VELAMMALVI

DHYASHRAM
BHAGATSI
NGHWI
NG

Gr
ade:10. HowdoOr
gani
smsRepr
oduce?
SEXUALREPRODUCTI
ONI
NPLANTS:

 Thefl
owerisamodifiedshootwi
thal
imi
tedgr
owt
handi
s
ther
eproduct
ivepar
toftheplant
.

 Themai
npar
tsofaf
lowerar
e-

*Cal
yx(Sepal
s).

*Cor
oll
a(Pet
als)
.

*Andr
oeci
um (St
amens)
.

*Gynoeci
um (Pi
sti
l).

 St
amensandPisti
lar
ethereproduct
ivepar
toft
hef
lower
whichcont
ainst
hegerm -cell
s.

 Androecium i
sagroupofst
amenswhi chconsistofastal
k
call
edthefil
amentandasmallbag-l
ikestr
ucturecall
ed
theantheratthet
ip.

 Thepoll
engrai
nsi
ntheant
herar
epr
esentwi
thi
nthe
pol
lensacs.

 Gynoeci
um isthef
emalepartofthefl
owerwhichconsi
sts
oftheCarpel
sorOvar
y.Gynoecium hast
hreepart
s.

*St
igma. *St
yle. *Ovar
y.
  Theswol
lenbott
om par
tistheovary,middl
eelongat
ed
parti
sthestyl
eandtheter
mi nalst
ickypartisthe
sti
gma.

 TheOvar
ycont
ainsOvul
esandeachovul
ehasanegg
cel
l.

 Thefusi
onofmal eger
m cel
lwi
tht
hef
emal
egamet
eis
cal
ledFert
il
isat
ion.

 TheSexualr
epr
oduct
ioni
nfl
ower
ingpl
ant
sinvol
ves-

*Pol
li
nat
ion. *Fer
ti
li
zat
ion.

POLLI
NATI
ON:

 Transferofpoll
engrainsfrom t
heanthert
othesti
gma
iscall
edPol l
inat
ionandi sachi
evedbyagentssuchas
Wind(Anemophi l
y), Water(Hydrophil
y),
Bir
ds
(Ornit
hophily)orAnimals(zoophily)
.

 Pol
li
nati
onisf
oll
owedbyFerti
li
sat
ion.Typesof
Fer
ti
li
sati
onar
e-Selfpoll
inat
ion& Cr osspol
li
nat
ion.
Sel
fpol
li
nat
ion(Aut
ogamy):

 Tr
ansferofpoll
engr
ainsfrom t
heant
herofaf
lowert
o
thest
igmaoft hesamef l
ower.

Cr
osspol
li
nat
ion(Al
logamy):

 Tr
ansferofpoll
engr
ainsfr
om theant
herofaf
lowert
o
thest
igmaoft heanotherf
lower.

Germinati
onofpollengrai
n:I fpol
lenl
andsonasuit
abl
e
sti
gma, i
treachesthefemalegerm-cel
lsthr
ought
hepoll
en
tubewhichtravel
sthroughthestyl
e.

Pr
ocessoff
ert
il
isat
ion:

 Thef
usi
onofmal egamet ewithan
eggi
sknownasFer ti
li
sati
on.
Thef
ert
il
izedegg(zygote)lat
erdevel
opsi
ntoanembr
yo.

 Afterfer
ti
li
sat
ionovul
edevel
opsatoughcoatand
graduall
yconver
tsint
oaseed.Theovar
ygrowsrapi
dly
andr i
penstofor
m afrui
t.

 Meanwhi l
e,thepet
als,
sepals,st
amens,styl
eandsti
gms
mayshr i
velandfal
loff
.Theseedcont ai
nsthefut
urepl
ant
oranembr yowhichdevelopsi
ntoa
seedli
ngunderappropri
atecondit
ions
isknownasGERMI NATI ON.
 REPRODUCTI
ONI
NHUMANBEI
NGS.
Pubertyisatransiti
onalperi
odbetweenchil
dhoodand
Adulthood,duringwhichagrowthspurtoccurs,secondar
y
sexualcharacteri
sti
csappear,f
ert
il
it
yandpr ofound
psychologi
calchangest akespl
ace.

 Changesseeni
nboysandGi
rl
sar
e,

*Suddengr
owt
hinhei
ght
.

*Voi
ceget
slowerordeeper
.

*Pr
omi
nentAdam '
sappl
e.

*Br
oadeni
ngofshoul
der
sandhi
p.

*Hai
rgr
owt
hmai
nlyseeni
nar
mpi
tsandgeni
tal
s.

*SEXUALDI MORPHI SM -Thephysical

di
ssimilar
it
iesinthemal eandf emaleofaspeci
eswhi
ch
gi
vest hem dif
ferentappearancesiscal
led
Sexualdimorphism.

MALEREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEM :

 ThemaleRepr
oducti
vesyst
em inHumanbeings
composedof-Testes,Vasdef
erens,Semi
nalvesi
cle,
Penis.

 Theformationofgerm cell
s(Sperms)t akesplaceinthe
test
es.Thet estesar
elocatedout
sidetheabdomi nalcavi
ty
i
nscr ot
um becausespermf or
mati
onrequiresalower
temperatur
et hanthenormalbodytemperature.
  Testi
spri
maril
yservesthefunct
ionofsperm producti
on
andalsohel
psinthesecreti
onofTestoster
one(Mal e
hormone)asthishormoneisresponsi
blefordevelopi
ng
secondar
ysexualcharact
ersinboys.

 Thespermsfor
medaredel
iver
edthr
oughthevasdef
erens
whichuni
teswi
that
ubef r
om uri
nar
ybladder
.

 TheUr et
hrathusf ormsacommon
passagef orbot hthespermsand
urine.Alongthepat hofvasdefer
ens,
glandsl i
keprost at
eandthesemi nal
vesiclesaddf l
uidlikesecret
ion.
Thisf l
uidprovidesnutri
ti
onandal sohel
pst
hesper
msi
n
tr
anspor tat
ion.

 Thespermsaretinybodiest
hatconsi
stsofmainl
ygenet
ic
materi
alandalongtailt
hathel
psthem tomovetowar
ds
thefemaleger
m cell
.

FEMALEREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEM :

 Thefemal
erepr
oducti
vesystem composedofUt
erus,
Fal
lopi
ant
ube,Ovary,
Vagina.

 Whent hegir
lisborn, t
heovari
esalr
eadycontai
n
thousandsofimmat ureeggs.Onreachi
ngpuberty,some
ofthesestar
tmat uring.Oneeggisproducedeverymonth
byoneoft heovar
ies.

 Theeggiscar
ri
edf rom t
heovaryt
othewombt
hrougha
thi
novi
ductorfal
lopiantube.
 Thetwooviductsunitei
ntoanel
asti
cbag-l
ikestr
ucture
knownadtheut erus.
Theuter
usopensi
ntothevaginal
thr
ought
hecer vix.

 Theeggr eleasesfrom ovary

i
ntot heovi ductandstays
theirf oradaywher eitcanbe
feri
lized.Thef ert
il
isedegg(Zygot e)start
sdividingand
formsabal lofcell
sorembr yo.Theembr yoisimpl ant
edin
thelini ngoft heuteruswheretheycont i
nuetohr owand
devel opor ganst obecomef oetus.Hencetheut erus
prepar eitselfeverymont htoreceiveandnurt
ur et he
growi ngembr yo.Theper i
odinwhi chtheEmbr yodevel ops
i
nt heUt erusi scal
ledGESTATI ON.

 Theli
ningthi
ckensandisrichl
ysupl
iedwi
thbl
oodt
o
nour
ishthegrowingembryo.

 Theembr yogetsnutri
ti
onfrom themother'sbloodwith
thehel
pofaspeci alti
ssuecall
edPlacenta.Thi
sisadi sc
whichi
sembeddedi ntheuter
inewall
.Itcontsi
nsvil
lion
theembryo'ssi
deoft heti
ssue.

 Ont hemother
'ssidearebloodspaces,
whichsur r
oundt
he
vi
lli
.Thispr
ovi
desal argesurfacear
eaforglucoseand
oxygentopassfrom themot her'
sbl
oodthr
ought he
placent
a.

 Thedevelopmentofthechildi
nsidethemother'
sbody
takesapproximat
elyni
nemont hs.Thechi
ldisbornasa
resul
tofrhythmiccont
ract
ionsofthemusclesinthe
 uter
us.Expul
sionofmat
uref
oet
usf
rom t
heut
erusi
s
call
edPARTURI TI
ON.

Whathappenswhent
heEggi
snotf
ert
il
ised?

IftheEggisnotfer
til
ised,
itl
ivesforaboutoneday.Since
theovaryrel
easesoneeggever ymont h,
t heuter
usalso
preparesi
tsel
feverymonthtor ecei
veaf ert
il
isedegg.

 Thusit
slini
ngbecomest
hickandspongythi
shelpsin
nour
ishi
ngthegr
owingembryoincaseoff
ert
il
isat
ion.

Iftheeggisnotfert
ili
sedtheli
ningslowlybreakzand
comesoutt hr
ought hevaginaasbloodandmucous. Thi
s
cycletakespl
aceroughlyeverymonthandi sknownas
Menst r
uati
on.Thismenstrualcycl
elastsforabouttwot
o
eightdays.

REPRODUCTI
VEHEALTH:

AccordingtoWHO, Reproducti
veheal
thref
erstothetotal
well
-bei nginallaspectsofrepr
oduct
ion(i
e)Physical
,
emotional,BehaviouralandSocial
.

Certai
nmeasuresaretakenbythegover nmenttopr
ovide
properinf
ormati
onaboutReproducti
veor gans,
Adolescenceandrel
atedchangesthroughsexeducati
onin
schools.

UsageofCont r
acept
ivedevi
ceshel
pstoprevent
pregnancyandt hetr
ansmissi
onofSTDswhi chi
ncl
ude
Bacteri
alinfect
ions(Gonorr
hoea,Syphi
li
s),
Virali
nfecti
ons(Genitalwar
ts,AI
DS)andotherheal
th
 consequences.

 Contr
acepti
vemethodsfalli
nanumberofcat
egori
es
suchas,Mechanicalbar
ri
er- CONDOMSwhichactsas
amechanicalbar
ri
erbetweenthesper
m andtheegg.

 ORALPILLS i
nhibi
tst
heOvul
ati
onandi
mpl
ant
ati
onof
fer
ti
li
zedeggs.

I
NTRAUTERI
NEDEVICES suchasLOOPorCOPPER-T
r
educest
hemot
il
it
yofthesperms.

 PERMANENTMETHODSofcont racept
ioni
nmal
eand
femal
ear
ealsodoneSur
gical
ly.

-VASECTOMYi sasur
gicalmet
hoddoneinmale
i
nwhi
chsmallinci
sioni
smadeinVasdeferensandt
ied.

-TUBECTOMYisdoneinfemalei
nwhi
chai
nci
sioni
s
madei
nFal
lopi
antube/Ovi
ductandt
ied.

*
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