Pl

eur
alef
fusi
on:
-
I
tist
heabnor
mal
col
l
ect
ionoff
lui
dinpl
eur
alspacesuchas-

 Hy
drot
hor
ax-
(col
l
ect
ionoff
lui
d)

 Hemot
hor
ax-
(col
l
ect
ionofbl
ood)

 Chy
lot
hor
ax-
(col
l
ect
ionoff
lui
dorl
ympht
hor
ax.

 Pneumot
hor
ax-
(col
l
ect
ionofai
r)
.

Et
iopat
hogenesi
s:-
Cer
tai
ndi
sor
der
sli
kepneumoni
a,pul
monar
yembol
i
sm,
pul
monar
yinf
ect
ion,
neopl
ast
ict
umour
.

Occumul
ati
onoft
hef
lui
dint
hepl
eur
alar
ea.

Ter
midi
tyofpl
eur
alf
lui
d.

Pl
eur
alef
fusi
on.

Si
gnandsy
mpt
om:
-
 Dr
ycough.

 Shor
tnessofbr
eat
h.

 Fev
er.

 Chestpai
n.

Pat
hol
ogi
cal
changes:
-
 St
if
fnessoft
hel
ungsandchestwal
l
s.
  Hi
ghconcent
rat
ionofpr
otei
ncont
enti
npl
eur
alf
lui
d.

 Pr
esenceoft
ransudat
esandexudat
es.

 Pr
esenceofWBCi
npl
eur
alf
lui
d.

Di
agnost
icmet
hods:
-
 Per
cussi
on.

 WBC,
RBC,
prot
ein,
cyt
ologi
cal
changes.