BASIC HYDRAULICS AND COMPONENTS

TABLE of CONTENTS
PREFACE

1 ．WORLD OF HYDRAULICS …………………………………………………………………………… 1

1-1 Introduction
1-2 Basis of Hydraulics

2 ．HYDRAULIC PUMPS ………………………………………………………………………………… 5

2-1 Comparison of the Pumps
2-2 Piston Pumps
2-3 Vane Pumps
2-4 Gear Pumps
2-5 Screw Pumps
2-6 Reciprocal Pumps

3 ．PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES …………………………………………………………………… 16

3-1 Relief Valves
3-2 Sequence Valves
3-3 Counterbalance Valves
3-4 Unloading Relief Valves
3-5 Pressure Reducing Valves/Pressure Reducing and Check Valves
3-6 Brake Valves
3-7 Balancing Valves (Pressure Reducing and Relieving Valves)
3-8 Pressure Switches

4 ．DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES ……………………………………………………………… 22

4-1 Classification of Directional Control Valves
4-2 Structure and Characteristics of Directional Valves
4-2-1 Solenoid Operated Directional Valves
4-2-2 Solenoid Controlled Pilot Operated Directional Valves
4-2-3 Poppet Type Solenoid Controlled Pilot Operated Directional Control Valves
4-2-4 Shut-off Type Solenoid Operated Directional Valves
(Poppet Type Two-Way Solenoid Operated Directional Valves)
4-2-5 Pilot Operated Directional Valves
4-2-6 Manually Operated Directional Valves
4-2-7 Check Valves
4-2-8 Pilot Operated Check Valves
4-2-9 Multiple Control Valves

5 ．FLOW CONTROL VALVES …………………………………………………………………………… 32

5-1 Restrictors/One Way Restrictors
5-2 Flow Control Valves/Flow Control and Check Valves
5-3 Deceleration Valves/Deceleration and Check Valves
5-4 Feed Control Valves
5-5 Pilot Operated Flow Control and Check Valves

6 ．MODULAR VALVES …………………………………………………………………………………… 37

7 ．LOGIC VALVES ………………………………………………………………………………………… 38

8 ．PROPORTIONAL ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC CONTROL VALVES …………………………… 41

8-1 Proportional Electro-Hydraulic Pilot Relief Valves
8-2 Proportional Electro-Hydraulic Relief Valves
8-3 Proportional Electro-Hydraulic Relieving and Reducing Valves
8-4 Proportional Electro-Hydraulic Flow Control (and Check) Valves

■ TABLE of CONTENTS
 8-5 Proportional Electro-Hydraulic Flow Control and Relief Valves
8-6 Proportional Electro-Hydraulic Directional and Flow Control Valves
8-7 Power Amplifiers For Proportional Electro-Hydraulic Control Valves
8-8 Setting Adjusters
8-9 Circuit Example of Proportional Electro-Hydraulic Control Valves
8-10 Hybrid Proportional Electro-Hydraulic Control Valves

9 ．SERVOMECHANISM & SERVO VALVES………………………………………………………… 49

9-1 Servomechanism (Tracking Mechanism)
9-2 Servo Valve Selection
9-3 Electro-Hydraulic Two-Stage Servo Valves
9-4 Direct Drive Servo Valves
9-5 Servo Amplifiers
9-6 Sensors
9-7 Hydraulic Power Source
9-8 Servo Systems with Pump Speed Control
9-9 Related Terms

10．ACTUATORS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 58
10-1 Hydraulic Cylinders
10-2 Hydraulic Motors
10-3 Oscillating Motors

11．HYDRAULIC ACCESSORIES ……………………………………………………………………… 63

11-1 Filters
11-2 Accumulators
11-3 Heat Exchangers
11-4 Measuring Instruments
11-5 Valves
11-6 Others

12．HYDRAULIC UNITS ………………………………………………………………………………… 71

12-1 Reservoirs
12-2 Others

13．TROUBLESHOOTING FOR HYDRAULIC EQUIPMENT …………………………………… 73

14．HYDRAULIC FLUIDS ………………………………………………………………………………… 75

14-1 Selection
14-2 Petroleum-Based Fluid
14-3 Viscosity
14-4 Contamination Control
14-5 Application Limit
14-6 Contamination Measurement Instruments
14-7 Fire Resistance Fluid
14-8 Biodegradable Fluid

15．HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS……………………………………………………………………………… 82
15-1 Unload Circuits
15-2 Pressure Control Circuits
15-3 Speed Control Circuits
15-4 Filter Circuits
15-5 Synchronizing Circuits
15-6 Intensifying Circuits
15-7 Brake Circuits
15-8 Closed Circuits

Appendix: Main Formulas …………………………………………………………………………………… 92

TABLE of CONTENTS ■
 WORLD OF HYDRAULIC DRIVE
1-1 Introduction
1-2 Basis of Hydraulics

1-1 Introduction

“Hydraulics”is one of drive systems to control machinery and equipment, comparable with pneumatics and electricity.
It was in the early 1900’s that practical hydraulic applications were first seen in the marketplace. A hundred years
before that,“water hydraulics,”the origin of the fluid power systems, emerged. Figure 1.1 traces the development
history of some typical water and oil hydraulics. Recently, production machinery and their drive systems have been
required to be environmentally friendly;“water hydraulics”is attracting attention again because of its cleanliness and
safety.

Hydraulic application trends and milestones

Accumulator, rotary hydraulic machine

by F.Conrad, A.Adelsorp, Pure Water Hydraulic Systems and Applications.

Fluid Power Systems, 9th Bath International Fluid Power Workshop.
Research Student Press ltd.,p.158/180.1997. Water high pressure systems
Selfcontained hydraulic press
Vane pump, remote control

1st electric power station

High pressure hydraulics

Application Trend

Agricultual machinery

Nessie technology
Radial piston pump
Axial piston pump

MIT-Gas servos
Hydraulic mains

Moon landing
Liquid spring
AC hydraulics

NASA work
Intensifier
Pascal (1623-1662) 1651

Bramah (1749-1714) 1800

Armstrong (1810-1900) 1832

1877
1881

Janney & Williams 1906

Hele-Shaw & Beacham 1914

Massey & Fergusson 1925

Dowty 1933
1945
1950
1960
Armstrong 1970

1980

1990
1994
2000
Constantinesco (1890-1964)

Towler
Twedell

Earnst

Water hydraulic
Oil hydraulic

Fig. 1.1 Hydraulic Application Trends and Milestones

1. Hydrostatics principles：Archimedes (287∼212 B.C.) 1845-1849, William Armstrong (1810∼1900)

2. Bases of hydrodynamics：Galileo (1564∼1642) 6. Fluid power (water hydraulics) supply company：
3. Hydrostatic laws：Blaise Pascal (1623∼1662) 1884, The London Hydraulic Power Company
,
･･･ Force multiplier [Pascal s principle; 1653] 7. Power transmission system：J.W.Hall, Pittler, Lentz, Manley
4. Patent application for the water hydraulic press machine： 8. Axial piston pump：1902-1906, Harvey Williams + Reynolds Janney
Joseph Bramah + Henry Maudsley (self-seal ) 9. Radial piston pump：H.S.Hele-Shaw
5. Water hydraulic crane, water hydraulic accumulator, manufacturing 10. Pressure balanced vane pump：1925, Harry F.Vickers
plant using water hydraulic drive systems：

1 ■ WORLD OF HYDRAULIC DRIVE