3.
Technical Information｜Mechanical Properties｜
Shear Properties
Ⅰ. Shear Test
Fig. 5.51 Shear test method
Shear properties are related to the force acting on a cross-section in such a way
as to cause a shear. By fixing a tabular molded product and applying a load with
a cylindrical indenter (pin), the maximum strength (stress) of the shear (shear
deformation) generated at the boundary between the retainer and the indenter is
determined. (Fig. 5.51) For self tapping for screw clamps, press fittings for
metallic parts, or cutting of gates in molds, the shear stress can be used as a
rough guide.
Table. 5.5 Shear properties of TORELINA （23℃）
Glass fiber reinforced Glass + filler reinforced Elastomer improvement Unreinforced
Item Units A504X90 A604 A310MX04 A610MX03 A673M A575W20 A495MA1 A900 A670T05
Shear strength MPa 80 80 60 65 66 68 66 64 58
※Strain rate: 1 mm/min
Ⅱ. Temperature Dependence
The temperature dependence of the shear strength of nine representative grades
of TORELINA is shown in Figs. 5.52 to 5.55. The shear strength varies with the
temperature, but unlike the other mechanical properties, differs little depending
on whether reinforcement is used. The reason for this is assumed to be that the
reinforcement effect of the reinforcement is small in comparison with shear
deformation.
Fig. 5.52 Temperature dependence of shear
strength (GF-reinforced)
Fig. 5.53 Temperature dependence of shear
strength (high-filler)
Fig. 5.54 Temperature dependence of shear
strength (elastomer improvement)
5. Direct shear test results, graph between shear stress and horizontal
deformation at Standard Proctor dry density (ɣ d =16.3 kN/m 3 )
1. WHAT EXACTLY IS SHEAR STRENGTH?
A MATERIAL'S SHEAR STRENGTH IS DETERMINED BY ITS CAPACITY TO
WITHSTAND FORCES THAT CAUSE ITS INTERNAL STRUCTURE TO SLIDE AGAINST ONE
ANOTHER. EITHER THE VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL DIRECTION CAN BE USED TO GAUGE
A MATERIAL'S SHEAR STRENGTH. FOR INSTANCE, THE MATERIAL WILL SHOW
HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRENGTH IF THE FORCE CAUSES THE LAYERS OF THE OBJECT TO
SLIDE IN THAT DIRECTION. IN CONTRAST, THE MATERIAL WILL SHOW VERTICAL SHEAR
STRENGTH IF THE FORCE CAUSES THE LAYERS TO SLIDE IN THAT DIRECTION.
CONSIDER PRESSING ON BOTH OF THE EXTREME ENDS OF A HORIZONTAL STACK
OF BOOKS TO LIFT THEM IN ORDER TO BETTER UNDERSTAND SHEAR STRENGTH (EACH
HAND ACTING AS A SUPPORT). SQUEEZING THE STACK OF BOOKS CREATES A
COMPRESSIVE FORCE THAT CREATES A FRICTIONAL FORCE BETWEEN THE BOOKS. THE
BOOKS ARE PREVENTED FROM COLLAPSING AND SLIDING APART BY THE FRICTION, A
VERTICAL FORCE.
SOLID OBJECTS FOLLOW THE SAME RULES AS INTANGIBLE ONES. ASSUME THE
HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL FORCE IS GREATER THAN THE MATERIAL'S SHEAR
STRENGTH. THE OBJECT MAY THEN EXPERIENCE SHEAR FAILURE, WHICH CAUSES IT TO
SPLIT INTO TWO OR MORE SLIDING PARTS. FOR INSTANCE, A FORCE APPLIED TO AN I-
BEAM IN A BUILDING MAY RESULT IN A SHEAR FAILURE, CAUSING THE I-BEAM TO
SPLIT INTO TWO PARTS AS THEY SLIDE.
2. IMPORTANCE OF SHEAR TEST.
A SHEAR TEST IS DESIGNED TO APPLY STRESS TO A TEST SAMPLE SO THAT IT
EXPERIENCES A SLIDING FAILURE ALONG A PLANE THAT IS PARALLEL TO THE FORCES
APPLIED. GENERALLY, SHEAR FORCES CAUSE ONE SURFACE OF A MATERIAL TO MOVE
IN ONE DIRECTION AND THE OTHER SURFACE TO MOVE IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION SO
THAT THE MATERIAL IS STRESSED IN A SLIDING MOTION. SHEAR TESTS DIFFER FROM
TENSION AND COMPRESSION TESTS IN THAT THE FORCES APPLIED ARE PARALLEL TO
THE TWO CONTACT SURFACE, WHEREAS, IN TENSION AND COMPRESSION THEY ARE
PERPENDICULAR TO THE CONTACT SURFACES.
4. Properties
TYPES OF SHEAR TESTS:
SHEAR TESTS TYPICALLY COME IN TWO DIFFERENT CATEGORIES. FOR THE FIRST, A
MODIFIED THREE-POINT FLEXURE OR FOUR-POINT BEND FIXTURE MUST BE USED TO
SET UP THE SAMPLE. IN ORDER FOR THE SAMPLE TO EXPERIENCE DOUBLE SHEAR OR
HAVE TWO LOCATIONS WHERE THE FORCES ARE APPLIED, THE SAMPLE MUST BE
LOADED FOR THIS TEST. THE SAMPLE IS ANCHORED AT BOTH ENDS, AND THE FORCE IS
APPLIED OVER THE MIDDLE OF THE SAMPLE IN AN EFFORT TO REMOVE THE MIDDLE
AND LEAVE ONLY THE ENDS. FOR THE SECOND TEST, THE SAMPLE MUST HAVE
TAPERED ENDS THAT ARE INSERTED INTO GRIP FIXTURES THAT ARE SPACED APART
FROM THE SAMPLE'S VERTICAL AXIS. AFTER THAT,THE SAMPLE IS PULLED SO THAT
THE FACES ON EITHER SIDE ARE PULLED IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS.
TYPES OF MATERIALS TESTED IN SHEAR:
RIGID SUBSTRATES, ADHESIVES, AND LAYERED COMPOSITES ARE THE THREE TYPES OF
MATERIALS THAT ARE FREQUENTLY TESTED IN SHEAR. ALTHOUGH RIGID SUBSTRATES
CAN BE MADE OF METALS, PLASTICS, CERAMICS, COMPOSITE MATERIALS, OR EVEN
WOOD, THEY TYPICALLY COME IN A SOLID STATE AND ARE USED AS FASTENERS OR
BUILDING MATERIALS. WHEN TWO MATERIALS ARE BONDED TOGETHER WITH
ADHESIVES, SHEAR STRESS RESULTS WHEN THE MATERIALS ARE PULLED APART BY
TRYING TO SLIDE THEM APART IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS. AS THE SHEAR FORCES ARE
APPLIED TO THE GLUE OR LAMINATE USED TO HOLD THE LAYERS TOGETHER, LAYERED
COMPOSITES EXPERIENCE SHEAR STRESS SIMILARLY TO ADHESIVES.
6. ADVANTAGES OF DIRECT SHEAR TEST:
THERE ARE THE FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES OF THE DIRECT SHEAR TEST SUCH AS;
EASY TO PREPARE THE SAMPLE.
CONVENIENT AND SIMPLE TEST.
THE DRAINAGE IS QUICK AND THE PORE PRESSURE DISSIPATES VERY RAPIDLY
BECAUSE THE THICKNESS OF THE SAMPLE IS RELATIVELY SMALL.
CONSOLIDATED- UNDRAINED AND DRAINED TESTS TAKE A SMALL PERIOD OF TIME.
FOR CONDUCTING DRAINED TESTS ON COHESIONLESS SOILS, THE DIRECT SHEAR TEST
IS IDEALLY SUITED FOR THIS.
THE APPARATUS USED IN THIS TEST IS CHEAP.
DISADVANTAGES OF DIRECT SHEAR TEST:
THERE ARE THE FOLLOWING DISADVANTAGES OF THE DIRECT SHEAR TEST SUCH AS;
ONLY AT THE FAILURE, THE STRESS CONDITION IS KNOWN.
ON THE FAILURE PLANE, THE STRESS DISTRIBUTION IS NOT UNIFORM.
AS THE TEST PROGRESS, THE AREA UNDER SHEAR GRADUALLY DECREASES.
USAGE:
PURPOSE OF SHEAR TESTING:
A SHEAR TEST IS MOST FREQUENTLY USED TO ASCERTAIN A MATERIAL'S SHEAR
STRENGTH, WHICH IS THE HIGHEST SHEAR STRESS IT CAN WITHSTAND BEFORE
FAILING. THIS IS A CRUCIAL DESIGN ELEMENT THAT APPLIES TO MANY DIFFERENT
KINDS OF FASTENERS, INCLUDING BOLTS AND SCREWS. FOR INSTANCE, WHEN A BOLT
IS USED TO HOLD TWO PLATES TOGETHER, IF THE PLATES THEMSELVES ARE
SUBJECTED TO ANY FORCES PARALLEL TO THEIR PLANE THAT ATTEMPT TO SEPARATE
THEM, THE BOLT WILL BE SUBJECTED TO SHEAR FORCES. A MUCH LARGER STRUCTURE
COULD COMPLETELY COLLAPSE IF THE SMALL FASTENER FAILS IN SHEAR, STARTING A
CASCADE OF FAILURES.
