5. What is purging?

Purging is a necessary procedure in boilers, conducted before start-up or during

maintenance, to eliminate air and unwanted gases. The removal of these gases is vital
to prevent potential combustion or ignition, which can adversely affect the boiler's
efficiency. Furthermore, purging plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of the
maintenance team involved in the process.
6. Define the following: de scaling, back firing, water hammer.
De scaling
A descaling is just a process of removing scales. Scales are the minerals buildup on the internal
surface of the tubes or shells. This will occur when the water has a high level of calcium and
magnesium.

Back firing
When forced draft fan (FDF) is greater than the induced draft fan (IDF) backfiring will
happened. When there is a disruption in the combustion process within the boiler, it can result in a
backfire where there is a sudden release of flames or exhaust gases from the incorrect location.

Water Hammer
A water hammering is when the boiler creates unnecessary noise. It is caused by the sudden
increase and decrease of pressure inside the boiler shell. Also, the rapid acceleration and deceleration
of the flow of the water. The primary indication of priming is the water hammering.

What is a water softener? Give details on its operation and standards.

A water softener is a process which will remove all the dissolve solid or the impurities
of a water before it will undergo to a boiler. Water softener is the responsible of removing
those chemicals that can prevent all possible damage to a boiler. Inside of a water softener
tank there are some chemicals used to remove solids which is the resins. There are 2 types of
testing a water which is the soap regent and chemical regent. Chemical regent is much
expensive rather than soap regent, but it has a greater efficiency in terms of providing an
accurate data. 17. 1 below is the acidic level of a water and 7 above for the pH level content
of the water are the acceptable value for a clean water.
1. What are the dangers associated in boiler operation?
In a boiler, there are various risks that must be given due attention. These risks may
occur in the absence of proper precautions and maintenance procedures. There are 5 reasons
why a boiler is associated with danger. First, when the level of water inside the boiler is low, the
heat that should transfer to the water will now be directed to the drum shell. Second, safety
valves malfunction or needed to replace. Third, decreasing the thickness of the tubes inside the
boiler because of corrosion or uncleaned water. Fourth, not properly monitored by the
operator. And lastly, lack of knowledge or training in a specific boiler model.
 2. What is the difference between economizers and pre heaters?
Economizers and preheaters are both parts of a boiler system, serving to enhance
efficiency and decrease operational expenses. An economizer functions is by capturing and
utilizing waste heat produced by the furnace, with the primary objective of recovering that heat
and improving the system's thermal efficiency. Conversely, a preheater is specifically designed
to elevate the temperature of a fluid or gas prior to its entry into a particular piece of equipment.

3. What is the difference between design pressure and operating pressure?

Design pressure refers to the maximum pressure that a system vessel or equipment is
designed to handle safely. It ensures the system's structural integrity by ensuring it can
withstand the highest anticipated pressure without any failures. On the contrary, operating
pressure is the actual daily pressure at which the system or equipment operates. It represents
the pressure that the system experiences during regular usage. A design pressure should be
larger than the operating or actual pressure because of the different losses you need to
consider.