def i
ci tsinadapt ivebehav iourwi thonsetbef ore 09)Ment ioni ndicat ionf orexchangebl ood
theageof18. tr
ansf usion.
 Haemol yticcondi ti
ons.
04)Ment iont hemodeoft ransmi ssionofhepat i
t i
sB. a) Rhesusi ncompat ibi li
ty.
 Per i
nat al.( mot hert ochi ldatbi rth)  Sev er eanaemi aHb<8gm%.
 Sexual cont actwi thi nfect edper son.  Hy dropsf oet alis.
(thr oughSemen)  Cor dbl oodHb<13gm%wi thposi tive
 I nf ect edbl oodt ransmi ssion. directt estoft hecor dcel ls.
 I nf ect edper son' st hi ngs.  Cor dbl oodbi lirubi nof4mgormor e&
rapidr i
seofi ndi rectbi li
r ubinaf terbi r
th.
05)Dif
ferenceb/ wpat hol ogi cal&phy siological  I ncreasei nRet i
cul ocy tes.
Jaundi ce.  Hi ghr iskneonat eswi thper inatal Hy poxi a,
hy pot hermi a, aci dosi s, hy pogl ycemi a, sepsi s.
Physiologi calj aundi ce Pathol ogicaljaundi ce
10)Defi
neNeut r
openi a.
 Appear saf ter  Appear saf ter  A n ab no r
ma lly lowcountofat ypeofwhi te
24hour s. within24hour s. bloodcel l
s(Neut rophi ls)i nthebl ood, l
eadi ngto
 I ncr easebi li
rubi n  I ncreasebi lir
ubin increasedsuscept i
bi l
ityt ot hei nf ect ion.
<5mg/ dL. >5mg/ dLperday  Decr easei nt henumberofabsol ut eneut rophil
 Cl ini callynot  Jaundi ceper sist count (ANC)i nper i
pher al bloodl esst han
det ect abl eaf ter after14day s. 1500/ mm³
14day s. Nor mal ANC: 1500/ mm³ .
 Di sappear s  Needt reatment
wi thoutt reat ment . acc.t ocause.
 Phy siologi cal .  Pat hological . 11)Ment ionmodeoft ransmi ssi onofhepat itisA.
 Cause: nor mal  Cause: Var ious  Spr eadf rom cl ose, per sonal cont actwi than
hemebr eakdown. pathol ogical infect edper son.
condi ti
ons.  Sexual t
ransmi ssion.
 Faecal -Oral rout e.
 Par ent eral r
out e.
 Cont ami natedf ood, &wat er.
e.g: (infectedf oodhandl ers)
06)Name2-Dr ugsusedt ot reatbr ochi alast hma.
 Br ochodi lator s. 12)Defi
neAI DS.
 e. g: Sal but amol ,Sal met erol.  Itis c hronicpot entiallyl ifethr eat ening
 Cor ticost er oids. condi ti
oncausedbyt heHumanI mmuno
 e. g: predni sone. def i
ci encyv irusbyaf fect ingper son' si mmune
 Becl omet hasonedi spr opionat e. sy stem.
13)Def
ineVolvolus. 19)Li
sttheSi gns&Sy mptomsofmeasles.
 Abnor mal t
wistingofapor ti
onoftheGItract,  Hi ghfev er.
usuallytheintesti
ne,arounditsmesentri
caxis  Runnynose/Sneezi ng.
whichcani mpai rbloodf l
ow.  Red, Wat eryeyes.
 Thisismostcommonl yduetoabirthdefect  Rashbr eaksout3- 5daysaf
tersy
mptoms
call
edmal rotati
on,whi choccursduri
ngfoetal begin.
development .  Ot hers.
 Itcanalsooccuri nol deradul
tswith  Ski nr ashes.
constipati
on.  Conj uncti
vit
is.
 Dr ycough.
14)Whati
smeantbyOt i
ti
sMedi a?  Di arrhea.
 Ani nf
ecti
on&i nfl
ammat ionoftheai
r-
fi
ll
ed  Headache.
spacebehindt heeardr
um (themiddl
eear).  Kopl ik'
sspots.
 Inf
lammat i
onoft hemiddleear.  Sensi ti
vi
tytoli
ght.
 Ani nf
ecti
oni susual
lycausedbybacter
iaor  Swol lenlymphnodes.
vir
us.
 Types: 20)whatisKoplik'sspot ?
1) Acuteotit
ismedia.  Kopl i
k'sspot saregr ay
ishwhitedots,usual
l
y
2) ot
iti
smedi awitheffusi
on. assmal lasgr ai
nsofsand, thathavesli
ght,
3) Chronicsuppor
ativeoti
ti
smedia. reddi
shar eolaeinsidethemout hthatare
4) Adhesiveoti
ti
smedi a. highl
ychar acter
isti
coft heearl
yphaseof
measles.(rubeola)
15)Li
stthet y
pesofforei
gnbody .
*I
nsects. *Pebbles.  Kopli
kspotsareseenwithmeasl
es.Theyare
*Smal l
toys. *Scr
ews. small
,whitespotst
hatoccuront
heinsideof
*Penpenci l
s. *Nai
l. thecheeksearl
yinthecour
seofmeasles.
*Erasers. *Hai
rpins.
*Seeds. *Coins. 21)Whati
sDengueFev er
?
*Plasti
cutensi
ls.  Anacut
ev i
rali
nfecti
ont
ransmi
tt
edbythe
*Papercl i
p. mosqui
toes&causingsuddenf
ever&acut
e
pai
ninthej
oints.
16)WhatisImpet i
go?
 Iti
sacommon&hi ghl
ycont agiousbact eria  Itisamosquitobornevi
ralinf
ecti
oncausedby
skininfecti
ont hatmainlyaffect sinf
ants& thedenguev i
rus(
Flavi
virus)tr
ansmi
ttedby
youngchi l
dren.Itusuall
yappear sasr eddish themosquitoAedesAegy ptir
arel
yAedes
soresont hef ace,especial
lyar oundthenose& albopi
ctus.
mout h&ont hehands&f eet.
 Ov eraboutaweek, thesoresbur st&dev el
op  I
tisal
socal
l
edBr
eakbor
nef
ever
.
honey -
coloredcr ust
s.
 Mai nl
ycausedbygr oup-Ast reptococcus& 22)Li
sttheTy pesofDi
phther
ia.
staphylococcusaur eus. 1) Faucial-commonest
.
2) Laryngeal.
17)WhatismeantbyPr ur
it
is? 3) Nasal.
 Iti
sunpleasantsensationoft
heskinthat 4) Oti
tic.
provokesurget oscrat
chyourski
n.t
hatcan 5) Conjucti
val.
invol
veanypar tofthebody. 6) Genital
.
 Alsocall
edItching. 7) Cutaneous.
 Causes:
o I rr
it
ants. 23)Wr
it
et heCompl i
cat
ionsofMumps.
o I nsectbi
tes.  Orchiti
s(infl
ammat ionoft
est
icl
es)
o Sunbur n.  Oophor i
ti
s.
 Meningoencephal i
ti
s.
18)Li
sttheStagesofWhoopi ngCough.  Pancreati
t i
s.
 3-Stages: (Dur ation)  Meningiti
s.
1) Catarr
hal.(1-2weeks)  Encephaliti
s.
2) Paroxysmal .(1-
6weeks)  Hearingloss/deafness.
3) Convalescent.(2-3weeks)  Mast i
ti
s.
24)Cl
ini
calmani festat
ionofChicken-
pox. 31)Def
ineThr
ombo-cy t
openi cpur pura.
 Fever .  Aconditi
oninwhichpl atelets(bloodcell
sthat
 Headache. causebloodclot
st oform)ar edest royedby
 Extremel yit
chyr ash. theimmunesy st
em.Thel owpl atel
etcount
 Redspot sfir
stappearsonchest,
face&back. causeseasybrui
si ng&bl eeding, whichmaybe
(
lat
erspot sintoitchybl
i
ster
s) seenaspurpleareasint heski n,mucous
 Backache. membr anes&out erli
ningsofor gans.
 Decr easedappet it
e.
 Mal aise.  Anautoi
mmunedi sor
derresul
ti
ngi
n
dest
ruct
ionofpl
atel
ets.
25)Pr
ev entiv
emeasur esforChicken-pox.
 Byv accinat
ion. 32)WhatismeantbyCompl etefr
acture?
 Li veattenuatedchicken-
poxv accine.  Thef r
actur
ei nwhicht hebonei sbroken
(I
tisv erysafe&effecti
veatpr eventi
ngt
he acr ossenti
relydestroyingthecontinui
tyofthe
disease.) bone, resul
tinginproximal &distal
bone
 Var icell
azoosterimmunogl obuli
n. f r
agment s.
(VZIg)  Thef ract
ureinwhichbonei sbreaksintotwo
separatepieces.
 Preventi
ve/prot ecti
vet
echniques.
 I
solati
on. 33)Wr
it
etheDef i
ciencyofVi t-B6&it
ssources.
 Di
sinfectnonporoussurface.  Defi
ciencyofVi t-B6
 Getvaccinat
ion.  Mi crocy ti
canemi a.
 Avoidthoseinfected.  El ect roencephalographi
cabnor
mal i
ti
es.
 Der mat iti
swi t
hcheilosi
s.
26)Wr
it
et hecausesofPsor iasi
s.  Gl ossi ti
s.
 Inf
ection.  Sources:
 Trauma.( ski
n)  Por k.
 Stress.  Fi sh.
 Fami l
yhistory
.  Poul try.(chi
cken)
 Sev er
eSunbur n.  Non- cit
rusfruit
s.
 Stress.  Banana
 Smoki ng.  St ar chyv egetables.
 Heav yalcoholconsumpti
on.
34)Wr
it
edef i
ciencyofVi t-
B2andi t
ssources.
27)Li
stthety pesofDermatit
is.  Defi
ciencyofVi t-B2.
1) Atopi
cder mati
ti
s(eczema)  Ski ndi sorders.
2) Contactdermati
ti
s.  Hy per emi a.
3) Dyshidrot
icder
matit
is.  Edemaofmout h&throat.
4) Seborrhei
cdermati
tis.  Angul arst omat i
ti
s.
 Chei losis.
28)Li
stt
he4- commonEy edi
sor
der
s.  Hai rloss.
 Conjunctivi
ti
s.  Sor et hroat .
 Reti
nitis.  Sources:
 Cataract.  Eggs.
 Opthalmicneonat
rum.  Or ganmeat( kidney,l
iver
)
 Glaucoma.  Dai rypr oducts.
 Gr eenv egetables.(Aspargagus)
29)Li
sttheClinicalf
eatur
esofCataract
.  For ti
fiedcer eals.
 Blurryvision.  Gr ai npr oduct s.
 Di mv i
sion.
 Increasei ndi
ffi
cul
tywit
hvi
sionatni
ght
. 35)Wr
it
eDefi
ciencyofVi t-
B12andit
ssour
ces.
 Sensi t
ivi
tytoli
ght&glar
e.  Def
ici
encyofVi t
-B12.
 Vi si
onloss.  Anemi a( decreasedRBC)
 Fatigue.
30)WhatismeantbyOpenf ractur
e?  Headache.
 Thef ract
ureinwhichtheboneisexposed  Muscl eweakness.
throughabr eakinski
n.  Cogni t
ivedy sfunct
ion.
 Af ractur
einwhichthereisanopenwoundor  Sensor ydisturbance.
breaki ntheski
nneart hesi
teofbr
okenbone.  Wei ghtloss.
  Sour
ces:
 Fish,meat,eggs. 41)Li
stt
heCl inicalfeaturesofCoarctat
ionofAor
ta.
 Mi l
kproducts.  Asympt omaticwi thminordefeet
.
 Almonds.  Dyspnoeaonexer t
ion.
 Crab.  Fail
ur etot hr
ive.
 Cereals.  Pitt
ingedema.
 Cheese.  Gallopr hythm.
 Hear tmur mur .
36)wr
it
ethedef i
ciencyofVi t-
B1andi
tssour
ces.  Fati
gue, weakness.
 Defi
ciencyofVi t-
B1.  Frequentepi staxis.
 Lossofappet i
te.  Highorl owBP
 Weakness.
 Pai ninl i
mbs. 42)Li
stt
heClini
calfeatur
esofPulmonaryst
enosi
s.
 Shor tnessofbr eath.  Heartmur mur.
 Swol lenf eetorlegs.  Fati
gue.
 Sources:  Short
nessofbr eat
h(dur
ingexer
ti
on)
 Whol egr ains.  Chestpain.
 Yogur t.  Lossofconsciousness(
fai
nti
ng)
 Leanmeat s.
 poul t
ry. 43)Li
stt
hecl ini
calfeatur
esofAor t
icstenosi
s.
 Eggs.  Chestpai n.
 Seaf ood.  Fatigue.
 Beans, peas.  Shor t
nessofbr eath.
 Por k.  Fainting.
 Fi sh.  Hear tmur mur/enlargedheart
.

37)Wr
it
et heCausesofVi t
-Ddefi
ciency. 44)Li
sttheCausesofUTI( Uri
nar ytr
actinfect
ion)
 LackofSunexposur e.  Causedbymi cr oorganisms( Bacteri
as)
 Inadequat ediet
aryi
ntakeofvit
-D.  Blockedf lowofur i
ne.
 GIdisorder s.  Bowel incont i
nence.
 Renal disease&  Urinarycat heteri
zation.
 Liverdisease.  Kidneyst ones.
 Poorper sonal hygi
ene.
38)Cl
ini
calfeaturesofVit-Ddefi
ciency
.  Diabetes.
 Fatigue&Ti redness.  Problemsempt y
ingt hebladdercomplet
ely
.
 Muscl eweakness.
 Bone&backpai n. 45)Wri
te4-congeni t
alabnormalit
iesofGenit
our
inar
y
 Depr essi
on. Sy
stem.
 Jointpain.  Vesicour eteral r
efl
ux(VUR)
 Hairloss.  Obst ructivemegaur eter.
 Bonel oss. Posteriorurethralval
ve&megacy st
is.
 Gettingsick.  Polycy sti
cki dneydisease(PKD).
 Impai r
edwoundheal ing.  Renal dysplasia.
 Hy pospadi as.
39)Wr
it
et heclinicalfeaturesofVit-
Edefi
ciency
.  Epispadi as.
 Gener al&unexpl ainablef
eeli
ngofunwell
ness.  Undescendedt esti
s.
 Muscl epai normuscl eweakness.  Bladderext r
ophy .
 Diffi
cult
yincoor dination&lossofbody
mov ementcont rol
. 46)Li
stt
hemanagementofNephr oti
csy
ndr ome.
 Weekedi mmunesy st
em.  Treatsour ceofinfect
ion.
 Visionprobl ems.  Bedr est&hi ghprotei
ndiet.
 Numbness&t i
ngli
ng.  Steroidt herapy.
 Antibiotictherapy&I mmunosuppressiv
edr ug.
40)Wr
it
et heclinicalfeaturesofVit
-Kdefi
ciency
.  Diuretics.
 Easybr uising.  Renal transplantat
ion.
 Excessivebl eedingf r
om woundspunctur
es.  Antihyper t
ensivemedi cat
ion&waterpil
ls.
 Heav ymenst r
ual peri
odsinwomans.
 Bleedingf rom GIt r
act.
 Bloodi nurine&/orst ool
.
 Oozingf rom noseorgums.
47)Li
stt
heStagesofWi l
m'stumor . 54)Wri
teanot eonket ogeni cdiet .
 Stage-
I:Tumorconf inedtothekidney&  Theket ogeni cdi etisav eryl owcar b,hi ghf at
Compl etel
yexcised. diett hatshar esmanysi mi l
ar i
tieswi tht he
 Stage-
II:Tumorext endbey ondthekidney. At kins&l owcar bdi et
s.
 Stage-
II
I:Nonhemat ogenousdiseaseconf i
ned  I tinv ol
vesdr asticallyreduci ngcar bohy dr ate
t
ot heabdomen. i
nt ake&r eplacingi twithf at.
 Stage-
IV:Hemat ogenousmet ast
asest olungs  Aket odi etisaneat i
ngpl ant hatfocuseson
orliver. foodst hatpr ovidesal otofheal t
hf ulfats,
 Stage-
V:Bilateral r
enalinvol
vement. adequat eamount sofpr otein, &v eryfew
(
Bilateralwilm'stumor) car bohy dr at
es.
 Thegoal ist ogetmor ecal oriesf r
om f att han
48)Cl
ini
calfeaturesofVesi co-
urethr
alrefl
uxes(VUR) . from car bs.
 Asy mptomat i
c, discoveredaccidentl
y.
 LowerUTIsy mpt oms. 55)whati smeantbySt atusEpi lept i
cus.
 Dy suri
a.  Asei zuret hatlastsl ongert han5mi nut es, or
 Fr equenturination/suddenur i
nati
on. hav ingmor ethan1sei zur ewi t
hina5mi nut es
 Pai norbur ningsensat i
onwhi l
eurinat
ing. per i
od, wi thoutr et
ur ni
ngt oanor mal l
ev elof
 Fev er,Chil
l
s. consci ousnessb/ wepi sodesi scal ledSt atus
 Recur rentUTI . Epi l
ept i
cus.

49)Cl
assf
ythegradesVesi co-urethralrefluxes.  I
tisastateofconti
nui
ngorrecur
rentseizur
es
 Grade-
I:Ur inerefl
uxlimitedt ouret eronly. t
hatprol
ongedf ormor
ethan30mi nutes,
 Grade-
II:Urinerefl
uxintot heureter& wi
thoutful
lrecover
yofconsci
ousness.
renalpelv
iswi t
houtdi stent ion.
 Grade-
II
I:Ref l
uxint
ot heur eter&r enal pel
vis 56)Li
sttheCausesofMeni ngi
ti
s.
causingmi l
dswel l
i
ng.  Meningit
isusual l
ycausedbyaVi r
alor
 Grade-
IV:Resul t
sinmoder ateswel ling.  bacter
ialinf
ection.
 Meningococcal bacter
ia.
50)Cl
ini
calf
eatur
esofundescendedtest
is.  Pneumococcal bact
eri
a.
 Absenceofoneorbothtestes.  Haemophi lusinfl
uenzatypeb(Hi
b)bact
eri
a
 Swell
inginthegr
oin.  Enterovi
ruses.
 Mumpsv ir
us.
51)Cl
assif
yHy drocephalus.
 Dependi nguponpat hology
. 57)Li
stthecl ini
calfeaturesofConv
ul si
ons.
a) Congenital.  Flexedar ms.
b) Acquir
ed.  Flut t
er i
ngofey eli
ds.
  Hy per sali
vati
on.
1) Communi cat
ingorNon-obst
ruct
ive.  Bodybecomest if
f.
2) non-
communi cat
ingorobstr
ucti
ve.  Inef fect i
vebreathing.
 Cy anosi s.
52)Li
sttheCausesofHy drocephalus.  Al teringcont racti
onsofmuscles.
 Congeni talhy drocephal us.  Vi sual hal
luci
nation.
 Int
r a-ut erineinfections.  Lossofconsci ousness.
 Congeni talbraintumor .
 Int
r acr anial hemor rhage. 58)Li
stthemedi calmanagementofI nstussusception
 mal for mat i
onsofar achnoidv il
li
.  Awat ersol
ubl econt rastorai renema.
 Acquiredhy drocephal us. Thisi sbothadi agnosticpr ocedure&a
 Infl
ammat i
on.(Meni ngit
is,encephali
ti
s) treatment.
 Trauma.( bir
thinjury,headi njury)  Sur gery:Anai renemai sper formedi nthe
 Neopl asm. X-raydepar tmentbyar adiologist
.Dur i
ngt he
 Chemi cal hypervitaminosis' A'. airenema, asmal l,softtubei splacedi nthe
 Degener ativeatrophyofbr ain. rectum &ai rispassedt hroughi t.
 Arteriov enousmal formations.  Theai rtrav elsintothei ntesti
ne&at t
empt s
tounfoldthebowel thathas' '
telescoped,''
53)Cl
assif
ySpinabifida. fi
xingthei ntussuscept ion.
1) Spi
nabifidacysti
ca.
a) Meningocele.
b) Myel
omeni ngocel
e.
2) Spi
nabifidaoccult
a.
59)Li
sttheSi gns&Sy mpt omsofCel
iacdi
sease. 64)whatisDi ssemi nat edI ntr
avascularCoagul opathy
.
 Di arrhea.  I ti
sanacqui redcondi ti
oninwhi chnormal
 Fat igue. physiologyofcoagul ati
onisdistur
bedl eadinto
 Decr easedappeti
te. widespr eadi ntravascularcoagulati
onpr ocess
 Indigest ion. associat edwi thinjurytomi cr
ovasculature
 Fati nst ool. whichr esul t
si norgandy sf
uncti
on,capillar
y
 Wei ghtloss. l
eak&shock.
 Bel ching.  Acondi tionaf fectingtheblood'sabil
itytoclot
 Lowbl oodcount(
anemia). & stopbl eeding.

60)Whati
smeantbyVol volus. 65)Li
st4-emer gencyi nt
er ventionsforEpi st
axis.
 Iti
sat wist
ingofthei ntest
ine&causingan  Tampons-I nsertant er
iornasal orposterior
obstr
ucti
on. ball
oont ampons.
 Abnormal t
wistingofapor tionoft
heGItract,  Exami ne-at temptt odistingui
shb/ want eri
or
usual
lytheintesti
near oundi t
smesenter
icaxi
s &post er
iorbl eeding.
whichcanimpai rbloodf l
ow.  Si lv
erni trate-Appl ysil
v ernitr
atelocall
y,if
anteriorv essel i
dent i
fi
ed.
61)Whati smeantbyMal rotation.?  Af rin-Oxy met azolinecanbespr ay edinthe
 Mal rotat
ionmeanst hatt heint
estine(orbowel
) noseaspar tofconser v ativ
etreatment .
ar etwisti
ngwhi chcancauseobst ruct
ion
(blockage). 66)Cl
inicalfeatur esofmeasl es.
 I tisthet er
m usedt odef i
nethegr oupof  Cough/ dr ycough.
congeni talanomaliesr esult
ingfrom aberr
ant  Runnynose/ sneezi ng.
i
nt esti
nal r
otati
on&f i
xat i
on.  I nfl
amedey es.
 Sor et hroat/Swol lenlymphnodes.
62)Li
stt heCompl i
cati
onsofCi r
rhosis.  Fev er .
 Asci t
es.  Red, blotchyski nr ash.
 Spont aneousbact eri
al perit
oniti
s.  Di arrhea.
 Hepat icencephalopat hy.  Headache.
 Por t
al hypert
ension.  Kopl i
k'sspot s.
 Jaundi ce.
 Hepat orenalsyndrome.

63)WhatisSi cklecellCrisis?
 Apai nfulepisodet hatmaybegi nsuddenl yina
per sonwhohassi cklecell di
sease.
Asi cklecel lcri
sisoccur swhensi ckl
e-shaped
redbl oodcel lsclumpt ogether&blocksmal l
bloodv esselsthatcar rybloodtocertainorgans,
muscl es,&bones.
 Sicklecel ldisease:I sagenet i
cdisorderthat
affect serythrocytes( RBC)causingthem to
becomesi ckleorcr escentshaped.

Uni
t-
VIManagementofBehav
iour
al&Soci
alpr
obl
emsofChi
ldr
en:
-

01)Commonbehav iouraldisorder
sofinfant
. 02)Def
ineSchoolphobia.
 Separationanxi ety/Strongeranxi
ety.  Iti
sat er
m usedtodescr
ibet hesi
gnsof
 Thumbsucki ng. anxietyaschool-
agedchildhas&hi sorher
 Nailbit
ing. refusedtogot oschool
.
 Repetit
ivebehav iour
.  Iti
sal socall
edschoolavoidance.
(Bodyrocki ng&headbangi ng)
 Eveningcol ic. 03)Ment
ioncommonSpeechdi sor
der
sofchi
ldr
en.
 Tempert antrum.  Apraxi
aofspeech.
 Breathhol dingspel l
s.  Stut
teri
ng.
 Clut
teri
ng.
 Li
sping.
 Arti
cul
ationdi
sor
ders.
04)MentiontheTy pesofTi cs. 10)Whatistheformul
at omeasureint
ell
eli
gence
1) Si
mpl emot orTics. quot
ient
(IQ)ofchi
ldren.
2) Compl exmot orTics. Mentalage.
3) Si
mpl eVocal Tics. I
Q= ×100.
4) Compl exVicalTics. Chroni
cal age.
5) Copropraxia.
6) Echopraxia. I
ntel
l
igenceage.
7) Coprolal
ia. I
Q= ×100.
Act
ual
age.
05)Enl
isttwoilleffectsofthumbsucki ng.
 I mproper/mal ali
gnedteeth. 11)Meani
ngofI nfanti
leAut
ism.
 Chewi ngpr oblems.  Inf
antil
eaut i
sm isadevelopmentdisabi
li
ty
 Def omityoft humb, faci
aldist
orat
ion& character
izedbyonsetofdi st
urbancesi
n
speechdi f
fi
culties. social&languagedevelopmentbef or
etheage
 Openbi te. of30mont hs.
 Ov erbite.
 Skinpr oblems. I
tmustbedi
sti
ngui
shedfrom sev
er al
disorder
s
i
ncl
udi
ngmentalr
etar
dat
ion&schi zophreni
a.
06)Def
ineJuvenil
edelinquency .
 Thehabi t
ualcommi tti
ngofcr i
minalactsor  Aut
ism :
Aseri
ousdev
elopment
aldi
sorderthat
offencesbyay oungper son,especi
all
yone i
mpairst
heabi
li
tyt
ocommunicate&int
eract.
belowt heageatwhi chordinarycri
minal
prosecuti
onispossible. 12)Li
stany4-wel fareser vi
cesf orchall
enged
chal
lengedchi l
dreni nIndia.
 I
tisinvol
vementofakidwhoisb/ wt
heageof 1) Deenday al di
sabledRehabi li
tati
onscheme
10-17i
nill
egalacti
vi
ti
esorbehavi
our
. (DDRS).
 Alsoknownasj uv
enil
eoff
ending. 2) Assistancet odisabl edper sonsforpurchase/
fi
tti
ngofAi ds&Appl iances(ADIP).
07)Def
inePi
ca. 3) TheNat i
onal HandicappedFi nance&
 Pica:
-Persi
stenti
ngesti
onofnon-nut
ri
tiv
e, DevelopmentCor poration.
unedi
blesubstancesforaperi
odofatleast 4) SIPDA- Schemef orImpl ement at
ionofpersons
1mont hatanageatwhi chthi
sbehavi
oris withDisabi l
it
iesAct- 1995.
devel
opment al
lyi
nappropr
iat
e. 5) National Institut
ions.
 Picai
sanhabi tdi
sorderofeat
ingnonedibl
e e.g:AllIndi aInsti
tuteofSpeech&Hear ing.
subst
ancessuchasdi rt
,cl
ay,paper
,orchal
k, My sor e.
penci
l,pai
ntsetc.
13)Menti
ont he4-Behav iouralmodi
fi
cat
ion
08)Wr
it
et hemeani ngofEnuresis. t
echniquesf orChi l
dren.
 Itisalsocal
ledBed-wetti
ng.  Posi ti
vereinforcement .
 Enur esi
sorbed-wett
ingistherepeti
ti
ve  Negat ivereinforcement .
involunt
arypassageofurineatinappropri
ate  Puni shment .
placeespecial
lyatbed,duri
ngnightti
me,  Flooding.
bey ondtheageof4-5years.  Syst ematicdesensi ti
zati
on.
 Involunt
aryuri
nati
on,especial
l
ybychi ldr
enat  Av ersi
ont herapy .
night.  Ext i
ncti
on.

09)Mentionthe4- predisposingfact
orsofconduct 14)Ment
iont
heServicesifChildguidanceCli
nic.
di
sorders.  Managingl
earningproblems.
1) Biol
ogicalinfl
uence.  ManagingEmot i
onalproblems.
2) Geniti
calfactor.  ManagingAdjustmentproblems.
3) Temper ament .  ManagingDevelopmental pr
oblems.
4) Biochemical f
actors.  ManagingI
ntell
ectualdefects.
5) Psychologicali
nfluence.  ManagingSocio-l
egali
ssues.
6) Peerrelat
ionships.
7) Familyinf
luence. 15)WhatisSomnambul i
sm.?
 alsocall
edSleepwalking.
 Asl eepdisor
derchar
acteri
zedbywal
ki
ngor
otherautonomicacti
onperfor
medduri
ng
sleep.
16)Defi
nePhy si cal lychal lengedchi ldren. 21)Cl
assi fyt hement allychal l
engedchi ldr en.
 Aphy si cal orment al condi tiont hatsi gnifi
cantly  BasedonI Q.
l
imi tsaper sonsmot or ,sensor yorCogni tive 1) Mi l
dment al retar dat i
on. (50- 70) I
Q.
abilities. 2) Moder atement alr etar dati
on.( 35- 50) I
Q.
 e. g: Bl indness, dumbness, deaf ness, Crippled 3) Sev er ement al retar dat ion. ( 20- 35) I
Q.
child. 4) Pr of oundment al retar dat i
on.( <20) IQ.
 Ar et hosewi thchr onicheal thpr oblmes, orwith
crippl ingcondi tionsort hosewi thdi seaseor 22)Defi
neMast urbat i
on.
i
njur iest ot hener voussy st em.  Mast ur bat ionorgeni talst imul ationbyhandl i
ng
thegeni talsgi vespl easur et othechi ldr en.
17)Mentiont heCl assi ficat i
onofCer ebr alpal sy( CP).
 BasedonMot ordef i
cit&di stribut i
onof  Thesel f-stimul at i
onoft hegeni tal ar eai na
handi caps. chi ld,accompani edbyphy siol
ogi cchanges, &
1) Spast i
cCP. sy mpt omssuchasmuscul arcont ract ion,
2) Ext rapy rami dal CP. flushi ng, sweat i
ng&t achy pnea( 1) .
3) At oni cCP.
4) Mi xedt y peCP. 23)whati smeantbyPr ecoci ouspuber ty.
 BasedonSev erity .  Pr ecoci ouspuber ty:Iti sdef i
nedast heonset
a) Mi ldCP. oft hesecondar ysexual char act erist icsbef or
e
b) Moder at eCP. 8y earsofagei ngi rls&9y earsi nboy s.
c) Sev er eCP.
 Thechi ld'sbodybegi nschangi ngi nt ot hatof
18)Li
st4-measur est opr ev entJuv eniledel inquency . anadul t(Puber ty)t oosoon.puber tybegi ns
 Heal thypar ent -chi l
dr elationshi p. bef oreage8y ear singi rls&bef oreage9y ears
 Ful lfillmentofbasi cneeds. i
nboy s.i tisconsi der edpr ecoci ouspuber ty.
 Educat ional suppor t.
 Fami lycounsel ing. 24)whati smeantbySepar ationanxi et y?
 Yout hment or i
ng.  Adi sor deri nwhi chachi ldbecomes
 Par ent i
ngeducat ion. excessi v elyanxi ouswhensepar at edf rom
 I mpr ov ementoff ami lylif
e. par ent sorpr imar ycar egi v er.
 School ing.
 Soci al wel far eser v i
ces.  I tt ypical l
ymani fest si tselfascr ying&di str
ess
whenachi ldisawayf rom apar entorf rom
19)Twoexampl esofPosi ti
ver einf orcementi n home.
Behav i
our almodi ficat ion.
 Desi gnl ear ni ngact ivi
tiest hatf ocuson 25)Li
stany4-Behav iour aldi sor der sinChi ldr en.
progr ess&i mpr ov ement .  At tent i
ondef i
ci thy per act iv i
tydisor der (ADHD) .
 Of f erposi tiv econst r
uct i
vef eedback.  Opposi tional def iantdi sor der( ODD) .
e.g: ''
Gr eatj ob' '
.  Conductdi sor der( CD) .
 Rewar dposi tivebehav i
ouri mmedi ately.  Separ at i
onanxi ety .
e.g: Amot hergi v eshersonpr ai sef ordoi ng  Thumbsucki ng.
homewor k.  Br uxism.
 Tempert antrum.
20)Defi
neEnur esi s&Encor pr esis.  St uttering.
 Enur esi s:al socal ledBed- wet ti
ng.  Pi ca.
 Enur esi sorbed- wet ti
ngi st her epet it
ive  H e adbangi ng.
i
nv ol unt ar ypassageofur i
neat
i
nappr opr iat epl aceespeci allyatbed, during 26)Li
str easonsf orsi blingr i
v alry .
nightt ime, bey ondt heageof4- 5y ears.  Ev olvingneeds.
 I ndi vi
dual temper ament s.
 Encor pr esis:I tist hev olunt aryori nv ol
unt ary  Speci al needs/si ckki ds.
passageofst ool i
nt oappr opr iatepl aces, in  Compet ingf ori ndi vidual identity.
childr enov ert hedev el opment al ageof4y ear
s,  Aneedf orat tent i
onoraf fect i
on.
witht heabsenceofdi rectphy si ologiccauses.  Label sorunf aircompar isons, spokenor
i
mpl i
ed.
28)CommonCausesofEnur esi
s. 34)WhatismeantbyColi
c?
 Hormonal problems.( ADH)  Ar epeat
edepi
sodesofexcessi
ve&
 Bladderproblems.( Smal l
bladdercapaci
ty) inconsol
abl
ecryi
nginaninf
antthatot
her
wise
 Genetics. appearstobeheal
thy&thri
vi
ng.
 Sleepproblems.( sl
eepapnea)
 UTI.  I
tisdi
agnosedbysymptomsofi
ntensecr
ying,
 Impropertoil
ettraining. f
ornoapparentr
eason.
 Diabetesmellit
us.
 Diuret
ics.
-caffeine,alcoholetc. 35)whati smeantbyBr eath-
holdingspell
.?
 Abr eathholdi
ngspelli
sani nvol
untar
ypause
i
nbr eathsomet i
mesaccompani edbyl ossof
29)WhataretheCausesf orBr uxism i
nchi
ldr
en. consci ousness.
 Mout hbr eathing.  I tusual l
yoccurswhenay oungchil
disangr y
,
 Enlargementoft onsils. frust r
ated,i
npain,orafr
aid.butthespelli
sa
 Highf i
ll
ingr estor ati
ons. reflex.
 Nutri
tional deficiencies.
 All
ergies- i
ntest i
nal parasites. 36)Menti
on4-Si gns&Sy mptomsofAnor exia
 Endocr i
nedi sor ders. Ner
vosa.
 Psychologi calfact or-anxiety.  Undernut rit
ion/underwei ght.
 Mar kedwei ghtloss.
30)l
ist4-Reasonsf orPi
ca.  Dehy drati
on, di
zziness,fai
nting,
fat
igue.
 Poorat t
entionofcaregiv
er.  Wat erelectr
ol y
tei mbalance.
 I nadequatelov e&aff
ecti
on.  Hy pothermia.
 Pov er
ty.  Const i
pation.
 Ment alheal
t hcondi
ti
ons.  LowBP.
 I rondefici
encyorchemicalbal
ance.  Ost eoporosis.
 Dryski n&hai rloss.
31)Li
st4-Causesf orMent alretardati
on.  Irr
egularhear trate.
 Genet icsyndromes.  Absenceofmenst r
uati
on.
 Down' ssyndr ome.
 Kl i
nifelt
ersy ndrome. 37)Li
st4-Managementf orachil
dwi
thStut
ter
ing.
 Congeni talhydrocephalus.  Behav i
ouralmodi f
icati
on.
 I nt
rauteri
neinfluences-mat er
nalinf
ect
ions,  Relaxati
ontherapy .
exposest oteratogens.  Speecht herapy.
 Per i
natalcondi t
ion-birthtrauma,peri
natal  Needofencour agement&gui
dance.
asphyxia.  Stammersuppr essors.
 Post natalconditions-CNSi nf
ecti
ons.  Psychotherapy.
 Env ir
onment al &Socioculturalf
actor
s.  Drugtherapy .
(pover
ty,brokenf amil
y).

32)Defi
neAt tentionDefici
tHy peracti
vit
yDisor
der.
(ADHD).
 ADHDi sadi sor
derthatmani fest
sinchi
ldhood
wit
hsy mpt omsofhy peracti
vi
ty,i
mpulsi
vit
y,&or
i
nattention.

 Achr
oni
ccondi
ti
oni
ncl
udi
ngat
tent
iondi
ff
icul
ty
hy
per
act
ivi
ty&i
mpul
siv
eness.

33)Li
streasonsforAttenti
onhy peractivi
tydisor
der
.
 Pr ematuri
tyorLowbi r
thwei ght.
 Br aindamageduet oinfecti
onori njur
y.
 Genet ic&psychologi
cal f
actors.
 Exposur etoenvir
onment alt
oxi nsduri
ng
pregnancy
.