Pr

of.
Sangal
ePr
avi
nP.
Chandmal
Tar
achandBor
aCol
l
egeShi
rur
,Di
st:
Pune(
412210)
.MH.
Emai
l
:sangal
epr
avi
n1991@gmai
l
.com
Subj
ect:
Plantor
gani
sm i
nter
act
ion.
Cl
ass:
Msc-
II(
Bot
any
),Sem-
IV
Topi
c:Pol
l
inat
ion,
andi
tst
ypes.

Whati
sPol
l
inat
ion?

Def
inat
ion:
Pol
l
inat
ioni
sthet
ransf
erofpol
l
engr
ainsf
rom t
heant
herof
onef
lowert
othest
igmaoft
hesameoranot
herf
lower
.
Pol
linat
ioni samethodwher epol
lengr
ainsarepickedfr
om ananther
,
whi
chi st hemalepartofafl
owerandtransf
erredtothefl
ower’
sfemale
par
tcalledt hest
igma.Tomaket hepol
li
nati
onwor ksuccessf
ull
y,t
he
pol
lengr ainsmustbetransf
err
edf r
om t
hesamespeci esoffl
ower.

Fi
g:t
hepr
ocessofpol
l
inat
ion.
Pr
ocessofPol
l
inat
ion:
Thepr ocessofpolli
nati
onbegi nswhenthepoll
engrai
nsf r
om t he
respecti
veflowerslandsont hestigmaandform apol
lentubewi t
hthe
styl
elength,whichconnectsbot hthesti
gmaandov ar
y .Af
terthe
compl et
ionofthepol l
entube,thepoll
engrai
nstart
stransmitt
ingsper
m
cell
sfrom thegraintotheovary .
Latertheprocessoffer
ti
li
zati
oni
nplantswi l
ltakeplacewhent hesper
m
cell
swi l
lreachtheov
aryandeggcells.Theseedi sthenrel
easedfrom t
he
parentplantandmakingitabl
etogrowi ntoaplantandcontinuethe
reproducti
vecyclewi
ththeuseofthepol l
i
nati
onmet hod.
Ty
pesofPol
l
inat
ion:
Allplant
shav i
ngfl
owercomplet
elyr
elyonpol
l
inat
ionmet
hodf
or
reproducti
on.Ther
eare2typesofpol
li
nati
on–

 Sel
fPol
l
inat
ion

 Cr
oss-
Pol
l
inat
ion

Sel
fPol
l
inat
ion:
I
tisreferr
edtoastheprimaryty
peofpol l
inationasitincludesasingle
fl
ower.Self-
pol
li
nati
onoccurswhenpol l
engr ainsfal
ldirectl
yfrom ant
her
i
ntothest i
gmaofthefl
ower .Al
thoughthi
spr ocessisqui tesimpleandfast
,
whichleadstoareduct
ioningeneticdi
versit
yast hesper m andeggcells
oftheflowershar
esomegenet i
cinformation.

Whent
hepol
l
eni
str
ansf
err
edf
rom t
heant
her
sofaf
lowert
othest
igmaof
t
hesamef
lower
,i
tiscal
l
edassel
f-pol
l
inat
ion.
Thi
sfor
m ofpol
l
inat
ioni
s
commoni
nher
maphr
odi
teordi
oeci
ouspl
ant
swhi
chcont
ainbot
hmal
eand
f
emal
esex
ual
par
tsont
hesamef
lower
.

I
nsel
f-
pol
l
inat
ingpl
ant
s,t
her
eisl
essdependenceont
heex
ter
nal
fact
orst
o
causepol
l
inat
ion.
Thesepl
ant
sdependonwi
ndorot
hersmal
l
eri
nsect
sthat
v
isi
tthef
lowerr
egul
arl
y.I
nsel
f-pol
l
inat
ingf
lower
s,t
heant
her
s,andst
igma
ar
eofsi
mil
arl
engt
hst
ofaci
l
itat
ethet
ransf
erofpol
l
en.
Sel
f–pol
l
inat
ioncan
bef
urt
herdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wot
ypes:

 Aut
ogamy
–Int
hist
ypeofsel
f-
pol
l
inat
ion,
thepol
l
eni
str
ansf
err
edf
rom
t
heant
her
sofonef
lowert
othest
igmaoft
hesamef
lower
.

 Gei
tonogamy
–Int
hist
ypeofsel
f-pol
l
inat
ion,
theant
her
sar
e
t
ransf
err
edf
rom t
heant
her
sofonef
lowert
othest
igmaofanot
her
f
lowerbutont
hesamepl
ant
.

Adv
ant
agesandDi
sadv
ant
agesofSel
f-
pol
l
inat
ion
A)
Adv
ant
ages:
  Sel
f-pol
li
nat
ionensur
est
hatr
ecessi
vechar
act
ersar
e
el
iminat
ed.

 Thewast
ageofthepol
l
engr
aini
sver
ylesscompar
edt
o
cr
oss-
pol
li
nat
ion

 I
ntheprocessofsel
f-pol
l
inat
ion,thepuri
tyoft
her
acei
s
mai
ntai
ned,asther
eisnodiversi
tyinthegenes

 I
nsel
f-pol
li
nati
on,t
hereisnoi
nvol
vementofexter
nal
f
act
orsli
kewind,water
,andot
herpol
l
inat
ingagents.

 Self-
poll
i
nationensurest
hatev
enasmall
erquant
it
yof
producedpol l
engrai
nsfr
om pl
ant
shav
eagoodsuccess
rateinpoll
i
nation.

B)Di
sadv
ant
ages:
Themaj ordi
sadv
antageofSel
f-pol
l
inat
ioni
sther
eisnomi
xi
ngupof
genes.Duetowhich:

 Thev
igourandv
ital
i
tyoft
her
acear
ereduced

 Theimmunityt
odi
seasesi
sreducedi
nther
esul
tant
off
spri
ngs.

Cr
oss-
Pol
l
inat
ion
Itrefer
st oacomplextypeofpoll
i
nationt
hatall
owsthetransf
erofpoll
en
grainsfrom t
heantherofthefl
owerintot
hestigmaofanotherfl
ower.Thi
s
met hodleadstoanincreasei
ngeneticdi
versi
tyasdi
ffer
entfl
owerswill
shareandcombi nethei
rgeneti
cinformat
iontocreat
euniqueoff
spri
ng.

I
nthi
sty
peofpol
l
inat
ion,
thepol
l
eni
str
ansf
err
edf
rom t
heant
her
sofone
f
lowert
othest
igmaofanot
herf
lower
.Int
hiscase,
thet
wof
lower
sar
e
genet
ical
l
ydi
ff
erentf
rom eachot
her
.Cr
oss-
pol
l
inat
ioni
sal
way
sdependant
onanot
heragentt
ocauset
het
ransf
erofpol
l
en.
Theagent
sofpol
l
inat
ion
i
ncl
udebi
rds,
ani
mal
s,wat
er,
wind,
andi
nsect
s.Basedont
heagentof
pol
l
inat
ion,
cross-
pol
l
inat
ioncanbeofdi
ff
erentt
ypes:

 Hy
drophi
l
ousFl
ower
s-Thesef
lower
sar
epol
l
inat
edbywat
ermeans.
Thef
lower
sar
eof
tenv
erysmal
landi
nconspi
cuoust
oot
heragent
s.
Theydonothav
eanyf
ragr
anceort
oomuchcol
oront
hei
rpet
als.The
pol
l
eni
sadapt
edt
obeabl
etof
loati
nwat
er.

 Zoophi
l
ousf
lower
s–I
nthi
sty
peofpol
l
inat
ion,
thepol
l
inat
ingagent
s
ar
eani
mal
sli
kehumanbei
ngs,
bat
s,bi
rdset
c.Thezoophi
l
ousf
lower
s
hav
epol
l
ent
hati
sdesi
gnedt
ost
ickont
othebodyoft
heani
mal
sot
hat
t
heycanbeeasi
l
ycar
ri
edf
rom onef
lowert
oanot
her
.

 Anemophi
l
ousf
lower
s–Thesef
lower
sar
epol
l
inat
edbyt
heagencyof
wi
nd.Thesef
lower
s,l
i
kezoophi
l
ousf
lower
s,ar
esmal
land
i
nconspi
cuous.Anot
heri
mpor
tantf
eat
ureoff
lower
sthatar
ewi
nd
 pol
l
inat
edi
sthatt
heyar
ever
yli
ghtsot
hatt
heyar
eeasi
l
ycar
ri
edbyt
he
wi
nd.Thepol
l
engr
ainsar
ever
yli
ght
,non-
sti
ckyandsomet
imeswi
nged.

 Ent
omophi
l
icf
lower
s–Thesef
lower
sar
epol
l
inat
edbyi
nsect
s.These
f
lower
sar
eof
tenat
tr
act
ivet
olookatwi
thbr
ightpet
alsandar
efr
agr
ant
t
oat
tr
actt
hei
nsectv
isi
tor
stot
hem.Theyof
tenhav
ebr
oadst
igmasor
ant
her
stoal
l
owt
hei
nsectt
oper
choni
t.Manyoft
hei
nsect
-pol
l
inat
ed
f
lower
sal
sosecr
etenect
arwhi
chat
tr
act
sbees,
but
ter
fl
iesorot
her
si
mil
ari
nsect
stot
hef
lower
s.Thepol
l
engr
ainsi
nthesef
lower
sar
e
of
tenspi
nyorhav
eext
ensi
onst
hathel
pthem t
ost
ickont
othebodyof
t
hei
nsect
s.

 Or
nit
hophi
l
ousf
lower
s–Thesef
lower
sar
epol
l
inat
edbybi
rds.Ver
yfew
f
lower
sandbi
rdsshowt
hisf
orm ofpol
l
inat
ion.
Ty
pesofCr
ossPol
l
inat
ion
Theprocessofcr
oss-poll
i
nat
ionrequi
rest
hehelpof 
biot
icandabi
oti
c
agentsl
ikeani
mals,
birds,wi
nd,i
nsect
s,waterandot
heragentsas
poll
i
nators.

Pol
l
inat
ionbyWi
nd-
 Anemophi
l
y
Therear eonl yafewf lower sthatusewi ndpol li
nat
ionandt heirf eaturesare
greenish, smal landodour lessflowers.Ast hesef l
ower sdonotat tr
actt he
poll
inator s,thei
rener gyisnotusedf ormaki ngcolourfulpetals.Thist ypeof
poll
inationusual l
yoccurswhenpl ant
slackf lowerswi t
hnect arandot her
featur
esi ncludi
ngi nconspi cuous.
 Themal epar tsoftheAnemophi lous
fl
ower st endt opr oducev erylargequantit
iesofpol lenandthe  stigma,  
the
femaler epr oductivepartofa  fl
owerar everyl ar
ge,sti
ckyandf eatheryt o
extendcompl et
elyout si
det hefl
ower.Thust hepol l
enismor elikelyto
reacht hem.
Coconut
,pal
m,maize,grassesandal
lgy
mnosper
ms 
aret
hebestexampl
es
ofwind-
pol
li
nat
edplants.
Youmusthaveseenthaty
ourcari
sful
lycover
edwithyel
lowf
il
mi nt
he
spr
ing,
iti
sact
uall
ythepoll
ent
hatuseswindforpol
l
inati
onpr
ocess.

Pol
l
inat
ionbyAni
mal
s– 
Zoophi
l
y
Ani
mal spl
ayanimportantrolei
nplantrepr
oducti
on.Theyhel
pinseed
di
spersal
.Whenanani maleatsthefr
uitofaplant
,theymovetoadiff
erent
l
ocati
on.Thismovementhel psi
nspreadingtheseedsandwit
hthi
s,weget
newplantst
onewl ocati
ons.

Ar
ti
fi
cial
Pol
l
inat
ion–Ant
hropophi
l
y
Artif
ici
al pol
li
nat
ionisdonebyhumanbei ngs.Thisprocessisal
socall
edas
the Anthropophi
ly.
 I
fthereareanydi ff
iculti
esinthepolli
nati
onprocess
through abiot
icorbioti
c agents,thear
tifi
cialmethodofpol l
i
nati
onis
performedbyspr eadingpol l
engr ai
nsov erthefemal efl
owers.
Hy bri
dizati
ontechni
quesar eal sousedint hisprocess.

Adv
ant
agesandDi
sadv
ant
agesOfCr
oss-
pol
l
inat
ion
Adv
ant
ages:
 1.Thepr oducedseedsar egoodi nvi
gourandv it
alit
y.
2.Allunisexualplantscanr eproducethr oughthepr ocessof
Cross-polli
nati
on.
3.Ther ecessivechar actersint heli
neagear eeliminatedas
aresultofgenet icrecombi nati
on.
4.Thispr ocessimpr ovest hei mmuni t
yoft heof f
springs
towardst hediseasesandot herenvironmental factor
s.
5.Cross-polli
nati
oni ntroducesnewgenesi ntoasequence
ofspeci es 
andt hisismai nlyduet ot hefer
til
izati
on
betweengenet icallydiff
er entgamet es.

Di
sadv
ant
ages:

1.Inthi
sprocess,ther
eisagreatwastageofpoll
engrai
ns.
2.Duetogeneticrecombinati
on 
duri
ngmei osi
s,t
her
eare
chancesofeli
mi nat
ionsofgoodquali
ti
esandaddit
ionsof
unwantedcharacter
isti
csi
noffspr
ing.

Di
ff
erenceBet
weenSel
f-
Pol
l
inat
ionandCr
oss-
Pol
l
inat
ion
 

Sel
f-
Pol
l
inat
ion Cr
oss-
Pol
l
inat
ion
Transferpol
lengrai
nsf
rom t
he Transferpol
lengrai
nsf
rom t
he
anthertothesti
gmaofthesame anthertothesti
gmaofthedif
fer
ent
fl
ower. fl
ower.
Thisprocesscantakepl
aceeither
Thi
sprocesscantakeplacebetween
i
nt hesamef l
oweroranother
twofl
owersondif
ferentplant
s.
fl
oweroft hesameplant
.
I
toccursint
hef
lower
swhi
char
e I
toccursbet
weenfl
ower
swhi
char
e
genet
ical
l
ysame. genet
ical
l
ydif
fer
ent
.
Occur
sbothi
nper
fectori
mper
fect
Occur
sonl
yinper
fectf
lower
s.
fl
owers.
Causeshomogenouscondi
ti
onsi
n Causesheter
ozy
gouscondi
ti
oni
n
pr
ogenies. pr
ogenies.
Sel
f-pol
li
nat
ioni
ncr
easesgenet
ic Cross-
poll
inat
iondecreasesgenet
ic
uni
formit
yanddecr
easesgenet
ic unif
ormit
yandi ncr
easesgeneti
c
var
iati
on. vari
ati
on.
Causesi
nbr
eedi
ng. Causesout
breedi
ng.
Reducest
hegenepool
. Mai
ntai
nst
hegenepool
.
Producesl
imi
tedamount
sof Pr
oducesl
argeamount
sofpol
l
en
poll
engrai
ns. gr
ains.
Insel
f-
poll
inat
ion,bot
hthesti
gma Incr
oss-pol
li
nati
on,boththest
igma
andanthermatureatthesame andanthermatureatthedif
fer
ent
ti
me. ti
me.
Tr
ansf
ersf
ewnumber
sofpol
l
en. Tr
ansf
ersl
argenumber
sofpol
l
en.
Thi
spr
ocessi
scarr
iedouteven Forcr
oss-pol
li
nat
iontohappens
whent
hefl
owersar
eclosed. fl
owershouldbeopen.
Noneedofpol
li
nat
orst
otr
ansf
er Requir
epol
l
inat
orst
otr
ansf
erpol
l
en
pol
l
engrai
ns. grai
ns.
Poll
engrai
nsaredi
rect
ly
Pol
lengrai
nsaret
ransf
err
edthr
ough
tr
ansfer
redont
othesti
gmaoft
he
i
nsects,
wind,
water,
animal
s,et
c.
fl
ower.
Thanky
ou……