Test Bank For Meeting The Ethical Challenges of Leadership Casting Light or Shadow 7th Edition Craig e Johnson

Test Bank for Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Leadership Casting Light or Shadow 7th Editi
Test Bank for Meeting the Ethical Challenges of

Leadership Casting Light or Shadow 7th Edition
Craig E. Johnson
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Johnson, Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Leadership, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
Chapter 6: Ethical Decision Making and Behavior

Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. Which type of thinker looks to others for guidance when deciding how to act?
A. postconventional
B. preconventional
C. conventional
D. principled
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Medium
AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
2. In which stage of the four-component model, does one determine the course of action to
take?
A. moral judgment
B. moral character
C. moral sensitivity
D. moral motivation
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Component 2: Moral Judgment
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Deceiving ourselves into thinking we are acting morally when we are not is called ______.
A. ethical reflection
B. ethical fading
C. ethical confusion
D. ethical silence
Ans: B
Answer Location: Component 1: Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)
4. Which type of emotions encourage us to comfort and help others?

A. other condemning
B. other suffering
C. self-conscious
D. other praising
Ans: B
Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)
5. According to Mary Gentile from Giving Voice to Values, all of the following are examples of
pillars that help us make ethical choices EXCEPT ______.
A. treat values conflicts as normal
B. play to personal strengths
C. anticipate rationalizations for unethical behavior
D. be empathetic in your decision-making
Ans: D
Answer Location: Box 6.1: Giving Voice to Values
Difficulty Level: Hard

6. The ______ model highlights the role that intuition and social norms play in moral
determinations.
A. social intuitionist
B. ethical checkpoint
C. 12 questions
D. dual process
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ethical Decision Making: A Dual Process Approach
7. All of the following are psychological subprocesses according to James Rest, EXCEPT
______.
A. moral sensitivity
B. moral competence
C. moral focus
D. moral character
Ans: B
Answer Location: Components of Moral Action
8. Which of the following will increase your ethical sensitivity?

A. employing euphemisms when talking about unethical behavior
B. imagining other perspectives
C. ignoring emotions
D. relying on external motivation
Ans: B
9. Which one is not a level in Kohlberg’s moral development?

A. conventional
B. postconceptual
C. preconventional
D. motivational
Ans: D
10. Which element is not part of ethical blind spots?

A. overestimating our ethicality
B. in-group favoritism
C. out-group favoritism
D. judging based on outcomes, not the process
Ans: C
Answer Location: Ethical Blind Spots
11. ______ is a psychological state or resource made up of moral ownership, moral courage,
and moral efficacy.
A. Moral reasoning
B. Moral potency
C. Moral character
D. Moral landscape
Ans: B
12. Being driven by duty to make and act on ethical decisions largely on their loyalty to the
group is called ______.
A. duty orientation
B. moral orientation
C. loyalty orientation
D. primary orientation
Ans: A
Answer Location: Component 4: Moral Character
13. Which one is not a step in the Lonergan/Baird method?

A. be attentive
B. be intelligent
C. be encouraging
D. be responsible
Ans: C

Answer Location: The Lonergan/Baird Method
14. ______ refers to making an ethical issue more visible or salient.

A. Moral sensitivity
B. Moral intensity
C. Moral focus
D. Moral character
Ans: B
15. Individuals with a/an ______ locus of control believe that they can determine what happens
to them.
A. internal
B. external
C. open
D. closed
Ans: A
16. ______ are networks of knowledge organized around life events.

A. Tolerance
B. Schemas
C. Moral thoughts
D. Ethical perspectives
Ans: B
17. ______ reasoning is the most advanced level of moral reasoning, according to Lawrence
Kohlberg.
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. Moral
Ans: C
18. In ______, organizational members want to appear moral instead of being moral.
B. moral hypocrisy
C. moral focus
D. moral character
Ans: B
19. In the ______ stage of the four-component model of ethical decision-making, the leader
must put moral values above other considerations in order to follow through on ethical choices.
A. moral focus (motivation)
B. moral hypocrisy
C. moral rendering
D. moral character
Ans: A
20. ______ recognizes the presence of an ethical issue.

B. Moral hypocrisy
C. Moral focus
D. Moral character
Ans: A
21. ______ and ______ are self-conscious emotions.

A. Embarrassment; guilt
B. Shame; fear
C. Anger; disgust
D. Sympathy; compassion
Ans: A
22. ______ and ______ are other-suffering emotions.

B. Shame; fear
C. Anger; disgust
Ans: D
23. Tolerating ______ and ambiguity occurs when managers disagree about values and
courses of action.
A. moral disagreement
B. moral hypocrisy
C. moral focus
D. moral character
Ans: A
24. Most people are at the ______ level of moral reasoning.

A. preconventional
B. conventional
C. postconventional
D. moral
Ans: B
25. ______ ability generally increases with age and education.

A. Moral disagreement
B. Moral reasoning
C. Moral focus
D. Moral character
Ans: B
26. ______ and ______ are other-condemning emotions.

B. Shame; fear
C. Anger; disgust
Ans: C
27. ______ and ______ are other-praising (positive) emotions.

B. Shame; fear
C. Gratitude; awe
Ans: C
28. All of the following are examples of ethical blind spots EXCEPT ______.
A. overestimating our ethicality
B. out-group bias
C. forgiving our own unethical behavior
D. in-group favoritism
Ans: B
29. According to the Lonergan/Baird method, Step 1 is to ______ and consider what works and
what doesn’t.
A. be attentive
B. be intelligent
C. be reasonable
D. be responsible
Ans: A
30. According to the Lonergan/Baird method, Step 2 is to ______ and sort through the data.
A. be attentive
B. be intelligent
C. be reasonable
D. be responsible
Ans: B
31. According to the Lonergan/Baird method, Step 3 is to ______ and evaluate the options.
A. be attentive
B. be intelligent
C. be reasonable
D. be responsible
Ans: C
32. According to the Lonergan/Baird method, Step 4 is to ______ and act with courage.
A. be attentive
B. be intelligent
C. be reasonable
D. be responsible
Ans: D
33. Psychologists report that self-interest and ______ undermine moral motivation.
A. hypocrisy
B. ethics
C. fear
D. hate
Ans: A
34. ______ is when leaders and followers have strong opinions about right or wrong but can’t
explain why they feel as they do.
A. Moral dumbfounding
B. Moral obligation
C. Moral reasoning
D. Moral process
Ans: A
35. Ethical thinking activates both cognitive and ______ areas of the brain.
A. intuition
B. rational
C. emotional
D. dual
Ans: C
36. What is the first step for Rest’s four-component model of ethical action?
A. moral sensitivity (recognition)
B. moral judgment
C. moral focus (motivation)
D. moral character
Ans: A
37. When people are focused solely on consequences, which level of moral development is
this?
A. preconventional
B. conventional
C. postconventional
D. principled
Ans: A
38. Sarah wanted feedback and guidance from her peers on her ethical dilemma. Which level of
ethical thinking is Sarah demonstrating?
A. preconventional
B. conventional
C. post conventional
D. process
Ans: B
39. John always sought to challenge his team for higher level ethical thinking. Which level of
ethical thinking is John promoting?
A. preconventional
B. conventional
C. post conventional
D. process
Ans: A
40. ______ is the psychological state or resource made up of moral ownership and moral
courage.
B. Moral judgment
C. Moral potency
D. Moral character
Ans: C
41. What is it called when someone feels sympathy after seeing a picture of a child in need or a
shelter animal that needs a home or a hungry homeless person?
B. moral judgment
C. moral obligation
D. moral emotions
Ans: D
True/False
1. Rewards encourage decision makers to follow through on their ethical choices.

Ans: T

2. Anger, disgust, and contempt are other-suffering emotions.

Ans: F
3. Those who use maintaining norms moral reasoning schema are concerned with following
rules and laws and making sure that regulations apply to everyone.
Ans: T
4. Researchers in cognitive neuroscience or neuroethics are also challenging the notion that
ethical thinking is devoid of emotion.
Ans: T
5. According to Rest’s model, moral character implies motivation.

Ans: F

6. Sympathy and compassion are other-praising emotions.

Ans: F
7. In the maintaining norms schema, people believe they have a moral obligation to maintain
social order.
Ans: T
8. Externally oriented people (externals) believe that life events are beyond their control and are
the product of fate or luck instead.
Ans: T
9. Choosing not to act is acting.

Ans: T

10. One of the cons of the Lonergan/Baird method is that it is not widely used.
Ans: F
11. According to the Foursquare Protocol Element 1, you need to dig into the facts.
Ans: T
Answer Location: The Foursquare Protocol
12. Incorporating intuition into ethics training can improve ethical behavior.
Ans: T
Short Answer/Essay
1. List the five ethical blind spots listed in the text under Component 2.
Ans: Overestimating our ethicality, forgiving our own unethical behavior, in-group favoritism,
implicit prejudice, and judging based on outcomes, not the process.

2. Describe and briefly explain the four components of moral action.

Ans: (1) Moral sensitivity (recognition), (2) moral judgment, (3) moral focus (motivation), and (4)
moral character. (Explanations will vary.)
3. What is meant by ethical decision-making being a dual process approach?

Ans: Varies.
4. How can you increase your sensitivity to ethical issues?

Ans: We can increase our ethical sensitivity by doing the following steps: using active listening
and role-playing; imagining other perspectives; stepping back from a situation to determine
whether it has moral implications; using moral terminology to discuss problems and issues;
avoiding euphemisms; refusing to excuse misbehavior; accepting personal responsibility; and
practicing humility and openness to other points of view.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning
5. Name and describe Kohlberg’s first level of moral development.

Ans: Level I, preconventional thinking, is the most primitive and focuses on consequences. This
form of moral reasoning is common among children who choose to obey to avoid punishment
(Stage 1) or follow the rules in order to meet their interests (Stage 2). Stage 2 thinkers are
interested in getting a fair deal: You help me, and I’ll help you.
6. Why do leaders often choose the ethical course of action but then fail to follow through on
their choice?
Ans: Varies.
7. Develop your own decision-making format. Outline each step and explain why it is important.
Ans: Varies.
Answer Location: Decision-Making Formats
8. Explain the roles that emotions play in ethical decision-making and action.
Ans: Varies.
9. What steps can you take to improve your ability to make and follow through on ethical
choices based on material from this chapter?
Ans: Varies.
Answer Location: Decision-Making Formats
10. Describe the role of neuroscience in our understanding of emotions.

Ans: Varies.
11. Practicing intelligent disobedience is a four-step process. Briefly describe each step.
Ans: (1) Understand the mission, values, and goals of the organization or group; (2) pause and
examine any order that seems inconstant with the mission, values, and goals; (3) make a
conscious choice to comply or resist the order, offering an alternative when possible; and (4)
assume personal accountability for your choice to obey or disobey.
Answer Location: Intelligent Disobedience
12. Discuss the seven pillars or foundational concepts that equip ethical choices by Giving
Voice to Values.
Ans: See Box 6.1.
Answer Location: Box 6.1: Giving Voice to Values
Test Bank for Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Leadership Casting Light or Shadow 7th Editi


13. Briefly discuss the significance of the Lonergan/Baird method.

Ans: Varies.
14. Describe what you learned about the Foursquare Protocol.

Ans: Varies.
Answer Location: The Foursquare Protocol
15. How can we build moral intensity?

Ans: We can build moral intensity by (1) illustrating that the situation can cause significant harm
or benefit to many people (magnitude of consequences); (2) establishing that there is social
consensus or agreement that a behavior is moral or immoral (e.g., legal or illegal, approved or
forbidden by a professional association); (3) demonstrating probability of effect, that the act will
happen and will cause harm or benefit; (4) showing that the consequences will happen soon
(temporal immediacy); (5) emphasizing social, psychological, physical, or psychological
closeness (proximity) with those affected by our actions; and (6) proving that one person or a
group will greatly suffer due to a decision (concentration of effect).
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Test Bank for Meeting the Ethical Challenges of

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Chapter 6: Ethical Decision Making and Behavior

4. Which type of emotions encourage us to comfort and help others?

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Which of the following will increase your ethical sensitivity?

9. Which one is not a level in Kohlberg’s moral development?

10. Which element is not part of ethical blind spots?

13. Which one is not a step in the Lonergan/Baird method?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

14. ______ refers to making an ethical issue more visible or salient.

16. ______ are networks of knowledge organized around life events.

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

20. ______ recognizes the presence of an ethical issue.

21. ______ and ______ are self-conscious emotions.

22. ______ and ______ are other-suffering emotions.

24. Most people are at the ______ level of moral reasoning.

25. ______ ability generally increases with age and education.

26. ______ and ______ are other-condemning emotions.

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

27. ______ and ______ are other-praising (positive) emotions.

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

1. Rewards encourage decision makers to follow through on their ethical choices.

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Anger, disgust, and contempt are other-suffering emotions.

5. According to Rest’s model, moral character implies motivation.

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Sympathy and compassion are other-praising emotions.

9. Choosing not to act is acting.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

2. Describe and briefly explain the four components of moral action.

3. What is meant by ethical decision-making being a dual process approach?

4. How can you increase your sensitivity to ethical issues?

5. Name and describe Kohlberg’s first level of moral development.

10. Describe the role of neuroscience in our understanding of emotions.

Johnson, Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Leadership, 7e

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Briefly discuss the significance of the Lonergan/Baird method.

14. Describe what you learned about the Foursquare Protocol.

15. How can we build moral intensity?

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21. and are self-conscious emotions.

22. and are other-suffering emotions.

26. and are other-condemning emotions.

27. and are other-praising (positive) emotions.