Excitation

System

By
Susobhan Patra

7/1/2016
 Excitation System
• General Conception
• Different Types of Excitation systems
• Operational characteristics
• Case studies- sharing ideas

Ef

Xs IacosØ
j XsI t
δ
Vt
Ø
Xs IasinØ
Ia

Phasor diagram
 Basic dynamo principle
Φ = B cos Ø A

= BA cos ωt

Change of magnetic flux = dΦ/ dt

Rate of change of magnetic flux dΦ/ dt = -BA ω sin ωt
i.e. e = NBA ω sin ωt
e0 = NBA ω
e = e0 sin ωt

Generator
When a closed coil is rotated rapidly in a strong magnetic field, the number of
magnetic flux lines passing through the coil changes continuously. Hence, an emf is
induced in the coil and a current flows in it in a direction given by FRH Rule
Motor
When a current is passed through a coil placed in a magnetic field, the coil
experiences a torque in a direction given by FLH Rule. The torque gives a
continuous rotary motion to the coil in the magnetic field.
AVR- Automatic voltage control system

If Ug
Synchronous
Machine

Excitation
System

Controller
 Specification
• Apparent power in air 70.59 MVA
• Active power 60 MW
• Phase Current 3881 amps
• No of phases 3
• No of poles 2
• Terminal Voltage 10.5 ± 5 KV
• Speed 3000 rpm
• Frequency 50 Hz
• Power factor 0.85 (lagging)
• Field current for rated output 833 amps
• Field voltage 202 V

7/1/2016
 CONNVENTIONAL EXCITATION SYSTEM FOR ALTERNATOR

ALTERNATOR
PILOT OUTPUT
EXCITE
R

ALTERNATOR
FIELD
MAIN
EXCITE
R FIELD

PILOT EXCITER MAIN EXCITER 3-Ph ALTERNATOR

7/1/2016
 From PMG

Pulse from
Pulse from AUTI MANUAL
Manual
Auto Channel Channel
Thyristor Thyristor channel
channel
bridge bridge control
control

Field Breaker

Gen

Gen. Rotor Rotating Diode Bridge Main Exciter

Schematic Diagram for Brush Less excitation System

7/1/2016
 Main Exciter
Rotating Diode Bridge

PMG

Case studies:
• Failure of PMG
• Failure of fuse
• Failure of Magnet
• Rise in PMG Temp

Brush Less excitation System

7/1/2016
 BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SUSTEM
ROTATING RECTIFIER UNIT

GENERATOR EXCITER
AUXILIARY SLIPRINGS

.. . . . P.M.G. SINGLE PHASE

PILOT EXCITER

. .. .
R

Y - +
.. .. . .
B
500/5A
. . .
C.T.
5/1 A
C.T.

EXCITER TERMINAL BOARD

J1 J2 X XX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A AXCITER/ GEN. FIELD
V31 CURRENT AMMETER
+ -

FOR TEST ONLY

A.V.R. CUBICLE

7/1/2016
Slip Ring PMG
Rotating Main
for rotor
Rectifier Exciter
voltage
FB & Armature
protection

7/1/2016
 Excitation System: Specification
Main Exciter
• Maxm continuous rating 207 KW
• Rated terminal voltage (at 225 VDC
Rectifier DC terminals)
• Rated current (at rectifier 920 ADC
DC terminal
• Frequency 150 Hz
• Rated speed 3000 rpm
• No of phases 3
• No of poles 6
• Rotating Rectifier
• Diodes (Positive) type IR GB 490 / U
• Diodes (Negative) type IR GB 491 / UR
• No of rings 2
• No. of + ve diodes per ring 9
• No. of - ve diodes per ring 9
• Peak inverse voltage of diodes 2200 V repetitive peak volts
• Connections Full wave, 3 arm bridge with 3 parallel paths per arm
• Fuse type EE GSA 250
• No of fuses 18
• Fuse current rating 250 A rms
• Fuse voltage rating 240 A rms
• Neon indicators 18 (one per parallel path)

7/1/2016
PILOT EXCITER MAIN EXCITER ROTATING RECIFIER
SOLID
SHAFT HOLLOW
SHAFT
PERMANENT
MAGNET FIELD ARMATURE ON SILICON
ON ROTOR, ROTOR, FIELD DIODE
ARMATURE ON WINDING ON BRIDGE ON
STATOR STATOR SHAFT

3-Ph (3-ph 150 Hz at Alternator field

3-ph power TGS)
(1-Ph 200Hz at Alternator terminal
TGS)
Controlled dc
THYRISTOR to field on
CONTORLLED stator
C.T
BRIDGE
AVR

P.T
REGULATOR

7/1/2016
 Rotating Rotating
Rectifier Ring Rectifier Ring
-VE +VE

Carbon Brush
on slip rings for
measurement of
Rotor Voltage
& protection Terminal block
7/1/2016
 ROTATING RECTIFIER ASSEMBLY OF BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM

NEON LAMP
DIODE
FUSE
POSITIVE DIODE CARRING RING AUX. SLIP RING

1P 2P 3P 4P 5P 6P 7P 8P 9P

ROTOR WINDING
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A2 B2 C2 A2 B2 C2 A2 B2 C2

1N 2N 3N 4N 5N 6N 7N 8N 9N

NEGATIVE DIODE CARRING RING AUX. SLIP RING

1P, 2P, 3P, 4P………….9P : DIODE & FUSE ASSEMBLY ON POSITIVE RING
1N, 2N, 3N, 4N………..9P : DIODE & FUSE ASSEMBLY ON NEGATIVE RING
TO ROTOR VOLT METER
AND ROTOR E/F RELAY
7/1/2016
 Lamp Diode Fuse

7/1/2016
 Brushless Excitation

• No use of any brush

• PMG output is fed to the AVR
• AVR output is the field for the main exciter
• Main exciter output is directly coupled with the rotating rectifier
• The output from rectifier is directly connected to the generator
rotor
• Carbon brushes are used for voltage measurement & rotor
protection system- rotor E/F
• There are two channels for operation control

7/1/2016
 AUTO Mode
• It is built as a voltage regulator and is ON during normal
operation & the reference point is set through manual switch
• Various limiters and corrective control circuits are used for
stable operation up to operating limits.
• In case of any malfunction the AVR will change over to manual
mode
MANUAL Mode:

• It is built as a simple field current regulator

• It serves as a back up channel in case of failure of the AUTO
channel.
• Operations in this channel require expert adjustment and
continuous monitoring of the parameters as there is no
automatic limiter action.
7/1/2016
 Digital AVR with BL Excitation

7/1/2016
 3.2.3 UN6080 Control HW
Power INterface

UNITROL 6080 Hardware Devices (D1..D4)

PIN608 PIN608 PIN608

0 0 0

CCM6080 CCM6080 CCM6080

Communication
Control
Measuring
Combined IO
 3.2.3 UN6080 Control HW

Communication Control Measuring CCM6080 (UC D240)

CCM6080 CCM6080 CCM6080

DCS800 Box
CCM 6080 PIN – 6080
X12 X12 D1…D4
X113 X113
AO
X14 X14

CCM 6080 PIN – 51 D5

X12 X12

X13 X13 Ethernet

Optical Links
GDI UG IG
X113 X113
 • Providing variable DC current with
short time overload capability
• Control terminal voltage on preset value
with required accuracy
• Ensure stable operation with network
and/ or other machines
• Keep machine within permissible
operating range.
• Contribution to transient stability
subsequent to a fault.
• Communicate with the power plant
control system

Excitation Control Terminal

• Display of actual values

• Local operation of the excitation system
• Parameter settings
• Transient recorder
• Event/Fault recorder

7/1/2016
 Rotating Diode Failure

Band
Ripple Diode failure
pass
detection
filter
Ie

Rotating rectifier

Diode failure

7/1/2016
 Set point V/Hz Limiter

Setting range V/Hz

UG set point
UG max setpoint
UG nominal
UG min set point

Allowed range of operation

f
f nominal

7/1/2016
 Static Excitation (Digital Voltage regulator)
• The DVR regulates the voltage of the synchronous machine by direct control of the
rotor current using thyristor converter.
• Redundancy in the regulator section is ensured by means of two fully separate
channels with independent measuring inputs, control and monitoring

Thyristor Converter for Excitation Control

• 3 Phase fully controlled thyristor bridges, each bridge consisting of 6
thyristors, arm fuses & snubber circuit.
• Cooling fan for keeping the junction temperature rise of every device
within safe limits.
• Pulse transformers for electrical isolation between power & control
circuits and coupling the firing pulses to the gates.
• Fuse monitoring Unit
• Air Flow Monitoring Unit
7/1/2016
 SEE

Regulation Field Flushing

7/1/2016
 Field Flashing Circuit
Ug
100%
Softstart
Field flashing off U>70%
Field flashing characteristic
Thyristor bridge U>10%
Usyn starts to conduct
t
AVR 5s 10s
Field flashing OFF Field flashing failed
Ug Sequence: FCB Trip
U>70% Thyristor
bridge
• Field breaker CLOSE
Generator • Excitation ON
• Pulses to the thyristors are released
Field flashing breaker • Field Flashing breaker closes if start up
with residual machine voltage is to low
Diode
Bridge • Stator voltage raises
• Field flashing breaker opens
~ + • The softstart function raises
Auxiliary the generator voltage smoothly up to its
Sources nominal value.

7/1/2016
 SEE

Complete Thyristor cubicle- 3 Channels

One Thyristor panel

7/1/2016
 SEE- Case study

Damaged holder

CB-32x32x64

Slip Ring & Carbon Brush Holder

7/1/2016
Channel 1 (The AUTO):
• It is built as a voltage regulator and is ON during normal operation.
• Various limiters and corrective control circuits are used for stable
operation up to operating limits.
• In case of any malfunction the DVR will change over to Channel 2.

Channel 2 (The MANUAL):

• It is built as a simple field current regulator
• It serves as a back up channel in case of failure of the AUTO channel.
• No special limiters.
• Operations in this channel require expert adjustment and continuous
monitoring of the operating parameters.
• In case of any malfunction of channel 2 it will lead to excitation
failure.

7/1/2016
 E.T.

PT THYRISTOR
BRIDGE
Pulse Trafo 3 CHANNELS

AVR Pulse Trafo

Pulse Trafo
CT

BACK

Q1

G
ROTOR

Q2

7/1/2016
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM FIELD FLASHING SUPPLY
7/1/2016
 Q&A

Thank you very much

Save Energy

7/1/2016