Test Bank for Comprehensive Radiographic Pathology 6th Edition by Eisenberg

Test Bank for Comprehensive Radiographic

Pathology 6th Edition by Eisenberg

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Chapter 10: Endocrine System
Eisenberg: Comprehensive Radiographic Pathology, 6th Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following are major glands of the endocrine system?

(1) Adrenal.
(2) Liver.
(3) Thyroid.

a. Adrenal and Liver

b. Adrenal and Thyroid
c. Liver and Thyroid
d. Adrenal, Liver, and Thyroid
ANS: B
There are four major glands of the endocrine system: the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and
parathyroid. The liver is a vital organ that performs accessory functions for the digestive and
excretory systems.

REF: Page 354

2. Which gland secretes steroid hormones?

a. Adrenal.
b. Pituitary.
c. Liver.
d. Parathyroid.
ANS: A
Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine system that circulate in the
blood and may affect a single target or the entire body. Hormones are classified as proteins,
steroids, peptides, amino acids, or amines. The adrenal gland secretes steroids.

REF: Page 355

3. Which group of steroid hormones regulates salt and water balance?

a. Androgens.
b. Glucocorticoids.
c. Mineralocorticoids.
d. Epinephrines.
ANS: C
The steroid hormones are classified into three general groups: mineralocorticoids,
glucocorticoids, and androgens. The mineralocorticoids function to regulate salt and water
balance in the bloodstream.

REF: Page 355

4. The production of aldosterone is primarily regulated by the secretion of _____ in the _____.
a. epinephrine; adrenals
 b. epinephrine; pituitary
c. renin; thyroid
d. renin; kidneys
ANS: D
Aldosterone production is regulated by the secretion of renin in the kidneys.

REF: Page 355

5. Which group of steroid hormones regulates carbohydrate metabolism?

a. Androgens.
b. Glucocorticoids.
c. Mineralocorticoids.
d. Sex hormones.
ANS: B
The glucocorticoids regulate carbohydrate metabolism. Androgens are sex hormones, and
mineralocorticoids regulate the body’s salt and water balance.

REF: Page 355

6. Which steroid hormone depresses the inflammation response to injury?

a. Aldosterone.
b. Renin.
c. Cortisone.
d. Epinephrine.
ANS: C
Cortisone is a steroid hormone that functions to depress the body’s response to all types of
injuries. It is secreted in the anterior pituitary gland.

REF: Page 355

7. Which endocrine gland secretes cortisone?

a. Kidneys.
b. Thyroid.
c. Parathyroid.
d. Pituitary.
ANS: D
Cortisone is secreted in the anterior pituitary gland and is a steroid hormone that functions to
depress the body’s response to all types of injuries.

REF: Page 355

8. Which group of steroid hormones is sex hormones that tend to masculinize the body, to retain
amino acids, and to enhance protein synthesis?
a. Norepinephrines.
b. Mineralocorticoids.
c. Glucocorticoids.
d. Androgens.
ANS: D
 Androgens are sex hormones that tend to masculinize the body and are those that are used
illegally by athletes to increase body strength.

REF: Page 355

9. Which hormones are known as “fight or flight” hormones?

a. Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
b. Aldosterone and cortisone.
c. Cortisone and epinephrine.
d. Renin and norepinephrine.
ANS: A
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are called the fight or flight hormones. They are secreted in
response to stress situations to provide additional energy and strength.

REF: Page 355

10. Another name for epinephrine is

a. aldosterone
b. cortisone
c. adrenaline
d. glucagon
ANS: C
Adrenaline is another name for epinephrine.

REF: Page 355

11. Which of the following are responses to epinephrine?

(1) Stimulated heart activity.
(2) Increased blood pressure.
(3) Increased levels of blood glucose.

a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: D
Epinephrine causes an increase in heart activity, blood pressure, and levels of blood glucose to
boost the body’s reservoir of energy and strength in times of stress.

REF: Page 355

12. Epinephrine is secreted by the

a. thyroid
b. adrenals
c. parathyroid
d. pituitary
ANS: B
The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine.
 REF: Page 355

13. Cushing’s syndrome is caused by

a. an excess of glucocorticoid hormones
b. an insufficiency of glucocorticoid hormones
c. an excess of androgen hormones
d. an insufficiency of androgen hormones
ANS: A
Cushing’s syndrome is the result of an excess of glucocorticoid hormones from adrenal
hyperplasia, adrenal tumor, or exogenous administration of cortisone.

REF: Page 355

14. Which of the following diseases may be caused by an adrenal carcinoma?

a. Cushing’s syndrome and pheochromocytoma.
b. Neuroblastoma and gigantism.
c. Acromegaly and gigantism.
d. Cushing’s syndrome and aldosteronism.
ANS: D
Adrenal carcinomas are often functioning tumors that cause an excess of hormones produced
in the adrenal cortex, thus causing Cushing’s syndrome and aldosteronism, in addition to
virilization and feminization.

REF: Pages 355-356

15. Which of the following are primary malignancies that commonly metastasize to the adrenals?
(1) Lung.
(2) Kidney.
(3) Breast.

a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: D
The adrenals are a common site for metastatic cancers from primary cancer in the lung,
kidneys, breast, GI tract, ovary, and melanomas.

REF: Page 358

16. Where does a pheochromocytoma occur?

a. Anterior pituitary.
b. Adrenal medulla.
c. Kidney cortex.
d. Liver parenchyma.
ANS: B
 A pheochromocytoma is a tumor arising from the adrenal medulla and causes an excess of
epinephrine and norepinephrine, which causes a curable type of hypertension.

REF: Page 360

17. Which of the following is the second most common malignancy in children?
a. Pheochromocytoma.
b. Wilms’ tumor.
c. Neuroblastoma.
d. Pituitary adenoma.
ANS: C
Neuroblastoma is the second most common malignancy in children.

REF: Page 360

18. To what organs do neuroblastomas often metastasize?

a. Bone, liver, and lungs.
b. Breast, kidneys, and colon.
c. Brain, lungs, and colon.
d. Neuroblastomas do not commonly metastasize.
ANS: A
Neuroblastomas commonly metastasize to the bone, liver, and lungs.

REF: Page 361

19. Where is the pituitary gland located?

a. The mediastinum.
b. The sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
c. The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
d. On the upper poles of the kidneys.
ANS: B
The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

REF: Page 364

20. The gonadotropins are secreted by the

a. adrenals
b. thyroid
c. anterior lobe of pituitary
d. posterior lobe of pituitary
ANS: C
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes the sex hormones (or gonadotropins) that
affect the gonads.

REF: Page 364

21. The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces

a. gonadotropins and follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)
 b. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and FSH
c. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and FSH
d. vasopressin and oxytocin
ANS: D
The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces two hormones: vasopressin and oxytocin. The
other hormones listed are all secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

REF: Page 364

22. Vasopressin acts to protect a person from

a. excessive water loss
b. excessive water retention
c. virilization and feminization
d. gigantism and acromegaly
ANS: A
Vasopressin is an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that increases the reabsorption of water and
electrolytes by the renal tubules, thus decreasing urine production. This protects the individual
from excessive water loss.

REF: Page 364

23. Which hormone causes contraction of smooth muscle, especially in the uterus?
a. Vasopressin.
b. FSH.
c. TSH.
d. Oxytocin.
ANS: D
Oxytocin is one of the hormones secreted in the posterior lobe of the pituitary and functions to
cause contractions of smooth muscle, particularly in the uterus, which strengthens
contractions during labor and controls hemorrhage after delivery.

REF: Page 364

24. Which of the following results from excessive growth hormone?

a. Diabetes insipidus.
b. Diabetes mellitus.
c. Hyperpituitarism.
d. Hypopituitarism.
ANS: C
Excessive growth hormones causes hyperpituitarism, which can either cause gigantism or
acromegaly depending upon the age of the person affected.

REF: Page 364

25. If hyperpituitarism occurs in a person whose bone growth is still active, then _____ results.
a. gigantism
b. acromegaly
c. prognathism
 d. goiter
ANS: A
If bone growth is still active when an excess of growth hormone occurs, then gigantism
results.

REF: Page 364

26. If hyperpituitarism occurs in a person whose bone growth has ceased, then _____ results.
a. aldosteronism
b. acromegaly
c. gigantism
d. diabetes mellitus
ANS: B
If an excess of growth hormone occurs after a person has stopped growing, then acromegaly
results.

REF: Page 364

27. Gradual marked enlargement and thickening of the bones of the face and jaw is termed
a. gigantism
b. acromegaly
c. feminization
d. goiter
ANS: B
Acromegaly is characterized by enlargement and thickening of the bones of the face and jaw.

REF: Page 364

28. Which of the following radiographic characteristics is highly suggestive of acromegaly?

a. Shortened long bones.
b. Calcification of the cartilage of the ear.
c. Diffuse osteoporosis.
d. Thickening of the heel pad to greater than 23 mm.
ANS: D
Acromegaly is caused by hyperpituitarism after cessation of bone growth. Overgrowth of soft
tissues and enlargement of the bones of the face, hands, and feet are characteristic.

REF: Pages 364-365

29. Which disease is evidenced in the radiograph below?

 a. Goiter.
b. Gigantism.
c. Acromegaly.
d. Hypopituitarism.
ANS: C
The thickened frontal bone and frontal sinus blossoming are characteristics of acromegaly.

REF: Page 366

30. Hypopituitarism in children causes a type of

a. attention deficit disorder
b. dwarfism
c. Graves’ disease
d. arthritis
ANS: B
Hypopituitarism causes a decrease in growth hormone production. In children this causes a
type of dwarfism.

REF: Page 366

31. Where is the thyroid gland located?

a. On the superior poles of the kidneys.
b. In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
c. In the neck at the level of the larynx.
d. In the mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle.
 ANS: C
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck at the level of the larynx.

REF: Page 367

32. The only natural iodine-containing substance in the body is

a. TSH
b. aldosterone
c. cortisone
d. thyroxine
ANS: D
Thyroxine is the only natural iodine-containing substance in the body and contains either three
or four molecules of iodine, which stimulate cellular metabolism in response to the body’s
need for increased energy production.

REF: Page 367

33. Which modality is superior for imaging of the thyroid gland?

a. Nuclear medicine.
b. CT.
c. MRI.
d. Radiography.
ANS: A
Nuclear medicine is superior for imaging of the thyroid gland after the administration of
radioactive iodine.

REF: Page 367

34. Exophthalmos is a major physical finding in

a. Graves’ disease
b. hypopituitarism
c. acromegaly
d. hypothyroidism
ANS: A
Graves’ disease is a relatively common disorder with a preponderance in women. It occurs in
the third or fourth decades and is characterized by tremors, weight loss, emotional lability,
inability to sleep, tachycardia, excessive sweating, and heat intolerance. Exophthalmos is an
outward protrusion of the eyeballs that occurs from edema in the tissues behind the eye and is
a major physical finding in Graves’ disease.

REF: Page 368

35. Excess thyroid hormone production from the entire gland results in
a. goiter
b. Graves’ disease
c. cretinism
d. diabetes insipidus
ANS: B
 Excessive production of the thyroid hormones from the entire gland results in Graves’ disease.
Goiter is a nontoxic enlargement of the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism from birth causes
cretinism. Diabetes insipidus is unrelated to the thyroid gland.

REF: Page 368

36. Hypothyroidism dating from birth causes

a. dwarfism
b. diabetes mellitus
c. cretinism
d. gigantism
ANS: C
Cretinism results from hypothyroidism from birth and results in multiple developmental
abnormalities.

REF: Page 369

37. Enlargement of the thyroid gland not associated with inflammatory or neoplastic processes
and not initially associated with hyperthyroidism and myxedema is known as
a. goiter
b. Graves’ disease
c. cretinism
d. acromegaly
ANS: A
Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that does not result from inflammation,
neoplasms, hyperthyroid, or myxedema.

REF: Page 370

38. What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma?

a. Medullary.
b. Follicular.
c. Papillary.
d. Nonspecific.
ANS: C
Papillary is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma.

REF: Page 371

39. What is the usual appearance of thyroid carcinomas on radioactive iodine nuclear medicine
scans?
a. Numerous cold spots (areas of decreased uptake).
b. Solitary cold nodule.
c. Numerous hot spots (areas of increased uptake).
d. Solitary hot spot or nodule.
ANS: B
The usual presentation of a thyroid carcinoma on a radioactive iodine nuclear medicine scan is
a solitary cold nodule.
 REF: Page 372

40. There are _____ parathyroid glands in the body.

a. two
b. three
c. four
d. eight
ANS: C
The parathyroid glands are four tiny glands, two on each side, located behind the upper and
lower poles of the thyroid gland.

REF: Page 374

41. The hormones secreted by the parathyroid glands function to

a. regulate water and salt balance in the body
b. maintain proper electrolyte levels in the blood
c. stimulate secondary sex characteristics
d. regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood
ANS: D
The parathyroid hormones control the level of calcium and phosphate circulating in the blood.

REF: Page 374

42. Failure of the pancreas to secrete insulin or a failure of target organs to respond to this
hormone causes
a. diabetes mellitus
b. diabetes insipidus
c. Graves’ disease
d. Cushing’s syndrome
ANS: A
Diabetes mellitus is caused by failure of the pancreas to secrete insulin or a failure of target
organs to respond to this hormone. It is a very common endocrine disorder.

REF: Page 378

43. Which of the following is a major complication of diabetes mellitus?

a. Obesity.
b. Emaciation.
c. Atherosclerosis.
d. Polydipsia.
ANS: C
Atherosclerosis is the deposition of lipids in the walls of blood vessels, causing arterial
narrowing and possible occlusions.

REF: Page 378

44. Which of the following can cause insulin shock?

 (1) Too much insulin.
(2) Too little insulin.
(3) Not enough food.

a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: B
Insulin shock, or hypoglycemic shock, is caused by too much insulin, too little food, or
excessive exercise.

REF: Page 379

45. A diabetic patient is NPO for an upper GI exam. While waiting for the radiologist to arrive,
the patient complains of feeling lightheaded, and you notice the patient is trembling. What is
indicated, and what should be done?
a. Hypoglycemic shock; patient should be given sugar in form of candy or orange
juice.
b. Hyperglycemic shock; patient should be given sugar in form of candy or orange
juice.
c. Hypoglycemic shock; patient should be given insulin injection.
d. Hyperglycemic shock; patient should be given insulin injection.
ANS: A
Diabetic patients are at an increased risk for hypoglycemic shock as a result of not eating
enough food in preparation for an exam of the GI tract or other special procedure. The
symptoms must be rapidly recognized, and the patient should be given sugar in the form of
candy or orange juice to raise the glucose level quickly.

REF: Page 379

46. What is the most common type of hyperparathyroidism?

a. Primary.
b. Secondary.
c. Tertiary.
d. Idiopathic.
ANS: B
Secondary hyperthyroidism is the most common type.

REF: Page 374

47. What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

a. Discrete adenoma.
b. Carcinoma.
c. Acute renal failure.
d. Chronic renal failure.
ANS: A
 Discrete adenoma is the most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism. Other causes
include carcinoma and hyperplasia.

REF: Page 374

48. What is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

a. Discrete adenoma.
b. Carcinoma.
c. Progressive bone disease.
d. Chronic renal failure.
ANS: D
Chronic renal failure is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism.

REF: Page 374

49. Which imaging modality provided this image of an endocrine system disorder?

a. MRI.
b. CT.
c. Radiography.
d. US.
ANS: A
This is an MRI image demonstrating an endocrine system disorder.

REF: Page 362

50. Which endocrine system disorder is demonstrated in the image below?

 a. Adrenal metastasis.
b. Diabetes mellitus.
c. Pheochromocytoma.
d. Diabetes insipidus.
ANS: C
This MRI image demonstrates a pheochromocytoma on the left adrenal gland.

REF: Page 362

TRUE/FALSE

1. Diabetes insipidus is related to diabetes mellitus.

ANS: F
Diabetes insipidus is completely unrelated to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes insipidus results
from low blood levels of ADH. Diabetes mellitus results from insulin insufficiency or a
failure of target organs to respond to insulin.

REF: Page 367

2. Steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands.

ANS: T
Steroid hormones are one of the groups of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands.

REF: Page 355

3. Androgens are secreted by the parathyroid glands.

ANS: F
Androgens are secreted by the adrenal glands.

REF: Page 355

4. Graves’ disease is related to the thyroid gland.

ANS: T
Graves’ disease results from an overproduction of thyroid hormones from the entire gland.

REF: Page 368

5. The release of hormones by the thyroid gland is controlled by a hormone secreted in the
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

ANS: T
The pituitary gland secretes TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone, which stimulates the thyroid
to release its store of hormones.

REF: Page 367

6. Thyroxine is the only natural iodine-containing substance in the body.

ANS: T
Thyroxine is the only natural iodine-containing substance in the body.

REF: Page 367

7. The pituitary gland is often called the master gland of the body because the hormones it
secretes control most glandular activity throughout the body.

ANS: T
The hormones secreted by the pituitary gland control most of the glandular activity in the
body, so it is often called the master gland.

REF: Page 364

8. Pheochromocytoma is the second most common malignancy in children.

ANS: F
Neuroblastoma is the second most common malignancy in children.

REF: Page 360

9. Cushing’s syndrome is caused by a malfunction of the pituitary gland.

ANS: F
Cushing’s syndrome is caused by a malfunction of the adrenal glands.
 REF: Page 355

10. The risk of thyroid cancer is increased in persons who have childhood therapeutic neck
irradiation.

ANS: T
In the past, radiation was used to treat various childhood disorders, such as acne, middle ear
disease, and enlarged tonsils and adenoids. There is a correlation between this therapeutic
radiation and the incidence of thyroid cancer.

REF: Page 371

MATCHING

Match the hormone to the gland that produces it.

a. Pituitary gland
b. Parathyroid glands
c. Thyroid gland
d. Adrenal glands

1. Follicle-stimulating hormone
2. Androgens
3. Epinephrine
4. Growth hormone

1. ANS: A REF: Page 364

2. ANS: D REF: Page 374
3. ANS: D REF: Page 367
4. ANS: A REF: Page 365

Match the hormone to the gland that produces it.

a. Pituitary gland
b. Parathyroid glands
c. Thyroid gland
d. Adrenal glands

5. PTH
6. Cortisone
7. Thyroxine
8. Vasopressin

5. ANS: B REF: Page 374

6. ANS: D REF: Page 355
7. ANS: C REF: Page 367
8. ANS: A REF: Page 364

Match the disease to the dysfunctional gland.

a. Thyroid gland
b. Pituitary gland
c. Adrenal glands
Test Bank for Comprehensive Radiographic Pathology 6th Edition by Eisenberg

d. Parathyroid glands

9. Cushing’s syndrome
10. Graves’ disease
11. Gigantism
12. Diabetes insipidus

9. ANS: C REF: Page 355

10. ANS: A REF: Page 368
11. ANS: B REF: Page 364
12. ANS: B REF: Page 367

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